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Luo Y, Luo Y, Huang X, Liu S, Cao Z, Guo L, Li Q, Cai YP, Wang Y. A New Ester-Substituted Quinoxaline-Based Narrow Bandgap Polymer Donor for Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000683. [PMID: 33350003 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The electron-deficient ester group substitution in the sidechain of the commonly used electron-withdrawing quinoxaline (Qx) unit is seldom studied, while ester-substituted Qx units possess easy syntheses and facile modulation of the polymer solubility, and the enhanced electron-withdrawing property of ester substituted Qx unit can theoretically broaden the optical absorption of the resulting polymers and improve the open circuit voltage in the corresponding organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, a novel ester-substituted Qx-based narrow bandgap polymer (NBG) donor material PBDTT-EFQx, which exhibits an absorption edge of 790 nm (bandgap < 1.6 eV), is designed and synthesized. Results show that the OSCs composed of PBDTT-EFQx and PC71 BM present the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.8%, compared to PCEs of 5.0% for PBDTT-EFQx:ITIC based devices and 4.1% for PBDTT-EFQx:N2200 based devices, respectively. Characterizations and analyses indicate that the PC71 BM-based OSCs have well-matched energy levels, better complementary light absorption, the highest and most balanced carrier mobilities, as well as the lowest degree of recombination losses, and therefore, leading to the highest PCE among the three types of OSCs. This work reveals that the ester-substituted quinoxaline unit is one of the potential building blocks for NBG polymer donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingtong Luo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xuelong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Shengjian Liu
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Lingzhi Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qingduan Li
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Peng Cai
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Allstar Tech (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd, Yanjiang West 1, No.6 Road, Keji Avenue, Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528437, P. R. China
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Fan Q, Méndez-Romero UA, Guo X, Wang E, Zhang M, Li Y. Fluorinated Photovoltaic Materials for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3085-3095. [PMID: 31310451 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved a dramatic boost in their power conversion efficiencies from about 6 % to over 16 %. In addition to developments in device engineering, innovative photovoltaic materials, especially fluorinated donors and acceptors, have become the dominant factor for improved device performance. This minireview highlights fluorinated photovoltaic materials that enable efficient OSCs. Impressive OSCs have been obtained by developing some important molds of fluorinated donor and acceptor systems. The molecular design strategy and the matching principle of fluorinated donors and acceptors in OSCs are discussed. Finally, a concise summary and outlook are presented for advances in fluorinated materials to realize the practical application of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunping Fan
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Ulises A Méndez-Romero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden.,Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca, 66628, Mexico
| | - Xia Guo
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Maojie Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
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3
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Sun L, Xu X, Song S, Zhang Y, Miao C, Liu X, Xing G, Zhang S. Medium‐Bandgap Conjugated Polymer Donors for Organic Photovoltaics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900074. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Sun
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfei Xu
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Shan Song
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yangqian Zhang
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Miao
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Macau Macao SAR 999078 China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- L. Sun, X. Xu, S. Song, Y. Zhang, Dr. C. Miao, Prof. X. Liu, Prof. S. ZhangKey Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced MaterialsJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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Zhu P, Fan B, Du X, Tang X, Li N, Liu F, Ying L, Li Z, Zhong W, Brabec CJ, Huang F, Cao Y. Improved Efficiency of Polymer Solar Cells by Modifying the Side Chain of Wide-Band Gap Conjugated Polymers Containing Pyrrolo[3,4- f]benzotriazole-5,7(6 H)-dione Moiety. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22495-22503. [PMID: 29931969 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two novel wide-band gap donor-acceptor-type conjugated copolymers, PTzBI-S and PTzBI-Ph, are designed and synthesized, based on alkylthio-thienyl- or alkylphenyl-substituted benzodithiophene (BDT) derivatives as the electron-donating unit and pyrrolo[3,4- f]benzotriazole-5,7(6 H)-dione as the electron-withdrawing unit. The as-generated copolymers show the comparable optical and electrochemical properties. The alkylthio-thienyl-substituted BDT unit facilities a benign decrease of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels. This consequently enhances open-circuit voltages ( VOC) over 0.9 V in relevant solar cells with the fullerene acceptor ([6, 6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, PC71BM) or the nonfullerene acceptor (3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3- d:2',3'- d']- s-indaceno[1,2- b:5,6- b']dithiophene, ITIC). The combination studies of Fourier transform photocurrent spectroscopy and electroluminescence further rationalize the VOC difference between solar cells with fullerene and nonfullerene acceptors. An impressively high power conversion efficiency of 10.19% is obtained for the device based on PTzBI-Ph:ITIC, outperforming the 8.84% achieved by the PC71BM-based device. Our results demonstrate that the modification of substituents of BDT units can effectively decrease the HOMO level and consequently improve VOC, ultimately allowing the attainment of high-efficiency polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Baobing Fan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenye Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) , Immerwahrstraße 2 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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Li CT, Wu FL, Lee BH, Yeh MCP, Lin JT. Organic Photosensitizers Incorporating Rigid Benzo[1,2-b:6,5-b']dithiophene Segment for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43739-43746. [PMID: 29182274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[1,2-b:6,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) entity with rigid skeleton is introduced into the conjugated spacer of organic dyes, with triphenylamine as the electron donor and 2-cyanoacrylic acid as the acceptor, have been prepared for dye-sensitized solar cells. Inserting an aromatic entity between BDT and the anchor extends the absorption wavelength of the dyes and improves the dark current suppression efficiency, and consequently leads to better cell performance. Addition of chenodeoxycholic acid coadsorbent alleviates dye aggregation and results in better cell efficiency. The dye inserted with 4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene entity achieves the best efficiency (9.11%) when I-/I3- was used as the electrolyte. When Co(phen)32+/3+ was used as the electrolyte, the efficiency further boosts to 9.88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ling Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University , 117 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang P Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University , 117 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann T Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica , No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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6
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Holliday S, Li Y, Luscombe CK. Recent advances in high performance donor-acceptor polymers for organic photovoltaics. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Liu M, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhao L. Quinoxaline-based conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00850c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments of quinoxaline-based conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yueyue Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Zhitian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 403052
- China
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
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8
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Improved photovoltaic performance of D–A–D-type small molecules with isoindigo and pyrene units by inserting different π-conjugated bridge. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Yao H, Ye L, Zhang H, Li S, Zhang S, Hou J. Molecular Design of Benzodithiophene-Based Organic Photovoltaic Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7397-457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Long Ye
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sunsun Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Fan Q, Xu X, Liu Y, Su W, He X, Zhang Y, Tan H, Wang Y, Peng Q, Zhu W. Enhancing the photovoltaic properties of low bandgap terpolymers based on benzodithiophene and phenanthrophenazine by introducing different second acceptor units. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01985k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two D–A type random terpolymers PBDTT-PPzIID and PBDTT-PPzDPP were synthesized by copolymerizing a donor and two acceptor units. The PBDTT-PPzDPP-based device shown a PCE of 5.91%.
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Lee KC, Kim T, Song S, Kim Y, Dutta GK, Kim DS, Kim JY, Yang C. Medium bandgap copolymers based on carbazole and quinoxaline exceeding 1.0 V open-circuit voltages. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the desire for superior VOC values in PSCs, we have designed and synthesized a series of ‘medium bandgap’ donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers containing carbazole (Cz) and quinoxaline (Qx) (PCzDT-Qx, PCzDT-fQx, and PCzDT-ffQx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Cheol Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798
- South Korea
| | - Taehyo Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798
- South Korea
| | - Seyeong Song
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798
- South Korea
| | - Yiho Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798
- South Korea
| | - Gitish. K. Dutta
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Meghalaya Bijini Complex
- Shillong
- India
| | - Dong Suk Kim
- KIER-UNIST Advanced Center for Energy
- Korea Institute of Energy Research
- Ulsan 689-798
- South Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798
- South Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan 689-798
- South Korea
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