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Iqbal N, Zahoor AF, Rasool N, Khan SG, Akhtar R, Ahmad R. Synthetic Approaches Towards the Total synthesis of tubulysin and its fragments: A review. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:COS-EPUB-119628. [PMID: 34951368 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666211222163417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubulysins, linear tetrapeptides show extraordinary cytotoxicity against various cancer cells, with IC50 values in nano or picomolar range. Due to their extremely vigorous anti-proliferative and antiangiogenic characteristics, tubulysins exhibit captivating prospects in the development of anticancer drugs. This review focuses on diverse routes for the total synthesis of natural and synthetic tubulysins as well as their fragments. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to present the synthetic strategies for the development of antitumor agents, tubulysins. CONCLUSION A range of synthetic pathways adopted for the total synthesis of tubulysins and their fragments have been described in this review. Synthesis of fragments, Tuv, Tup, and Tut can be accomplished by adopting appropriate strategies such as Manganese-mediated synthesis, Ireland-Claisen rearrangement, Mukaiyama aldol reaction, and Mannich process etc. Tubulysin B, D, U, V, and N14-desacetoxytubulysin H have been prepared through Mitsunobu reaction, tert-butanesulfinamide method, Tandem reaction, aza-Barbier reaction, Evans aldol reaction, and C-H activation strategies etc. The remarkable anticancer potential of tubulysins toward a substantiate target make them prominent leads for developing novel drugs against multidrug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad. Pakistan
| | - Raheel Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad. Pakistan
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Sinast M, Claasen B, Stöckl Y, Greulich A, Zens A, Baro A, Laschat S. Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Hydrindanes via Sequential Organocatalytic Michael/Mukaiyama Aldol Addition and Telescoped Hydrozirconation/Cross-Coupling as Key Steps: En Route to the AB System of Clifednamides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7537-7551. [PMID: 34014095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The AB ring systems of the clifednamide family, polycyclic tetramate macrolactames (PoTeMs), were prepared by a new, convergent approach employing an intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction. Key steps comprise an organocatalytic Michael addition (>90% enantiomeric excess (ee)), a Mukaiyama aldol reaction for the convergent installation of a diene moiety, and a telescoped hydrozirconation/cross-coupling grafting an enone. The following IMDA furnished a highly functionalized hydrindane (diastereomeric ratio (dr) = 91:1) with the same configuration as the clifednamide scaffold. Advantages of this route are only one required protecting group, 13% overall yield over 9 steps (reduced from previously 17 steps/1.3% overall), and the potential access to the key intermediates in the clifednamide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Sinast
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Birgit Claasen
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yannick Stöckl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Greulich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Vishwanatha TM, Giepmans B, Goda SK, Dömling A. Tubulysin Synthesis Featuring Stereoselective Catalysis and Highly Convergent Multicomponent Assembly. Org Lett 2020; 22:5396-5400. [PMID: 32584589 PMCID: PMC7372561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A concise and modular total synthesis of the highly potent N14-desacetoxytubulysin H (1) has been accomplished in 18 steps in an overall yield of up to 30%. Our work highlights the complexity-augmenting and route-shortening power of diastereoselective multicomponent reaction (MCR) as well as the role of bulky ligands to perfectly control both the regioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of tubuphenylalanine in just two steps. The total synthesis not only provides an operationally simple and step economy but will also stimulate major advances in the development of new tubulysin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Giepmans
- University Medical College Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sayed K. Goda
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug
Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sani M, Lazzari P, Folini M, Spiga M, Zuco V, De Cesare M, Manca I, Dall'Angelo S, Frigerio M, Usai I, Testa A, Zaffaroni N, Zanda M. Synthesis and Superpotent Anticancer Activity of Tubulysins Carrying Non-hydrolysable N-Substituents on Tubuvaline. Chemistry 2017; 23:5842-5850. [PMID: 28300330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic tubulysins 24 a-m, containing non-hydrolysable N-substituents on tubuvaline (Tuv), were obtained in high purity and good overall yields using a multistep synthesis. A key step was the formation of differently N-substituted Ile-Tuv fragments 10 by using an aza-Michael reaction of azido-Ile derivatives 8 with the α,β-unsaturated oxo-thiazole 5. A structure-activity relationship study using a panel of human tumour cell lines showed strong anti-proliferative activity for all compounds 24 a-m, with IC50 values in the sub-nanomolar range, which were distinctly lower than those of tubulysin A, vinorelbine and paclitaxel. Furthermore, 24 a-m were able to overcome cross-resistance to paclitaxel and vinorelbine in two tumour cell lines with acquired resistance to doxorubicin. Compounds 24 e and 24 g were selected as leads to evaluate their mechanism of action. In vitro assays showed that both 24 e and 24 g interfere with tubulin polymerization in a vinca alkaloid-like manner and prevent paclitaxel-induced assembly of tubulin polymers. Both compounds exerted antimitotic activity and induced apoptosis in cancer cells at very low concentrations. Compound 24 e also exhibited potent antitumor activity at well tolerated doses on in vivo models of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, such as MESOII peritoneal mesothelioma xenografts, the growth of which was not significantly affected by vinorelbine. These results indicate that synthetic tubulysins 24 could be used as standalone chemotherapeutic agents in difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sani
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Marco Folini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Marco Spiga
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Ilaria Manca
- C.N.R. Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS di Cagliari, Edificio 5, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA), Italy
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Massimo Frigerio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI, Italy
| | - Igor Usai
- KemoTech Srl, Edificio 3, Località Piscinamanna, 09010, Pula (CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Testa
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Farmacologia Molecolare, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.,C.N.R., Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano (MI), Italy
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