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Wei Z, Zhang B, Li X, Gao Y, He Y, Xue J, Zhang T. Changing on the Concentrations of Neonicotinoids in Rice and Drinking Water through Heat Treatment Process. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104194. [PMID: 37241934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NEOs) have become the most widely used insecticides in the world since the mid-1990s. According to Chinese dietary habits, rice and water are usually heated before being consumed, but the information about the alteration through the heat treatment process is very limited. In this study, NEOs in rice samples were extracted by acetonitrile (ACN) and in tap water, samples were extracted through an HLB cartridge, then, a high-performance liquid chromatography system and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) were applied for target chemical analysis. The parents of NEOs (p-NEOs) accounted for >99% of the total NEOs mass (∑NEOs) in both uncooked (median: 66.8 ng/g) and cooked (median: 41.4 ng/g) rice samples from Guangdong Province, China, while the metabolites of NEOs (m-NEOs) involved in this study accounted for less than 1%. We aimed to reveal the concentration changes of NEOs through heat treatment process, thus, several groups of rice and water samples from Guangdong were cooked and boiled, respectively. Significant (p < 0.05) reductions in acetamiprid, imidacloprid (IMI), thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam (THM) have been observed after the heat treatment of the rice samples. In water samples, the concentrations of THM and dinotefuran decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after the heat treatment. These results indicate the degradation of p-NEOs and m-NEOs during the heat treatment process. However, the concentrations of IMI increased significantly in tap water samples (p < 0.05) after heat treatment process, which might be caused by the potential IMI precursors in those industrial pesticide products. The concentrations of NEOs in rice and water can be shifted by the heat treatment process, so this process should be considered in relevant human exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Sinčić Modrić G, Petković Didović M, Dubrović I, Žurga P, Broznić D. Those That Remain: Sorption/Desorption Behaviour and Kinetics of the Neonicotinoids Still in Use. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076548. [PMID: 37047521 PMCID: PMC10095529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In January 2023, the derogation loophole was closed on “emergency authorisations” for the use of three out of five neonicotinoids in all EU states. In this study, we analysed the sorption/desorption behaviour and kinetic parameters of acetamiprid and thiacloprid, the two neonicotinoids that are still approved for use, either regularly or under emergency authorisations in the EU, and widely used worldwide. Sorption and desorption curves in four soils with different organic matter content were analysed using four kinetic models, namely, Lagergren’s pseudo first-order model, two-site model (TSM), Weber–Morris intraparticle diffusion model and Elovich’s model. Kinetic parameters were correlated to soil physico-chemical characteristics. To determine the mutual influence of soil characteristics and sorption/desorption parameters in the analysed soils, a factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Even though the two insecticides are very similar in size and chemical structure, the results showed different sorption/desorption kinetics. The model that best fits the experimental data was TSM. Thiacloprid showed a more rapid sorption compared to acetamiprid, and, in all soils, a higher proportion sorbed at equilibrium. Intra-particle diffusion seemed to be a relevant process in acetamiprid sorption, but not for thiacloprid. Desorption results showed that acetamiprid is more easily and more thoroughly desorbed than thiacloprid, in all soils. The kinetic behaviour differences stem from variations in molecular structure, causing disparate water solubility, lipophilicity, and acid–base properties.
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Wrobel SA, Bury D, Belov VN, Klenk JM, Hauer B, Hayen H, Martino-Andrade AJ, Koch HM, Brüning T, Käfferlein HU. Rapid quantification of seven major neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid-like compounds and their key metabolites in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340680. [PMID: 36628758 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid-like compounds (NNIs) are frequently used insecticides worldwide and exposure scenarios can vary widely between countries and continents. We have developed a specific and robust analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry coupled to online-SPE (online-SPE-LC-ESI-MS-MS) to analyze the seven most important NNIs from a global perspective together with nine of their key metabolites in human urine. The method also includes the neonicotinoid-like flupyradifurone (FLUP), an important future substitute for classical neonicotinoids, and two of its major human metabolites, 5-hydroxy- and N-desfluoroethyl-FLUP. Validation of the method was carried out using pooled urine samples from low-dose human metabolism studies and spiked urine samples with a wide range of creatinine concentrations. Depending on the analyte, the limits of quantitation were between 0.06 and 2.1 µg L-1, the inter-day and intra-day imprecisions ≤6%, and the mean relative recoveries between 89% and 112%. The method enabled us to successfully quantify NNIs and their metabolites at current environmental exposures in 34 individuals of the German general population and 43 pregnant women from Brazil with no known occupational exposures to NNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Wrobel
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vladimir N Belov
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Natural Sciences (MPI NAT), Facility for Synthetic Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan M Klenk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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Human metabolism and urinary excretion of seven neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid-like compounds after controlled oral dosages. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:121-134. [PMID: 34642770 PMCID: PMC8748328 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Few human data on exposure and toxicity are available on neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid-like compounds (NNIs), an important group of insecticides worldwide. Specifically, exposure assessment of humans by biomonitoring remains a challenge due to the lack of appropriate biomarkers. We investigated the human metabolism and metabolite excretion in urine of acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin (CLO), flupyradifurone (FLUP), imidacloprid (IMI), sulfoxaflor (SULF), thiacloprid (THIAC) and thiamethoxam (THIAM) after single oral dosages at the currently acceptable daily intake levels of the European Food Safety Authority. Consecutive post-dose urine samples were collected up to 48 h. Suspect screening of tentative metabolites was carried out by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Screening hits were identified based on their accurate mass, isotope signal masses and ratios, product ion spectra, and excretion kinetics. We found, with the exception of SULF, extensive metabolization of NNIs to specific metabolites which were excreted next to the parent compounds. Overall, 24 metabolites were detected with signal intensities indicative of high metabolic relevance. Phase-I metabolites were predominantly derived by mono-oxidation (such as hydroxy-FLUP, -IMI, and -THIAC) and by oxidative N-desalkylation (such as N-desdifluoroethyl-FLUP and N-desmethyl-ACE, -CLO and -THIAM). IMI-olefin, obtained by dehydration of hydroxylated IMI, was identified as a major metabolite of IMI. SULF was excreted unchanged in urine. Previously reported metabolites of NNIs such as 6-chloronicotinic acid or 2-chlorothiazole-4-carboxylic acid and their glycine derivatives were detected either at low signal intensities or not at all and seem less relevant for human biomonitoring. Our highly controlled approach provides specific insight into the human metabolism of NNIs and suggests suitable biomarkers for future exposure assessment at environmentally relevant exposures.
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Menard KJ, Martens J, Fridgen TD. A vibrational spectroscopic and computational study of the structures of protonated imidacloprid and its fragmentation products in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3377-3388. [PMID: 33506235 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06069k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy experiments in the 600-2000 cm-1 region and computational chemistry studies were combined with the aim of elucidating the structures of protonated imidacloprid (pIMI), and its unimolecular decomposition products. The computed IR spectra for the lowest energy structures for pIMI as well as for protonated desnitrosoimidacloprid, corresponding to the loss of NO radical (pIMI-NO), and protonated imidacloprid urea corresponding to the loss of N2O (pIMIU) were found to reproduce the experimental IRMPD spectrum quite well. The complex IRMPD spectrum for protonated desnitroimidaclpride (pDIMI), resulting from the loss of NO2 radical from pIMI, was explained as a contribution from several computed structures, including those involving simple loss of NO2 radical and some isomerization. However, based on a comparison of the computed IR spectrum for the lowest energy structure of pDIMI and the IRMPD spectrum, it was concluded that the lowest energy structure is a minor contributor to the experimental spectrum. This observation is rationalized as being due to the energy requirement for isomerization to the lowest energy structure, being substantially higher than that for simple loss of NO2 radical. Experimental mass spectrometry fragmentation results indicated that the loss of N, O2, H was the result of a loss of NO radical followed by loss of OH radical. A comparison of the experimental IRMPD and computed IR spectra revealed that following NO radical loss, the structure entailing a hydride shift from the methylene bridge to the guanidine moiety followed by OH radical elimination, generated the best match with the experimental IRMPD spectrum. This was consistent with the computed potential energy surfaces showing this structure as having the lowest energy requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Menard
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland Faculty of Science, Canada.
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Guo L, Dai Z, Guo J, Yang W, Ge F, Dai Y. Oligotrophic bacterium Hymenobacter latericoloratus CGMCC 16346 degrades the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in surface water. AMB Express 2020; 10:7. [PMID: 31939001 PMCID: PMC6960279 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensive and extensive application of imidacloprid in agriculture has resulted in water pollution and risks to aquatic invertebrates. However, pure bacteria remediation of imidacloprid in surface water environments has not been studied. Here, we isolated an imidacloprid-degrading bacterium from a water environment, examined its imidacloprid degradation in pure culture and surface water, sequenced its genome, and compared its Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) protein categorization with that for another imidacloprid-degrading bacterium. The isolate was an obligate oligotrophic bacterium, Hymenobacter latericoloratus CGMCC 16346, which degraded imidacloprid via hydroxylation by co-metabolism in pure culture. Resting cells degraded 64.4% of 100 mg/L imidacloprid in 6 days in the presence of co-substrate maltose, and growing culture degraded 40.8% of imidacloprid in 10 days. H. latericoloratus CGMCC 16346 degraded imidacloprid in surface water without co-substrate supplementation and retained imidacloprid-degrading activity after 30 days. The half-life of imidacloprid in surface water was decreased from 173.3 days in the control to 57.8 days by CGMCC 16346 inoculation. Genome sequencing and COG analysis indicated that carbohydrate metabolism and transport, cell wall/membrane biogenesis, and defense mechanisms are enriched in H. latericoloratus CGMCC 16346 compared with the copiotrophic imidacloprid-degrading Pseudoxanthomonas indica CGMCC 6648, indicating that H. latericoloratus CGMCC 16346 is adapted to live in oligotrophic water environments and biofilms. H. latericoloratus CGMCC 16346 is a promising bioremediation agent for elimination of imidacloprid contamination from surface water.
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Chai Y, Chen H, Liu X, Lu C. Degradation of the Neonicotinoid Pesticides in the Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:373-381. [PMID: 29260456 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During the analysis of neonicotinoid pesticide standards (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid) by mass spectrometry, the degradation of these pesticides (M-C=N-R is degraded into M-C=O, M is the skeleton moiety, and R is NO2 or CN) was observed in the atmospheric pressure ionization interfaces (ESI and APCI). In APCI, the degradation of all the five neonicotinoid pesticides studied took place, and the primary mechanism was in-source ion/molecule reaction, in which a molecule of water (confirmed by use of H218O) attacked the carbon of the imine group accompanying with loss of NH2R (R=NO2, CN). For the nitroguanidine neonicotinoid pesticides (R=NO2, including thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid), higher auxiliary gas heater temperature also contributed to their degradation in APCI due to in-source pyrolysis. The degradation of the five neonicotinoid pesticides studied in ESI was not significant. In ESI, only the nitroguanidine neonicotinoid pesticides could generate the degradation products through in-source fragmentation mechanism. The degradation of cyanoamidine neonicotinoid pesticides (R=CN, including acetamiprid and thiacloprid) in ESI was not observed. The degradation of neonicotinoid pesticides in the ion source of mass spectrometer renders some adverse consequences, such as difficulty interpreting the full-scan mass spectrum, reducing the sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative analysis, and misleading whether these pesticides have degraded in the real samples. Therefore, a clear understanding of these unusual degradation reactions should facilitate the analysis of neonicotinoid pesticides by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
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Haddad AZ, Cronin SP, Mashuta MS, Buchanan RM, Grapperhaus CA. Metal-Assisted Ligand-Centered Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution upon Reduction of a Bis(thiosemicarbazonato)Cu(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11254-11265. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z. Haddad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Steve P. Cronin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mark S. Mashuta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Robert M. Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Craig A. Grapperhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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