1
|
Horton L, Brady J, Kincaid CM, Torres AE, Lim HW. The effects of infrared radiation on the human skin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:549-555. [PMID: 37431693 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infrared radiation (IR) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light (VL) and microwaves, with wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm. Humans are mainly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) and IR through the sun. Unlike UVR which is well known for its carcinogenic properties, the relationship between IR and skin health has not been as extensively studied; as such, we gather the available published evidence here to better elucidate this relationship. METHODS Several databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched for articles relating to infrared radiation and the skin. Articles were selected for their relevance and novelty. RESULTS Detrimental effects such as thermal burns, photocarcinogenesis, and photoaging have been reported, though evidence suggests that these may be due to the thermal effects produced secondary to IR exposure rather than the isolated effect of IR. There are currently no chemical or physical filters specifically available for protection against IR, and existing compounds are not known to have IR-filtering capacity. Interestingly, IR may have some photoprotective properties against the carcinogenic effects of UVR. Furthermore, IR has been used with encouraging results in skin rejuvenation, wound healing, and hair restoration when given at an appropriate therapeutic dose. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the current landscape of research surrounding IR can help illuminate its effects on the skin and highlight areas for further research. Here, we review relevant data on IR to assess its deleterious and beneficial effects on human skin, along with possible means for IR photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Horton
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joshua Brady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Colin M Kincaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Angeli Eloise Torres
- Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arranz-Paraíso D, Sola Y, Baeza-Moyano D, Benítez-Martínez M, Melero-Tur S, González-Lezcano RA. Mitochondria and light: An overview of the pathways triggered in skin and retina with incident infrared radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 238:112614. [PMID: 36469983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Slightly more than half of the solar radiation that passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface is infrared. Over the past few years, many papers have been published on the possible positive effects of receiving this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this article we analyse the role of mitochondria in the supposed effects of infrared light based on the published literature. It is claimed that ATP synthesis is stimulated, which has a positive effect on the skin by increasing fibroblast proliferation, anchorage and production of collagen fibres, procollagen, and various cytokines responsible for the wound healing process, such as keratinocyte growth factor. Currently there are infrared light emitting equipment whose manufacturers and the centres where this service or treatment is offered claim that they are used for skin rejuvenation among other positive effects. Based on the literature review, it is necessary to deepen the scientific study of the mechanism of absorption of infrared radiation through the skin to better understand its possible positive effects, the risks of overexposure and to improve consumer health protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arranz-Paraíso
- Área de conocimiento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Sola
- Group of Meteorology, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Baeza-Moyano
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Benítez-Martínez
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sofía Melero-Tur
- Departamento de arquitectura y diseño, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano
- Departamento de arquitectura y diseño, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hudson L, Rashdan E, Bonn CA, Chavan B, Rawlings D, Birch‐Machin MA. Individual and combined effects of the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light components of solar radiation on damage biomarkers in human skin cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:3874-3883. [PMID: 31944399 PMCID: PMC7079185 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902351rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of solar ultraviolet (UV) to induce skin cancer and photoaging is well recognized. The effect of the infrared (IR) and visible light (Vis) components of solar radiation on skin and their interaction with UV is less well known. This study compared the effects of physiologically relevant doses of complete (UV + Vis + IR) solar-simulated light and its individual components on matched primary dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes from human donors on three biomarkers of cellular damage (reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and nuclear DNA (nDNA) damage). There was a greater induction of ROS, mtDNA, and nDNA damage with the inclusion of the visible and IR components of solar-simulated light in primary fibroblast cells compared to primary keratinocytes (P < .001). Experiments using exposure to specific components of solar light alone or in combination showed that the UV, Vis, and IR components of solar light synergistically increased ROS generation in primary fibroblasts but not primary keratinocytes (P < .001). Skin cell lines were used to confirm these findings. These observations have important implications for different skin cell type responses to the individual and interacting components of solar light and therefore photodamage mechanisms and photoprotection interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hudson
- Dermatological SciencesTranslational and Clinical Research InstituteMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
| | - Eyman Rashdan
- Dermatological SciencesTranslational and Clinical Research InstituteMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
| | - Catherine A. Bonn
- Dermatological SciencesTranslational and Clinical Research InstituteMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
| | | | - David Rawlings
- Northern Medical Physics and Clinical EngineeringFreeman HospitalNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mark A. Birch‐Machin
- Dermatological SciencesTranslational and Clinical Research InstituteMedical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diffey B. Sunscreen claims, risk management and consumer confidence. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:1-4. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon TyneNE2 4HHU.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mann T, Eggers K, Rippke F, Tesch M, Buerger A, Darvin ME, Schanzer S, Meinke MC, Lademann J, Kolbe L. High-energy visible light at ambient doses and intensities induces oxidative stress of skin-Protective effects of the antioxidant and Nrf2 inducer Licochalcone A in vitro and in vivo. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 36:135-144. [PMID: 31661571 PMCID: PMC7078816 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar radiation causes skin damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While UV filters effectively reduce UV-induced ROS, they cannot prevent VIS-induced (400-760 nm) oxidative stress. Therefore, potent antioxidants are needed as additives to sunscreen products. METHODS We investigated VIS-induced ROS formation and the photoprotective effects of the Nrf2 inducer Licochalcone A (LicA). RESULTS Visible spectrum of 400-500 nm dose-dependently induced ROS in cultured human fibroblasts at doses equivalent to 1 hour of sunshine on a sunny summer day (150 J/cm2 ). A pretreatment for 24 hours with 1 µmol/L LicA reduced ROS formation to the level of unirradiated cells while UV filters alone were ineffective, even at SPF50+. In vivo, topical treatment with a LicA-containing SPF50 + formulation significantly prevented the depletion of intradermal carotenoids by VIS irradiation while SPF50 + control did not protect. CONCLUSION LicA may be a useful additive antioxidant for sunscreens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mann
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Eggers
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Rippke
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Tesch
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anette Buerger
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim SJ, Bae J, Lee SE, Lee JB, Park CH, Lim DH, Park MS, Ha J. A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:890-895. [PMID: 31338921 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infrared radiation (IR) exposure generates reactive oxygen species and induces matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in human skin. Moreover, while not as acute as ultraviolet radiation, repeated infrared irradiation can result in the photoaging of skin. Broad-spectrum sunscreens can protect skin from IR, but no human in vivo test methods for the evaluation of sunscreens' IR protection effect have been developed. We aimed to develop such a method. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 155 Korean subjects in our three-part clinical study. The IR reflectance of subjects' skin was measured using a benchtop model of an IR light source and a reflectance measuring probe. We measured the IR reflectance in relation to skin color and hydration level to set up our experimental conditions. We then calculated the infrared protection factors (IPFs) of cosmetic emulsions as the IR reflectance ratio between cosmetic sunscreen-applied skin and non-sunscreen-applied skin and assessed the relationship between IPFs and the amount of sunscreen ingredients. Finally, this method was validated using several commercial sunscreen cosmetics. RESULTS Skin color and hydration level did not influence the IR reflectance of subjects' skin. The IPFs of cosmetic sunscreens showed a positive correlation with the amount of inorganic sunscreen ingredients. CONCLUSION In this study, we developed a simple, fast, and ethically acceptable human in vivo test method for evaluating the IPFs of cosmetic sunscreens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Ji Kim
- Cosmax Inc, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jiyoun Bae
- I.E.C. Korea, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bais AF, Bernhard G, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Young PJ, Ilyas M, Jöckel P, Deushi M. Ozone-climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:602-640. [PMID: 30810565 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This report assesses the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and anticipated ozone recovery on the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface. Interactions between changes in ozone and changes in climate, as well as their effects on UV radiation, are also considered. These evaluations focus mainly on new knowledge gained from research conducted during the last four years. Furthermore, drivers of changes in UV radiation other than ozone are discussed and their relative importance is assessed. The most important of these factors, namely clouds, aerosols and surface reflectivity, are related to changes in climate, and some of their effects on short- and long-term variations of UV radiation have already been identified from measurements. Finally, projected future developments in stratospheric ozone, climate, and other factors affecting UV radiation have been used to estimate changes in solar UV radiation from the present to the end of the 21st century. New instruments and methods have been assessed with respect to their ability to provide useful and accurate information for monitoring solar UV radiation at the Earth's surface and for determining relevant exposures of humans. Evidence since the last assessment reconfirms that systematic and accurate long-term measurements of UV radiation and stratospheric ozone are essential for assessing the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments. Finally, we have assessed aspects of UV radiation related to biological effects and human health, as well as implications for UV radiation from possible solar radiation management (geoengineering) methods to mitigate climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Campus Box 149, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - G Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., 5340 Riley Street, San Diego, California, USA
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, NIWA Lauder, PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants, PO Box 915751, Faerie Glen, 0043, South Africa
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK and Pentland Centre for Sustainability in Business, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - M Ilyas
- School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Malaysia
| | - P Jöckel
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut fuer Physik der Atmosphaere, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - M Deushi
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Gálvez MV, Aguilera J, Sánchez-Roldán C, Herrera-Acosta E, Herrera-Ceballos E. Water-Filtered Infrared Radiation Decreases the Generation of Photodermatoses Dependent on Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:874-878. [PMID: 30447157 DOI: 10.1111/php.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of infrared radiation in photodermatoses has received very little attention, even though the main sources of radiation used for photobiological studies (UVA, UVB and visible light) include infrared radiation. The objective of the work was to assess whether infrared radiation is involved in the development of skin lesions in patients with different types of photodermatoses. Twenty patients with different photodermatoses were exposed to UVA, UVB and visible radiation using a high-pressure mercury UVA lamp, a fluorescent broadband UVB lamp, a tungsten bulb and a slide projector for visible radiation. Part of the radiation emitted by these lamps was water-filtered to block infrared radiation above 1300 nm. All 20 patients developed lesions when exposed to different light sources used for phototest. When exposed to same sources without infrared radiation, 17 patients (85%) did not develop any lesions and the other three (15%) developed less severe lesions than in the area exposed to unfiltered light. Our results show that infrared radiation was necessary for the development of skin lesions in 85% of the patients with photodermatoses in our study. We believe that infrared radiation studies should be included in standard photobiology protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María V de Gálvez
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Roldán
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrera-Acosta
- Dermatology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain.,Dermatology Service, Vithas Xanit Hospital Internacional, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrera-Ceballos
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Dermatology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The solar radiation range has harmful and beneficial effects. Sunscreens, which selectively block specific spectral regions, may potentially interfere with skin homeostasis. For instance, the ultraviolet (UV) B waveband produces erythema and DNA damage; simultaneously, it induces pre-vitamin D3 synthesis. UVA1 and visible light can both induce pigmentation in skin phototypes IV–VI, and act in synergy to induce erythema and persistent pigment darkening. In contrast, UVA may contribute to blood pressure control and cardioprotection by inducing release of nitric oxide from intracutaneous photolabile nitric oxide derivatives. Finally, infrared A radiation alters the collagen equilibrium of the dermal extracellular matrix but is involved in the regulation of body temperature and in nitric oxide release, with a potential beneficial impact on blood pressure regulation. Ideally, photoprotection should thus be performed with a neutral density filter, mitigating all radiation ranges homogeneously, to maintain solar spectrum homeostasis. Natural compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids are promising natural UV radiation-filtering compounds for an improved homeostasis with our environment. Lastly, we should not forget individual characteristics and behavior, as homeostasis differs according to individual phototypes and skin exposure behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Stengel
- Buenos Aires Skin, Avenida Cordoba 1184, 10 Piso. (1055), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Gálvez MV, Aguilera J, Sánchez-Roldán C, Herrera-Ceballos E. Infrared radiation increases skin damage induced by other wavelengths in solar urticaria. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2018; 32:284-290. [PMID: 27622861 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodermatoses are typically investigated by analyzing the individual or combined effects of ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), and visible light using light sources that simulate portions of the solar spectrum. Infrared radiation (IRR), however, accounts for 53% of incident solar radiation, but its effects are not taken into account in standard phototest protocols. AIMS The aim was to analyze the effects of IRR, alone and combined with UVA and visible light on solar urticaria lesions, with a distinction between infrared A (IRA) and infrared B (IRB). METHODS We performed standard phototests with UVA and visible light in four patients with solar urticaria and also tested the effects after blocking IRB with a water filter. To analyze the direct effect of IRR, we performed phototests with IRA and IRB. RESULTS Initial standard phototests that were all positive found the induction of erythema and whealing, while when IRR was blocked from the UVA and visible light sources, three of the patients developed no lesions, while the fourth developed a very small wheal. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IRR has the potential to produce and exacerbate lesions caused by other types of radiation. Consideration of these effects during phototesting could help prevent diagnostic errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria de Gálvez
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Roldán
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrera-Ceballos
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Dermatology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilczyński S, Deda A, Koprowski R, Banyś A, Błońska-Fajfrowska B. The Use of Directional Reflectance Measurement for in vivo Assessment of Protective Properties of Cosmetics in the Infrared Radiation Range. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1303-1311. [PMID: 28471503 DOI: 10.1111/php.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoprotection of skin is now focused on UV radiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo cosmetic products in terms of protection against infrared radiation (IR) and propose a methodology for conducting such measurements. The directional reflectance (DR) of 12 UV filters, six care creams and two preparations containing fumed silica applied on the forearm of 36 volunteers was examined in six spectral bands for two angles of incidence. SOC-410 Directional Hemispherical Reflectometer was used to measure DR. There is very little change in DR for all spectral bands for both incident angles for both UV filters, care creams and preparations containing fumed silica. For example, for 15% of fumed silica in glycerin for the spectral band of 0.9-1.1 μm and the incident angle of 20°, skin DR prior to application was 0.543; 5 min after application was 0.533 and 30 min after application was 0.559. Both UV filters, care creams and fumed silica do not protect skin against IR. The proposed method of in vivo measurements is superior to in vitro studies which have been conducted so far because it takes into account both the refractive index at the tissue/air interface and the absorption of IR by adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczyński
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Deda
- Department of Skin Structural Studies, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Robert Koprowski
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Computer Science, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Banyś
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Barbara Błońska-Fajfrowska
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|