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Gonzalez-Nolde S, Schweiger CJ, Davis EER, Manzoni TJ, Hussein SMI, Schmidt TA, Cone SG, Jay GD, Parreno J. The Actin Cytoskeleton as a Regulator of Proteoglycan 4. Cartilage 2024:19476035231223455. [PMID: 38183234 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231223455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage is responsible for distributing shear forces for optimal cartilage loading and contributes to joint lubrication through the production of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4). PRG4 plays a critical role in joint homeostasis and is chondroprotective. Normal PRG4 production is affected by inflammation and irregular mechanical loading in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). THe SZ chondrocyte (SZC) phenotype, including PRG4 expression, is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton in vitro. There remains a limited understanding of the regulation of PRG4 by the actin cytoskeleton in native articular chondrocytes. The filamentous (F)-actin cytoskeleton is a potential node in crosstalk between mechanical stimulation and cytokine activation and the regulation of PRG4 in SZCs, therefore developing insights in the regulation of PRG4 by actin may identify molecular targets for novel PTOA therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search on PRG4 and the regulation of the SZC phenotype by actin organization was performed. RESULTS PRG4 is strongly regulated by the actin cytoskeleton in isolated SZCs in vitro. Biochemical and mechanical stimuli have been characterized to regulate PRG4 and may converge upon actin cytoskeleton signaling. CONCLUSION Actin-based regulation of PRG4 in native SZCs is not fully understood and requires further elucidation. Understanding the regulation of PRG4 by actin in SZCs requires an in vivo context to further potential of leveraging actin arrangement to arthritic therapeutics.
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Walther BK, Sears AP, Mojiri A, Avazmohammadi R, Gu J, Chumakova OV, Pandian NKR, Dominic A, Martiel JL, Yazdani SK, Cooke JP, Ohayon J, Pettigrew RI. Disrupted Stiffness Ratio Alters Nuclear Mechanosensing. MATTER 2023; 6:3608-3630. [PMID: 37937235 PMCID: PMC10627551 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of endothelial cells to sense and respond to dynamic changes in blood flow is critical for vascular homeostasis and cardiovascular health. The mechanical and geometric properties of the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments affect mechanotransduction. We hypothesized that alterations to these parameters have resulting mechanosensory consequences. Using atomic force microscopy and mathematical modeling, we assessed how the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartment stiffnesses modulate shear stress transfer to the nucleus within aging endothelial cells. Our computational studies revealed that the critical parameter controlling shear transfer is not the individual mechanics of these compartments, but the stiffness ratio between them. Replicatively aged cells had a reduced stiffness ratio, attenuating shear transfer, while the ratio was not altered in a genetic model of accelerated aging. We provide a theoretical framework suggesting that dysregulation of the shear stress response can be uniquely imparted by relative mechanical changes in subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K. Walther
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Adam P. Sears
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anahita Mojiri
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Reza Avazmohammadi
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Texas A&M University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianhua Gu
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olga V. Chumakova
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Abishai Dominic
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Saami K. Yazdani
- Wake Forest University, Department of Engineering, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - John P. Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jacques Ohayon
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC UMR 5525, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Savoie Mont-Blanc University, Polytech Annecy-Chambéry, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Roderic I. Pettigrew
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Li X, Cai Q, Wilson BA, Fan H, Dave H, Giannotta M, Bachoo R, Qin Z. Mechanobiological modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability by laser stimulation of endothelial-targeted nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3387-3397. [PMID: 36722886 PMCID: PMC10129863 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains an optimal environment for brain homeostasis but excludes most therapeutics from entering the brain. Strategies that reversibly increase BBB permeability are essential for treating brain diseases and are the focus of significant preclinical and translational interest. Picosecond laser excitation of tight junction-targeted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) generates a nanoscale mechanical perturbation and induces a graded and reversible increase in BBB permeability (OptoBBB). Here we advanced this technique by showing that targeting endothelial glycoproteins leads to >10-fold higher targeting efficiency than targeting tight junctions both in vitro and in vivo. With both tight-junction and glycoprotein targeting, we demonstrate that OptoBBB is associated with a transient elevation and propagation of Ca2+, actin polymerization, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase). These collectively activate the cytoskeleton resulting in increased paracellular permeability. The Ca2+ response involves internal Ca2+ depletion and Ca2+ influx with contributions from mechanosensitive ion channels (TRPV4, Piezo1). We provide insight into how the excitation of tight junction protein (JAM-A)-targeted and endothelial (glycocalyx)-targeted AuNPs leads to similar mechanobiological modulation of BBB permeability while targeting the glycocalyx significantly improves the nanoparticle accumulation in the brain. The results will be critical for guiding the future development of this technology for brain disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Blake A Wilson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Hanwen Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Harsh Dave
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| | - Monica Giannotta
- Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy.
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Surgery, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Xu R, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Xiao H, Xu L, Ding Y, Li X, Li A, Fang G. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Water-Solid Interface Behavior of H 2O-Based Atomic Layer Deposition of Zirconium Dioxide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4362. [PMID: 36558215 PMCID: PMC9783483 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As an important inorganic material, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) has a wide range of applications in the fields of microelectronics, coating, catalysis and energy. Due to its high dielectric constant and thermodynamic stability, ZrO2 can be used as dielectric material to replace traditional silicon dioxide. Currently, ZrO2 dielectric films can be prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using water and zirconium precursors, namely H2O-based ALD. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations, the adsorption and dissociation of water molecule on the ZrO2 surface and the water-solid interface reaction were investigated. The results showed that the ZrO2 (111) surface has four Lewis acid active sites with different coordination environments for the adsorption and dissociation of water. The Zr atom on the surface can interacted with the O atom of the water molecule via the p orbital of the O atom and the d orbital of the Zr atom. The water molecules could be dissociated via the water-solid interface reaction of the first or second layer of water molecules with the ZrO2 (111) surface. These insights into the adsorption and dissociation of water and the water-solid interface reaction on the ZrO2 surface could also provide a reference for the water-solid interface behavior of metal oxides, such as H2O-based ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhongchao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yihong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Aidong Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guoyong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Chan FY, Kurosaki R, Ganser C, Takeda T, Uchihashi T. Tip-scan high-speed atomic force microscopy with a uniaxial substrate stretching device for studying dynamics of biomolecules under mechanical stress. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113703. [PMID: 36461522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a powerful tool for studying the dynamics of biomolecules in vitro because of its high temporal and spatial resolution. However, multi-functionalization, such as combination with complementary measurement methods, environment control, and large-scale mechanical manipulation of samples, is still a complex endeavor due to the inherent design and the compact sample scanning stage. Emerging tip-scan HS-AFM overcame this design hindrance and opened a door for additional functionalities. In this study, we designed a motor-driven stretching device to manipulate elastic substrates for HS-AFM imaging of biomolecules under controllable mechanical stimulation. To demonstrate the applicability of the substrate stretching device, we observed a microtubule buckling by straining the substrate and actin filaments linked by α-actinin on a curved surface. In addition, a BAR domain protein BIN1 that senses substrate curvature was observed while dynamically controlling the surface curvature. Our results clearly prove that large-scale mechanical manipulation can be coupled with nanometer-scale imaging to observe biophysical effects otherwise obscured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yueh Chan
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurosaki
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Christian Ganser
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takeda
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Luo M, Wang Z, Wu J, Xie X, You W, Yu Z, Shen H, Li X, Li H, Liu Y, Wang Z, Chen G. Effects of PAK1/LIMK1/Cofilin-mediated Actin Homeostasis on Axonal Injury after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2022; 490:155-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Targeting matrix stiffness-induced activation of retinal pigment epithelial cells through the RhoA/YAP pathway ameliorates proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108677. [PMID: 34147507 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition-induced mechanical matrix stiffness plays a key role in promoting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell activation and the subsequent development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Human ARPE-19 cells were cultured on either 50 kappa (stiff) or 0.5 kappa (soft) gel-coated coverslips. Reverse and knockdown experiments were carried out to establish a model of matrix stiffness-induced activation in ARPE-19 cells in vitro. A PVR mouse model was established by the intravitreal injection of dispase. The effects of RhoA/YAP signalling blockade on matrix stiffness-induced ARPE-19 cell activation and PVR-induced retinal fibrosis were determined by using a combination of the Yes-associated protein (YAP) inhibitor verteporfin and the RhoA inhibitor C3 exoenzyme. Matrix stiffness stimulated YAP nuclear translocation and expression in ARPE-19 cells. The effect of YAP activation was dependent on F-actin cytoskeleton polymerization and RhoA activity, forming the RhoA/YAP signalling pathway. Upstream pharmacological blockade of RhoA by C3 exoenzyme or downstream blockade of YAP by verteporfin reduced the invasion, migration, and MMP expression of ARPE-19 cells and collagen gel contraction. Furthermore, blockade of RhoA/YAP signalling reduced PVR-induced retinal fibrogenesis and inhibited the TGF-β/Smad pathway in vivo. RhoA/YAP signalling modulates matrix stiffness-induced activation of ARPE-19 cells. Targeting this signalling pathway could alleviate PVR-induced retinal fibrosis and suggests attractive novel therapeutic strategies for intervening in the progression of PVR.
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Abstract
Mechanotransduction, a conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, is essential for human development and physiology. It is observable at all levels ranging from the whole body, organs, tissues, organelles down to molecules. Dysregulation results in various diseases such as muscular dystrophies, hypertension-induced vascular and cardiac hypertrophy, altered bone repair and cell deaths. Since mechanotransduction occurs at nanoscale, nanosciences and applied nanotechnology are powerful for studying molecular mechanisms and pathways of mechanotransduction. Atomic force microscopy, magnetic and optical tweezers are commonly used for force measurement and manipulation at the single molecular level. Force is also used to control cells, topographically and mechanically by specific types of nano materials for tissue engineering. Mechanotransduction research will become increasingly important as a sub-discipline under nanomedicine. Here we review nanotechnology approaches using force measurements and manipulations at the molecular and cellular levels during mechanotransduction, which has been increasingly play important role in the advancement of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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9
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Perrier DL, Vahid A, Kathavi V, Stam L, Rems L, Mulla Y, Muralidharan A, Koenderink GH, Kreutzer MT, Boukany PE. Response of an actin network in vesicles under electric pulses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8151. [PMID: 31148577 PMCID: PMC6544639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the role of a biomimetic actin network during the application of electric pulses that induce electroporation or electropermeabilization, using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a model system. The actin cortex, a subjacently attached interconnected network of actin filaments, regulates the shape and mechanical properties of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, and is a major factor influencing the mechanical response of the cell to external physical cues. We demonstrate that the presence of an actin shell inhibits the formation of macropores in the electroporated GUVs. Additionally, experiments on the uptake of dye molecules after electroporation show that the actin network slows down the resealing process of the permeabilized membrane. We further analyze the stability of the actin network inside the GUVs exposed to high electric pulses. We find disruption of the actin layer that is likely due to the electrophoretic forces acting on the actin filaments during the permeabilization of the GUVs. Our findings on the GUVs containing a biomimetic network provide a step towards understanding the discrepancies between the electroporation mechanism of a living cell and its simplified model of the empty GUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayinta L Perrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Afshin Vahid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Vaishnavi Kathavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Stam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lea Rems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuval Mulla
- AMOLF, Department of Living Matter, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biological Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aswin Muralidharan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel T Kreutzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Singh K, Lilleväli K, Gilbert SF, Bregin A, Narvik J, Jayaram M, Rahi M, Innos J, Kaasik A, Vasar E, Philips MA. The combined impact of IgLON family proteins Lsamp and Neurotrimin on developing neurons and behavioral profiles in mouse. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:5-18. [PMID: 29605488 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface neural adhesion proteins are critical components in the complex orchestration of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and neuritogenesis essential for proper brain construction and behavior. We focused on the impact of two plasticity-associated IgLON family neural adhesion molecules, Neurotrimin (Ntm) and Limbic system associated membrane protein (Lsamp), on mouse behavior and its underlying neural development. Phenotyping neurons derived from the hippocampi of Lsamp-/-, Ntm-/- and Lsamp-/-Ntm-/- mice was performed in parallel with behavioral testing. While the anatomy of mutant brains revealed no gross changes, the Ntm-/- hippocampal neurons exhibited premature sprouting of neurites and manifested accelerated neurite elongation and branching. We propose that Ntm exerts an inhibitory impact on neurite outgrowth, whereas Lsamp appears to be an enhancer of the said process as premature neuritogenesis in Ntm-/- neurons is apparent only in the presence of Lsamp. We also show interplay between Lsamp and Ntm in regulating tissue homeostasis: the impact of Ntm on cellular proliferation was dependent on Lsamp, and Lsamp appeared to be a positive regulator of apoptosis in the presence of Ntm. Behavioral phenotyping indicated test-specific interactions between Lsamp and Ntm. The phenotypes of single mutant lines, such as reduced swimming speed in Morris water maze and increased activity in the elevated plus maze, were magnified in Lsamp-/-Ntm-/- mice. Altogether, evidence both from behavioral experiments and cultured hippocampal cells show combined and differential interactions between Ntm and Lsamp in the formation of hippocampal circuits and behavioral profiles. We demonstrate that mutual interactions between IgLON molecules regulate the initiation of neurite sprouting at very early ages, and even cell-autonomously, independent of their regulation of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Scott F Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Bregin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jane Narvik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Rahi
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr.R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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