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Marín M, López M, Gallego-Yerga L, Álvarez R, Peláez R. Experimental structure based drug design (SBDD) applications for anti-leishmanial drugs: A paradigm shift? Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1055-1120. [PMID: 38142308 DOI: 10.1002/med.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by at least 20 species of Leishmania protozoa, which are spread by the bite of infected sandflies. There are three main forms of the disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL, the most common), visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as kala-azar, the most serious), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. One billion people live in areas endemic to leishmaniasis, with an annual estimation of 30,000 new cases of VL and more than 1 million of CL. New treatments for leishmaniasis are an urgent need, as the existing ones are inefficient, toxic, and/or expensive. We have revised the experimental structure-based drug design (SBDD) efforts applied to the discovery of new drugs against leishmaniasis. We have grouped the explored targets according to the metabolic pathways they belong to, and the key achieved advances are highlighted and evaluated. In most cases, SBDD studies follow high-throughput screening campaigns and are secondary to pharmacokinetic optimization, due to the majoritarian belief that there are few validated targets for SBDD in leishmaniasis. However, some SBDD strategies have significantly contributed to new drug candidates against leishmaniasis and a bigger number holds promise for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marín
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta López
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Gallego-Yerga
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
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Grangeiro YA, Santos ALE, Barbosa FEV, Roma RR, Souza ROS, Silva CGL, Teixeira CS. A Review of the Leishmanicidal Properties of Lectins. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:443-453. [PMID: 38284715 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037275751231221053730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins widely distributed among plants, animals and microorganisms that have the ability to recognize and interact with specific carbohydrates. They have varied biological activities, such as the inhibition of the progression of infections caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoa, which is related to the interaction of these proteins with the carbohydrates present in the cell walls of these microorganisms. Leishmaniasis are a group of endemic infectious diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In vitro and in vivo tests with promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania demonstrated that lectins have the ability to interact with glycoconjugates present on the cell surface of the parasite, it prevents their development through various mechanisms of action, such as the production of ROS and alteration of membrane integrity, and can also interact with defense cells present in the human body, thus showing that these molecules can be considered alternative pharmacological targets for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The objective of the present work is to carry out a bibliographic review on lectins with leishmanicidal activity, emphasizing the advances and perspectives of research in this theme. Through the analysis of the selected studies, we were able to conclude that lectins have great potential for inhibiting the development of leishmaniasis. However, there are still few studies on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmim A Grangeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana L E Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Flávia E V Barbosa
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Renato R Roma
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Racquel O S Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Cláudio G L Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudener S Teixeira
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
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Costa NS, dos Anjos LR, de Souza JV, Brasil MCDA, Moreira VP, Graminha MAS, Lubec G, Gonzalez ERP, Cilli EM. Development of New Leishmanicidal Compounds via Bioconjugation of Antimicrobial Peptides and Antileishmanial Guanidines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34008-34016. [PMID: 37744786 PMCID: PMC10515597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis refers to a collection of diseases caused by protozoa from the Leishmania genus. These diseases, along with other parasitic afflictions, pose a significant public health issue, particularly given the escalating number of at-risk patients. This group includes immunocompromised individuals and those residing in impoverished conditions. The treatment of leishmaniasis is crucial, particularly in light of the mortality rate associated with nontreatment, which stands at 20-30,000 deaths per year globally. However, the therapeutic options currently available are limited, often ineffective, and potentially toxic. Consequently, the pursuit of new therapeutic alternatives is warranted. This study aims to design, synthesize, and evaluate the leishmanicidal activity of antimicrobial peptides functionalized with guanidine compounds and identify those with enhanced potency and selectivity against the parasite. Accordingly, three bioconjugates were obtained by using the solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Each proved to be more potent against intracellular amastigotes than their respective peptide or guanidine compounds alone and demonstrated higher selectivity to the parasites than to the host cells. Thus, the conjugation strategy employed with these compounds effectively contributes to the development of new molecules with leishmanicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia
C. S. Costa
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Ribeiro dos Anjos
- Fine
Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-080 Presidente
Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor
Marcelino de Souza
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor Partite Moreira
- Fine
Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-080 Presidente
Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia A. S. Graminha
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo
State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department
of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eduardo Rene P. Gonzalez
- Fine
Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-080 Presidente
Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amphotericin B Formulations Based on Organic Salts and Ionic Liquids against Leishmania infantum. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121841. [PMID: 36551498 PMCID: PMC9774544 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, organic salts and ionic liquids (OSILs) containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are being explored as drug delivery systems in modern therapies (OSILs-API). In that sense, this work is focused on the development of novel OSILs-API based on amphotericin B through an innovative procedure and the evaluation of the respective biological activity against Leishmania infantum. Several ammonium, methylimidazolium, pyridinium and phosphonium organic cations combined with amphotericin B as anion were synthesized in moderate to high yields and high purities by the water-reduced buffer neutralization method. All prepared compounds were characterized to confirm the desired chemical structure and the specific optical rotation ([α]D25) was also determined. The biological assays performed on L. infantum promastigotes showed increased activity against this parasitic disease when compared with the starting chloride forms and amphotericin B alone, highlighting [P6,6,6,14][AmB] as the most promising formulation. Possible synergism in the antiprotozoal activity was also evaluated for [P6,6,6,14][AmB], since it was proven to be the compound with the highest toxicity. This work reported a simple synthetic method, which can be applied to prepare other organic salts based on molecules containing fragile chemical groups, demonstrating the potential of these OSILs-AmB as possible agents against leishmaniasis.
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de Lederkremer RM, Giorgi ME, Marino C. The α-Galactosyl Carbohydrate Epitope in Pathogenic Protozoa. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2207-2222. [PMID: 36083842 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The α-gal epitope, which refers to the carbohydrate α-d-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-d-GlcNAc-R, was first described in the glycoconjugates of mammals other than humans. Evolution caused a mutation that resulted in the inactivation of the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene. For that reason, humans produce antibodies against α-d-Galp containing glycoproteins and glycolipids of other species. We summarize here the glycoconjugates with α-d-Galp structures in Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium pathogenic protozoa. These were identified in infective stages of Trypanosoma cruzi and in Plasmodium sporozoites. In Leishmania, α-d-Galp is linked differently in the glycans of glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs). Chemically synthesized neoglycoconjugates have been proposed as diagnostic tools and as antigens for vaccines. Several syntheses reported for the α-gal trisaccharide, also called the Galili epitope, and the glycans of GIPLs found in Leishmania, the preparation of neoglycoconjugates, and the studies in which they were involved are also included in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Lederkremer
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Giorgi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Marino
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Khalid H, Batool S, Din FU, Khan S, Khan GM. Macrophage targeting of nitazoxanide-loaded transethosomal gel in cutaneous leishmaniasis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36249328 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cfxpnvx7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Topical delivery is preferable over systemic delivery for cutaneous leishmaniasis, because of its easy administration, reduced systemic adverse effects and low cost. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has broad-spectrum activity against various parasites and has the potential to avoid drug resistance developed by enzymatic mutations. NTZ oral formulation is associated with severe dyspepsia and stomach pain. Herein, NTZ-transethosomes (NTZ-TES) were prepared and loaded into chitosan gel (NTZ-TEG) for topical delivery. NTZ-TES were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized statistically via the Box-Behnken method. The optimized formulation indicated excellent particle size (176 nm), polydispersity index (0.093), zeta potential (-26.4 mV) and entrapment efficiency (86%). The transmission electron microscopy analysis showed spherical-sized particles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated no interaction among the excipients. Similarly, NTZ-TEG showed optimal pH, desirable viscosity and good spreadability. NTZ-TES and NTZ-TEG showed prolonged release behaviour and higher skin penetration and deposition in the epidermal/dermal layer of skin in comparison with the NTZ-dispersion. Moreover, NTZ-TES showed higher percentage inhibition, lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against promastigotes and higher macrophage uptake. Additionally, skin irritation and histopathology studies indicated the safe and non-irritant behaviour of the NTZ-TEG. The obtained findings suggested the enhanced skin permeation and improved anti-leishmanial effect of NTZ when administered as NTZ-TEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Khalid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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7
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Khalid H, Batool S, Din FU, Khan S, Khan GM. Macrophage targeting of nitazoxanide-loaded transethosomal gel in cutaneous leishmaniasis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36249328 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6214720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Topical delivery is preferable over systemic delivery for cutaneous leishmaniasis, because of its easy administration, reduced systemic adverse effects and low cost. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has broad-spectrum activity against various parasites and has the potential to avoid drug resistance developed by enzymatic mutations. NTZ oral formulation is associated with severe dyspepsia and stomach pain. Herein, NTZ-transethosomes (NTZ-TES) were prepared and loaded into chitosan gel (NTZ-TEG) for topical delivery. NTZ-TES were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized statistically via the Box-Behnken method. The optimized formulation indicated excellent particle size (176 nm), polydispersity index (0.093), zeta potential (-26.4 mV) and entrapment efficiency (86%). The transmission electron microscopy analysis showed spherical-sized particles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated no interaction among the excipients. Similarly, NTZ-TEG showed optimal pH, desirable viscosity and good spreadability. NTZ-TES and NTZ-TEG showed prolonged release behaviour and higher skin penetration and deposition in the epidermal/dermal layer of skin in comparison with the NTZ-dispersion. Moreover, NTZ-TES showed higher percentage inhibition, lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against promastigotes and higher macrophage uptake. Additionally, skin irritation and histopathology studies indicated the safe and non-irritant behaviour of the NTZ-TEG. The obtained findings suggested the enhanced skin permeation and improved anti-leishmanial effect of NTZ when administered as NTZ-TEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Khalid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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8
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Khalid H, Batool S, Din FU, Khan S, Khan GM. Macrophage targeting of nitazoxanide-loaded transethosomal gel in cutaneous leishmaniasis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220428. [PMID: 36249328 PMCID: PMC9532992 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Topical delivery is preferable over systemic delivery for cutaneous leishmaniasis, because of its easy administration, reduced systemic adverse effects and low cost. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has broad-spectrum activity against various parasites and has the potential to avoid drug resistance developed by enzymatic mutations. NTZ oral formulation is associated with severe dyspepsia and stomach pain. Herein, NTZ-transethosomes (NTZ-TES) were prepared and loaded into chitosan gel (NTZ-TEG) for topical delivery. NTZ-TES were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized statistically via the Box-Behnken method. The optimized formulation indicated excellent particle size (176 nm), polydispersity index (0.093), zeta potential (-26.4 mV) and entrapment efficiency (86%). The transmission electron microscopy analysis showed spherical-sized particles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated no interaction among the excipients. Similarly, NTZ-TEG showed optimal pH, desirable viscosity and good spreadability. NTZ-TES and NTZ-TEG showed prolonged release behaviour and higher skin penetration and deposition in the epidermal/dermal layer of skin in comparison with the NTZ-dispersion. Moreover, NTZ-TES showed higher percentage inhibition, lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against promastigotes and higher macrophage uptake. Additionally, skin irritation and histopathology studies indicated the safe and non-irritant behaviour of the NTZ-TEG. The obtained findings suggested the enhanced skin permeation and improved anti-leishmanial effect of NTZ when administered as NTZ-TEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Khalid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Viana SM, Montoya AL, Carvalho AM, de Mendonça BS, Portillo S, Olivas JJ, Karimi NH, Estevao IL, Ortega-Rodriguez U, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, Maldonaldo RA, Michael K, de Oliveira CI, Almeida IC. Serodiagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of New-World tegumentary leishmaniasis using synthetic type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid-based neoglycoproteins. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2147-2159. [PMID: 36039908 PMCID: PMC9518598 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from localized cutaneous ulcers (CL), mucosal (ML), or disseminated (DL) disease, to a subclinical (SC) asymptomatic form. Current diagnosis based on parasite culture and/or microscopy lacks sensitivity and specificity. Previous studies showed that patients with CL and ML have very high levels of Leishmania-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies. However, the native parasite α-Gal glycotope(s) is(are) still elusive, thus they have not yet been explored for a more accurate TL diagnosis. Using a chemiluminescent immunoassay, we evaluated the seroreactivity of TL patients across its clinical spectrum, and of endemic (EC) and nonendemic healthy controls (NEC) against three synthetic neoglycoproteins (NGP29b, NGP30b, and NGP28b), respectively comprising the L. major-derived type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL)-1 (Galfβ1,3Manα), GIPL-2 (Galα1,3Galfβ1,3Manα), and GIPL-3 (Galα1,6Galα1,3Galfβ) glycotopes. Contrary to NGP29b and NGP30b, NGP28b exhibited high sensitivity and specificity to a CL serum pool. More importantly, NGP28b reacted strongly and specifically with individual sera from distinct clinical forms of TL, especially with SC sera, with 94% sensitivity and 97% specificity, by post-two-graph receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. Contrary to NGP29b, NGP28b showed low cross-reactivity with Chagas disease and control (NEC/EC) sera. Additionally, seroreactivity of CL patients against NGP28b was significantly decreased after successful chemotherapy, indicating that L. braziliensis-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies may serve as an early biomarker of cure in CL. Our data also points towards the applicability of L. major type-2 GIPL-3-derived Galα1,6Galα1,3Galfβ glycotope for the serological diagnosis of American TL, particularly of the subclinical form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayonara M Viana
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alba L Montoya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Augusto M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Susana Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Janet J Olivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Nasim H Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Uriel Ortega-Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa A Maldonaldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
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10
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Eight-Year Trend Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases in West Amhara Region Referred to Amhara Public Health Institute Northwest, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6562092. [PMID: 36046459 PMCID: PMC9423996 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6562092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a continually spreading health problem in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Despite this, up- to-date information on referral laboratory facility has been not yet reported. Therefore, this study was aimed at reporting up-to-date information about eight year’s cutaneous leishmaniasis trend status. Data on referred cases from 2013 to 2020 were collected at Amhara Public Health Institute Parasitology department by reviewing log book. Of the 243 suspected cases, 114 (46.9%) were positive (confirmed) with microscope and cultured results showed that most of them were negatives. Most of the suspected cases were from 16 to 30 years and males by age and sex, respectively. Trend status by year depicted that largest numbers of suspected and confirmed cases were reported in 2013, 2015, and 2019 years. Finally, the trend status by zone showed that most cases were reported from South Gondar and Awi zones, respectively.
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Chakraborty S, Mukherjee S, Biswas P, Ghosh A, Siddhanta A. FRB domain of human TOR protein induces compromised proliferation and mitochondrial dysfunction in Labrus donovani promastigotes. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102591. [PMID: 35472440 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar, the second-largest parasitic killer worldwide, is caused by Leishmania donovani. The drugs to treat VL are toxic and expensive. Moreover, their indiscriminate use gave rise to resistant strains. The high rate of parasite proliferation within the host macrophage cells causes pathogenesis. In the proliferative pathway, FRB domain of TOR protein is ubiquitously essential. Although orthologues of mTOR protein are reported in trypanosomatids and Leishmania but therein depth molecular characterization is yet to be done. Considerable protein sequence homology exists between the TOR of kinetoplastidas and mammals. Interestingly, exogenous human FRB domain was shown to block G1 to S transition in mammalian cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized that expression of human FRB domain would inhibit the proliferation of Labrus donovani. Indeed, promastigotes stably expressing wild type human FRB domain show 4.7 and 1.5 folds less intra- and extra-cellular proliferations than that of untransfected controls. They also manifested 2.65 times lower rate of glucose stimulated oxygen consumption. The activities of all respiratory complexes were compromised in the hFRB expressing promastigotes. In these cells, depolarized mitochondria were 2-fold more than control cells. However, promastigotes expressing its mutant version (Trp2027-Phe) has shown similar characteristics like untransfected cells. Thus, this study reveals greater insights on the conserved role of TOR in the regulation of the respiratory complexes in L. donovani. The slow growing variant of FRB expressing promastigotes will have great potential to be exploited as a prophylactic agent against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, India; Department of Microbiology, Bidhannagar College, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Priyam Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, India
| | - Alok Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, India
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12
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Updates on Prevalence and Trend Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis at Two Health Facilities in Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022:3603892. [PMID: 35465445 PMCID: PMC9033402 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3603892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia is one of the countries accounted for over 90% of annual visceral leishmaniasis incidence. Despite this, yet there are no active and passive surveillance activities in the Amhara Region that will give up-to-date information about the disease status at the health facility levels. Therefore, this study aimed to report up-to-date information about visceral leishmaniasis and its trend status at two health facilities and the surrounding areas. A retrospective study from October 2017 to May 2021 was conducted by reviewing patient records at Metema and Addis Zemen Hospitals. Data on Sex, age, occupation, residence, month, year, and rK39 test results were collected using a questionnaire and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The chi-square test was used to see the association between variables. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Of the 2,703 visceral leishmaniasis suspected cases diagnosed with the rK39 test, 877 (32.4%) were confirmed (positive) cases. Monthly and yearly trends depicted that the largest number of suspected cases was reported in October and 2018, respectively. Daily laborers were the most affected individuals in Metema areas.
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Aparecida de Carvalho C, Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto R, Regina Meireles L, Franco de Andrade Júnior H. Serum antibodies blocked by glycan antigens in canine visceral leishmaniasis serology are mostly IgA immune complexes. Parasitology 2021; 148:1509-1515. [PMID: 34218828 PMCID: PMC11010178 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Immune complexes (ICs) are found in canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and interfere with the serum detection of antibodies. Dissociation of these monovalent complexes by dissociative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) removes false-negative results and allows some characterization of antibodies and antigens. We studied the serology of dogs with suspected CVL in an endemic area, testing two Leishmania (Leishmania) [L. (L.)] infantum antigens. We analysed the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies specific to promastigote soluble extract (PSE) and low-molecular weight glycans (glycan–bovine serum albumin (BSA) complex – GBC) by conventional and dissociative ELISA. Our results showed a significant fraction of IgA ICs (46.5% for PSE and 47.6% for GBC), followed by IgG ICs (10% for PSE and 23.5% for GBC). IgM ICs were more frequent for PSE (22.7%). Hypergammaglobulinaemia in CVL would be related to the presence of IgA and IgG ICs, resulting in deficient elimination of these antibodies. Our data confirmed the presence of ICs that can generate false-negative results in conventional serology. The production of IgA antibodies and the high frequency of blockade by glycan antigens suggest the active participation of this immunoglobulin and its ICs in the immunopathology of CVL, indicating a new path for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Aparecida de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Protozoologia – Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto
- Laboratório de Parasitoses Sistêmicas – Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 355, CEP 01246-000, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Regina Meireles
- Laboratório de Protozoologia – Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Franco de Andrade Júnior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia – Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
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14
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Montoya AL, Austin VM, Portillo S, Vinales I, Ashmus RA, Estevao I, Jankuru SR, Alraey Y, Al-Salem WS, Acosta-Serrano Á, Almeida IC, Michael K. Reversed Immunoglycomics Identifies α-Galactosyl-Bearing Glycotopes Specific for Leishmania major Infection. JACS AU 2021; 1:1275-1287. [PMID: 34467365 PMCID: PMC8397363 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
All healthy humans have high levels of natural anti-α-galactosyl (α-Gal) antibodies (elicited by yet uncharacterized glycotopes), which may play important roles in immunoglycomics: (a) potential protection against certain parasitic and viral zoonotic infections; (b) targeting of α-Gal-engineered cancer cells; (c) aiding in tissue repair; and (d) serving as adjuvants in α-Gal-based vaccines. Patients with certain protozoan infections have specific anti-α-Gal antibodies, elicited against parasite-derived α-Gal-bearing glycotopes. These glycotopes, however, remain elusive except for the well-characterized glycotope Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAcα, expressed by Trypanosoma cruzi. The discovery of new parasitic glycotopes is greatly hindered by the enormous structural diversity of cell-surface glycans and the technical challenges of classical immunoglycomics, a top-down approach from cultivated parasites to isolated glycans. Here, we demonstrate that reversed immunoglycomics, a bottom-up approach, can identify parasite species-specific α-Gal-bearing glycotopes by probing synthetic oligosaccharides on neoglycoproteins. This method was tested here seeking to identify as-yet unknown glycotopes specific for Leishmania major, the causative agent of Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL). Neoglycoproteins decorated with synthetic α-Gal-containing oligosaccharides derived from L. major glycoinositolphospholipids served as antigens in a chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using sera from OWCL patients and noninfected individuals. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis identified Galpα1,3Galfβ and Galpα1,3Galfβ1,3Manpα glycotopes as diagnostic biomarkers for L. major-caused OWCL, which can distinguish with 100% specificity from heterologous diseases and L. tropica-caused OWCL. These glycotopes could prove useful in the development of rapid α-Gal-based diagnostics and vaccines for OWCL. Furthermore, this method could help unravel cryptic α-Gal-glycotopes of other protozoan parasites and enterobacteria that elicit the natural human anti-α-Gal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba L. Montoya
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Victoria M. Austin
- Department
of Vector Biology, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United
Kingdom
| | - Susana Portillo
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Irodiel Vinales
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Roger A. Ashmus
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Igor Estevao
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Sohan R. Jankuru
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Yasser Alraey
- Department
of Vector Biology, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United
Kingdom
| | - Waleed S. Al-Salem
- Department
of Vector Biology, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United
Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department
of Vector Biology, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United
Kingdom
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Katja Michael
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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15
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Sato K, Hagio T, Sano M, Muramoto K, Yaoita A, Noro M, Hara RI, Wada T. Solid-Phase Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Oligomeric P-Modified Glycosyl Phosphate Derivatives Using the Oxazaphospholidine Method. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20026-20041. [PMID: 34368588 PMCID: PMC8340430 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl phosphate repeating units can be found in the glycoconjugates of some bacteria and protozoa parasites. These structures and their P-modified analogs are attractive synthetic targets as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and vaccine agents. However, P-modified glycosyl phosphates exist in different diastereomeric forms due to the chiral phosphorus atoms, whose configuration would highly affect their physiochemical and biochemical properties. In this study, a stereocontrolled method was developed for the synthesis of P-modified glycosyl phosphate repeating units derived from the lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania using the oxazaphospholidine approach. The solid-phase synthesis facilitated the elongation and purification of the glycosyl phosphate derivatives, while two P-modified glycosyl phosphates (boranophosphate and phosphorothioate) were successfully synthesized with up to three repeating units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sato
- Department
of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hagio
- Department
of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Michi Sano
- Department
of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Muramoto
- Department
of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Aya Yaoita
- Department
of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mihoko Noro
- Department
of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bioscience Building, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Rintaro Iwata Hara
- Department
of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department
of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicinal
and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Department
of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Hara RI, Sato K, Wada T. Synthesis of Glycosyl Phosphate Repeats and Their Analogues. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takeshi Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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17
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Elucidation of the primary structure and molecular modeling of Parkia pendula lectin and in vitro evaluation of the leishmanicidal activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Campelo CM, Pinheiro IC, de Melo Tavares B, Alves de Lima Henn G, Fernandes C, Albuquerque-Pinto LC, Carneiro Câmara LM. Modulation in the expression of type 1 (CR1/CD35) and type 3 (CR3/CD11b) complement receptors on leukocytes from patients with Visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:107970. [PMID: 32828829 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an anthropozoonosis endemic in Brazil. We included 20 patients with confirmed diagnosis of VL and 20 healthy individuals to evaluate the expression levels of complement receptor 1 (CR1)/CD35 and CR3/CD11b on leukocytes in the peripheral blood and determine their correlation with the clinical state of patients. CR1/CD35 expression increased on CD11b+CD35+granulocytes of patients, while CR1/CD35 and CR3/CD11b expression levels increased on CD14+CD11b+CD35+ monocytes. Among patients, those with severe clinical state had higher expression of CR3/CD11b on CD14+monocytes. The count of CD19+CD35+B lymphocytes reduced in the blood samples from patients. These observed changes may indicate the modulation in CR1/CD35 and CR3/CD11b complement receptor expressionlevels on granulocyte and monocyte populations in response to Leishmania sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Marinho Campelo
- Federal University of Ceará, Biomedicine Center, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Guilherme Alves de Lima Henn
- Federal University of Ceará, Biomedicine Center, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Hospital São José for Infectious Diseases(HSJ), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Camila Fernandes
- Federal University of Ceará, Biomedicine Center, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Lilia Maria Carneiro Câmara
- Federal University of Ceará, Biomedicine Center, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Mesquita JT, Romanelli MM, de Melo Trinconi Trinconi Cm C, Guerra JM, Taniwaki NN, Uliana SRB, Reimão JQ, Tempone AG. Repurposing topical triclosan for cutaneous leishmaniasis: Preclinical efficacy in a murine Leishmania (L.) amazonensis model. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:285-295. [PMID: 32767443 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains an important neglected tropical infection caused by the protozoan Leishmania and affects 12 million people in 98 countries. The treatment is limited with severe adverse effects. In the search for new therapies, the drug repositioning and combination therapy have been successfully applied to neglected diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis potential of triclosan, an approved topical antimicrobial agent used for surgical procedures. in vitro phenotypic studies of drug-treated parasites were performed to evaluate the lethal action of triclosan, accompanied by an isobolographic ex-vivo analysis with the association of triclosan and miltefosine. The results showed that triclosan has activity against L. (L.) amazonensis intracellular amastigotes, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 16 μM. By using fluorescent probes and transmission electron microscopy, a pore-forming activity of triclosan toward the parasite plasma membrane was demonstrated, leading to depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduction of the reactive oxygen species levels in the extracellular promastigotes. The in vitro interaction between triclosan and miltefosine in the combination therapy assay was classified as additive against intracellular amastigotes. Leishmania-infected mice were treated with topical triclosan (1% base cream for 14 consecutive days), and showed 89% reduction in the parasite burden. The obtained results contribute to the investigation of new alternatives for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and suggest that the coadministration of triclosan and miltefosine should be investigated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Quero Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
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Rocha MI, Dias F, Resende M, Sousa M, Duarte M, Tomás AM, Castro H. Leishmania infantum Enhances Migration of Macrophages via a Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ-Dependent Pathway. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1643-1649. [PMID: 32369694 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) and Leishmania major (L. major) are phylogenetically related protozoan parasites that cause different pathologies in humans (visceral and cutaneous infections, respectively). Here, we report on how these obligatory intracellular pathogens differentially affect the migration of macrophages. Resorting to gap closure assays of infected murine bone marrow derived macrophages, we observed that L. infantum enhances the mobility of these cells. This is not the case of L. major, whose impact on macrophage migration is null. Resorting to kinase inhibition assays, we witnessed that chemical inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) critically impairs cell mobility in all experimental conditions. Importantly, the blockade of tyrosine kinases with dasatinib also slows down naı̈ve and L. major-parasitized cells but not macrophages exposed to L. infantum. The dasatinib-resistant phenotype of L. infantum-infected macrophages aligns with the hypothesis that this parasite invokes a tyrosine kinase-independent pathway to increase the PI3Kγ activity of macrophages and enhance migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Rocha
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Dias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Resende
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Sousa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Tomás
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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21
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Seničar M, Lafite P, Eliseeva SV, Petoud S, Landemarre L, Daniellou R. Galactofuranose-Related Enzymes: Challenges and Hopes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103465. [PMID: 32423053 PMCID: PMC7278926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactofuranose is a rare form of the well-known galactose sugar, and its occurrence in numerous pathogenic micro-organisms makes the enzymes responsible for its biosynthesis interesting targets. Herein, we review the role of these carbohydrate-related proteins with a special emphasis on the galactofuranosidases we recently characterized as an efficient recombinant biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Seničar
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d’Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron CS 8005, 45071 Orléans, France; (S.V.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Pierre Lafite
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d’Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Svetlana V. Eliseeva
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron CS 8005, 45071 Orléans, France; (S.V.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Stéphane Petoud
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron CS 8005, 45071 Orléans, France; (S.V.E.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Richard Daniellou
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d’Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-238-494-978
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Mohammed ASA, Tian W, Zhang Y, Peng P, Wang F, Li T. Leishmania lipophosphoglycan components: A potent target for synthetic neoglycoproteins as a vaccine candidate for leishmaniasis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116120. [PMID: 32241437 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells. Due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, leishmaniasis attracts significant attention. The disease, which is caused by Leishmania parasites, is distributed worldwide, particularly among developing communities, and causes fatal complications if not treated expediently. Unfortunately, the existing treatments are not preventive and do not impede Leishmania infection. Many drugs available for leishmaniasis are becoming less effective due to emerging resistance in some Leishmania species. Other drugs have drawbacks such as low cost-effectiveness, toxicity, and side effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers leishmaniasis to be a major public health problem and suggests that the best prevention is to develop a vaccine for this dangerous disease. In this review, we focus on the unique components of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a component of the Leishmania cell wall, particularly [Galp(1 → 4)-β-[Manp-(1 → 2)-α-Manp-(1 → 2)-α]-Manp] in the cryptic tetrasaccharide cap, and on synthetic approaches as a potent candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Saleh A Mohammed
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Weilu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Tianlu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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23
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Vaugenot J, El Harras A, Tasseau O, Marchal R, Legentil L, Le Guennic B, Benvegnu T, Ferrières V. 6-Deoxy-6-fluoro galactofuranosides: regioselective glycosylation, unexpected reactivity, and anti-leishmanial activity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1462-1475. [PMID: 32025679 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective glycosylation of the C-6 fluorinated galactofuranosyl acceptor 2 was studied with four galactofuranosyl donors. It was highlighted that this electron-withdrawing atom strongly impacted the behavior of the acceptor, thus leading to unprecedented glycosylation pathways. Competition between expected glycosylation of 2, ring expansion of this acceptor and furanosylation, and intermolecular aglycon transfer was observed. Further investigation of the fluorinated synthetic compounds showed that the presence of fluorine atom contributed to increase the inhibition of the growth of Leishmania tarentolae, a non-pathogenic strain of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Vaugenot
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Abderrafek El Harras
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Olivier Tasseau
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Rémi Marchal
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Laurent Legentil
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Thierry Benvegnu
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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24
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Mule SN, Saad JS, Fernandes LR, Stolf BS, Cortez M, Palmisano G. Protein glycosylation inLeishmaniaspp. Mol Omics 2020; 16:407-424. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a co- and post-translational modification that, inLeishmaniaparasites, plays key roles in vector–parasite–vertebrate host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
| | - Joyce Silva Saad
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
| | - Livia Rosa Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
| | - Beatriz S. Stolf
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
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25
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Guegan H, Ory K, Belaz S, Jan A, Dion S, Legentil L, Manuel C, Lemiègre L, Vives T, Ferrières V, Gangneux JP, Robert-Gangneux F. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory properties of octyl-β-D-galactofuranoside during Leishmania donovani infection. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:600. [PMID: 31870416 PMCID: PMC6929453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemotherapeutic arsenal available to treat visceral leishmaniasis is currently limited, in view of many drawbacks such as high cost, toxicity or emerging resistance. New therapeutic strategies are particularly needed to improve the management and the outcome in immunosuppressed patients. The combination of an immunomodulatory drug to a conventional anti-Leishmania treatment is an emerging concept to reverse the immune bias from Th2 to Th1 response to boost healing and prevent relapses. METHODS Here, immunostimulating and leishmanicidal properties of octyl-β-D-galactofuranose (Galf) were assessed in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HM) and in a murine model, after challenge with Leishmania donovani promastigotes. We recorded parasite loads and expression of various cytokines and immune effectors in HM and mouse organs (liver, spleen, bone marrow), following treatment with free (Galf) and liposomal (L-Galf) formulations. RESULTS Both treatments significantly reduced parasite proliferation in HM, as well as liver parasite burden in vivo (Galf, P < 0.05). Consistent with in vitro results, we showed that Galf- and L-Galf-treated mice displayed an enhanced Th1 immune response, particularly in the spleen where pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12 were significantly overexpressed compared to control group. The hepatic recruitment of myeloid cells was also favored by L-Galf treatment as evidenced by the five-fold increase of myeloperoxidase (MPO) induction, which was associated with a higher number of MPO-positive cells within granulomas. By contrast, the systemic level of various cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A or IL-27 was drastically reduced at the end of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that Galf could be tested as an adjuvant in combination with current anti-parasitic drugs, to restore an efficient immune response against infection in a model of immunosuppressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Guegan
- CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Kevin Ory
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sorya Belaz
- CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Jan
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Dion
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, CNRS, UMR 6226, University of Rennes, avenue du Général Leclerc CS 50837, 35708, Rennes cedex 7, France
| | - Christelle Manuel
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Loïc Lemiègre
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, CNRS, UMR 6226, University of Rennes, avenue du Général Leclerc CS 50837, 35708, Rennes cedex 7, France
| | - Thomas Vives
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, CNRS, UMR 6226, University of Rennes, avenue du Général Leclerc CS 50837, 35708, Rennes cedex 7, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, CNRS, UMR 6226, University of Rennes, avenue du Général Leclerc CS 50837, 35708, Rennes cedex 7, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Robert-Gangneux
- CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.
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26
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Morotti ALM, Martins-Teixeira MB, Carvalho I. Protozoan Parasites Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors: Structures, Functions and Trends for Drug Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4301-4322. [PMID: 28748758 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170727110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors are molecules located on cell membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. Proteins, enzymes, and other macromolecules which are anchored by GPIs are essential elements for interaction between cells, and are widely used by protozoan parasites when compared to higher eukaryotes. METHODS More than one hundred references were collected to obtain broad information about mammalian and protozoan parasites' GPI structures, biosynthetic pathways, functions and attempts to use these molecules as drug targets against parasitic diseases. Differences between GPI among species were compared and highlighted. Strategies for drug discovery and development against protozoan GPI anchors were discussed based on what has been reported on literature. RESULTS There are many evidences that GPI anchors are crucial for parasite's survival and interaction with hosts' cells. Despite all GPI anchors contain a conserved glycan core, they present variations regarding structural features and biosynthetic pathways between organisms, which could offer adequate selectivity to validate GPI anchors as drug targets. Discussion was developed with focus on the following parasites: Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of tropical neglected diseases. CONCLUSION This review debates the main variances between parasitic and mammalian GPI anchor biosynthesis and structures, as well as clues for strategic development for new anti-parasitic therapies based on GPI anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Malaco Morotti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Overview of the role of kinetoplastid surface carbohydrates in infection and host cell invasion: prospects for therapeutic intervention. Parasitology 2019; 146:1743-1754. [PMID: 31603063 PMCID: PMC6939169 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for serious diseases in humans and livestock such as Chagas disease and sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively), and the different forms of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (produced by Leishmania spp). The limited number of antiparasitic drugs available together with the emergence of resistance underscores the need for new therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action. The use of agents binding to surface glycans has been recently suggested as a new approach to antitrypanosomal design and a series of peptidic and non-peptidic carbohydrate-binding agents have been identified as antiparasitics showing efficacy in animal models of sleeping sickness. Here we provide an overview of the nature of surface glycans in three kinetoplastid parasites, T. cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania. Their role in virulence and host cell invasion is highlighted with the aim of identifying specific glycan-lectin interactions and carbohydrate functions that may be the target of novel carbohydrate-binding agents with therapeutic applications.
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28
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Malli S, Pomel S, Dennemont I, Loiseau PM, Bouchemal K. Combination of amphotericin B and chitosan platelets for the treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: Histological and immunohistochemical examinations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Rintelmann CL, Grinnage-Pulley T, Ross K, Kabotso DEK, Toepp A, Cowell A, Petersen C, Narasimhan B, Pohl N. Design and synthesis of multivalent α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles for applications in immune response studies of Leishmania major infection. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:623-632. [PMID: 30931004 PMCID: PMC6423605 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, currently infects approximately 12 million people worldwide with 1 to 2 million new cases each year in predominately underdeveloped countries. The treatment of the disease is severely underdeveloped due to the ability of the Leishmania pathogen to evade and abate immune responses. In an effort to develop anti-leishmaniasis vaccines and adjuvants, novel carbohydrate-based probes were made to study the mechanisms of immune modulation. In this study, a new bioerodible polyanhydride microparticle was designed and conjugated with a glycodendrimer molecular probe. This molecular probe incorporates a pathogen-like multivalent display of α-1,2-trimannose, for which a more efficient synthesis was designed, with a tethered fluorophore. Further attachment of the glycodendrimer to a biocompatible, surface eroding microparticle allows for targeted uptake and internalization of the pathogen-associated oligosaccharide by phagocytic immune cells. The α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles were found to be safe after administration into the footpad of mice and demonstrated a similar response to α-1,2-trimannose-coated latex beads during L. major footpad infection. Furthermore, the bioerodible microparticles allowed for investigation of the role of pathogen-associated oligosaccharides for recognition by pathogen-recognition receptors during L. major-induced leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Rintelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
| | - Tara Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, S444 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, 2500 Crosspark Road, MTF B166 Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Kathleen Ross
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Daniel E K Kabotso
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
| | - Angela Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, S444 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, 2500 Crosspark Road, MTF B166 Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA
| | - Anne Cowell
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
| | - Christine Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, S444 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, 2500 Crosspark Road, MTF B166 Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Nicola Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
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30
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Ati J, Colas C, Lafite P, Sweeney RP, Zheng RB, Lowary TL, Daniellou R. The LPG1x family from Leishmania major is constituted of rare eukaryotic galactofuranosyltransferases with unprecedented catalytic properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17566. [PMID: 30514885 PMCID: PMC6279836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactofuranosyltransferases are poorly described enzymes despite their crucial role in the virulence and the pathogenicity of numerous microorganisms. These enzymes are considered as potential targets for therapeutic action. In addition to the only well-characterised prokaryotic GlfT2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, four putative genes in Leishmania major were previously described as potential galactofuranosyltransferases. In this study, we have cloned, over-expressed, purified and fully determined the kinetic parameters of these four eukaryotic enzymes, thus demonstrating their unique potency in catalysing the transfer of the galactofuranosyl moiety into acceptors. Their individual promiscuity revealed to be different, as some of them could efficiently use NDP-pyranoses as donor substrates in addition to the natural UDP-galactofuranose. Such results pave the way for the development of chemoenzymatic synthesis of furanosyl-containing glycoconjugates as well as the design of improved drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Ati
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP6759, Orléans, Cedex 02, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP6759, Orléans, Cedex 02, France
| | - Pierre Lafite
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP6759, Orléans, Cedex 02, France
| | - Ryan P Sweeney
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ruixiang Blake Zheng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard Daniellou
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP6759, Orléans, Cedex 02, France.
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Hara RI, Yaoita A, Takeda K, Ueki H, Ishii A, Imoto H, Kobayashi S, Sano M, Noro M, Sato K, Wada T. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Fluorinated Analogues of Glycosyl 1-Phosphate Repeating Structures from Leishmania using the Phosphoramidite Method. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:439-446. [PMID: 29928567 PMCID: PMC5987806 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and protozoan sugar chains contain glycosyl 1-phosphate repeating structures; these repeating structures have been studied for vaccine development. The fluorinated analogues of [β-Gal-(1→4)-α-Man-(1→6)-P-] n , which are glycosyl 1-phosphate repeating structures found in Leishmania, were synthesised using the solid-phase phosphoramidite method. This method has been less extensively studied for the synthesis of glycosyl 1-phosphate units than H-phosphonate chemistry. A stepwise synthesis of a compound containing five such repeating units has been conducted using the phosphoramidite method herein, which is the longest glycosyl 1-phosphate structures to be chemically constructed in a stepwise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Iwata Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of Science2641 YamazakiNoda, Chiba278–8510Japan
| | - Aya Yaoita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of Science2641 YamazakiNoda, Chiba278–8510Japan
| | - Katsuya Takeda
- Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba277–8562Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ueki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of Science2641 YamazakiNoda, Chiba278–8510Japan
| | - Ayumu Ishii
- Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba277–8562Japan
| | - Hideyuki Imoto
- Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba277–8562Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba277–8562Japan
| | - Michi Sano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of Science2641 YamazakiNoda, Chiba278–8510Japan
| | - Mihoko Noro
- Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba277–8562Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba277–8562Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of Science2641 YamazakiNoda, Chiba278–8510Japan
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Ghorbani M, Farhoudi R. Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 12:25-40. [PMID: 29317800 PMCID: PMC5743117 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s146521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells. Approximately 30 different species of Phlebotomine sand flies can transmit this parasite either anthroponotically or zoonotically through their bites. Leishmaniasis affects poor people living around the Mediterranean Basin, East Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia. Affected regions are often remote and unstable, with limited resources for treating this disease. Leishmaniasis has been reported as one of the most dangerous neglected tropical diseases, second only to malaria in parasitic causes of death. People can carry some species of Leishmania for long periods without becoming ill, and symptoms depend on the form of the disease. There are many drugs and candidate vaccines available to treat leishmaniasis. For instance, antiparasitic drugs, such as amphotericin B (AmBisome), are a treatment of choice for leishmaniasis depending on the type of the disease. Despite the availability of different treatment approaches to treat leishmaniasis, therapeutic tools are not adequate to eradicate this infection. In the meantime, drug therapy has been limited because of adverse side effects and unsuccessful vaccine preparation. However, it can immediately make infections inactive. According to other studies, vaccination cannot eradicate leishmaniasis. There is no perfect vaccine or suitable drug to eradicate leishmaniasis completely. So far, no vaccine or drug has been provided to induce long-term protection and ensure effective immunity against leishmaniasis. Therefore, it is necessary that intensive research should be performed in drug and vaccine fields to achieve certain results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghorbani
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ramin Farhoudi
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
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33
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Iniguez E, Schocker NS, Subramaniam K, Portillo S, Montoya AL, Al-Salem WS, Torres CL, Rodriguez F, Moreira OC, Acosta-Serrano A, Michael K, Almeida IC, Maldonado RA. An α-Gal-containing neoglycoprotein-based vaccine partially protects against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006039. [PMID: 29069089 PMCID: PMC5673233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania cause broad clinical manifestations known as leishmaniases, which affect millions of people worldwide. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by L. major, is one the most common forms of the disease in the Old World. There is no preventive or therapeutic human vaccine available for L. major CL, and existing drug treatments are expensive, have toxic side effects, and resistant parasite strains have been reported. Hence, further therapeutic interventions against the disease are necessary. Terminal, non-reducing, and linear α-galactopyranosyl (α-Gal) epitopes are abundantly found on the plasma membrane glycolipids of L. major known as glycoinositolphospholipids. The absence of these α-Gal epitopes in human cells makes these glycans highly immunogenic and thus potential targets for vaccine development against CL. Methodology/Principal findings Here, we evaluated three neoglycoproteins (NGPs), containing synthetic α-Gal epitopes covalently attached to bovine serum albumin (BSA), as vaccine candidates against L. major, using α1,3-galactosyltransferase-knockout (α1,3GalT-KO) mice. These transgenic mice, similarly to humans, do not express nonreducing, linear α-Gal epitopes in their cells and are, therefore, capable of producing high levels of anti-α-Gal antibodies. We observed that Galα(1,6)Galβ-BSA (NGP5B), but not Galα(1,4)Galβ-BSA (NGP12B) or Galα(1,3)Galα-BSA (NGP17B), was able to significantly reduce the size of footpad lesions by 96% in comparison to control groups. Furthermore, we observed a robust humoral and cellular immune response with production of high levels of protective lytic anti-α-Gal antibodies and induction of Th1 cytokines. Conclusions/Significance We propose that NGP5B is an attractive candidate for the study of potential synthetic α-Gal-neoglycoprotein-based vaccines against L. major infection. Despite a worldwide prevalence, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains largely neglected, with no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine available. In the Old World, CL is mainly caused by either Leishmania major or L. tropica parasites, which produce localized cutaneous ulcers, often leading to scarring and social stigma. Currently, the disease has reached hyperendemicity levels in the Middle East due to conflict and human displacement. Furthermore, the first choice of treatment in that region continues to be pentavalent antimonials, which are costly and highly toxic, and current vector control measures alone are not sufficient to stop disease transmission. Hence, a vaccine against CL would be very beneficial. Previous studies have demonstrated that sugars are promising vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis, since most parasite species have a cell surface coat composed of immunogenic sugars, including linear α-galactopyranosyl (α-Gal) epitopes, which are absent in humans. Here, we have developed an α-Gal-based vaccine candidate, named NGP5B. When tested in transgenic mice which like humans lack α-Gal epitopes in their cells, NGP5B was able to induce a significant partial protection against L. major infection, by significantly reducing mouse footpad lesions and parasite burden. Altogether, we propose NGP5B as a promising preventive vaccine for CL caused by L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Iniguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel S. Schocker
- Department of Chemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishanthi Subramaniam
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alba L. Montoya
- Department of Chemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Waleed S. Al-Salem
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caresse L. Torres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Felipe Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ICA); (RAM)
| | - Rosa A. Maldonado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ICA); (RAM)
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Synthetic analogs of an Entamoeba histolytica glycolipid designed to combat intracellular Leishmania infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9472. [PMID: 28842620 PMCID: PMC5572710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens belonging to the genus Leishmania have developed effective strategies that enable them to survive within host immune cells. Immunostimulatory compounds that counteract such immunological escape mechanisms represent promising treatment options for diseases. Here, we demonstrate that a lipopeptidephosphoglycan (LPPG) isolated from the membrane of a protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica (Eh), shows considerable immunostimulatory effects targeted against Leishmania (L.) major, a representative species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Treatment led to a marked reduction in the number of intracellular Leishmania parasites in vitro, and ameliorated CL in a mouse model. We next designed and synthesized analogs of the phosphatidylinositol anchors harbored by EhLPPG; two of these analogs reproduced the anti-leishmanial activity of the native compound by inducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The use of such compounds, either alone or as a supportive option, might improve the currently unsatisfactory treatment of CL and other diseases caused by pathogen-manipulated immune responses.
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Legentil L, Cabezas Y, Tasseau O, Tellier C, Daligault F, Ferrières V. Regioselective Galactofuranosylation for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Patterns Found in Pathogenic Microorganisms. J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée
de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Yari Cabezas
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée
de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Olivier Tasseau
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée
de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Charles Tellier
- Université de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6286, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Franck Daligault
- Université de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6286, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée
de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
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36
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Synthesis and biological properties of galactofuranosyl-containing fluorescent dyes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:152-155. [PMID: 27956346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two fluorescent galactofuranosides were synthesized and their biological activities evaluated on non-infected and Leishmania infected macrophages. Both tagged scaffolds were able to penetrate macrophages. Compared to the activity of the parent octyl galactofuranoside used as a reference, the fluorescein-conjugate showed altered biological properties while the rhodamine 6G one synergistically acted with the lipid chain to significantly increase antiparasitic activity.
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37
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Mukherjee MM, Basu N, Ghosh R. Expeditious synthesis of the tetrasaccharide cap domain of the Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan using one-pot glycosylation reactions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expeditious syntheses of the tetrasaccharide cap related to the lipophosphoglycan ofLeishmania donovaniwere achieved by sequential one-pot glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabamita Basu
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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