1
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De Breuck J, Streiber M, Ringleb M, Schröder D, Herzog N, Schubert US, Zechel S, Traeger A, Leiske MN. Amino-Acid-Derived Anionic Polyacrylamides with Tailored Hydrophobicity-Physicochemical Properties and Cellular Interactions. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:222-234. [PMID: 38882030 PMCID: PMC11177303 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyanions can internalize into cells via endocytosis without any cell disruption and are therefore interesting materials for biomedical applications. In this study, amino-acid-derived polyanions with different alkyl side-chains are synthesized via postpolymerization modification of poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate), which is synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, to obtain polyanions with tailored hydrophobicity and alkyl branching. The success of the reaction is verified by size-exclusion chromatography, NMR spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The hydrophobicity, surface charge, and pH dependence are investigated in detail by titrations, high-performance liquid chromatography, and partition coefficient measurements. Remarkably, the determined pK a-values for all synthesized polyanions are very similar to those of poly(acrylic acid) (pK a = 4.5), despite detectable differences in hydrophobicity. Interactions between amino-acid-derived polyanions with L929 fibroblasts reveal very slow cell association as well as accumulation of polymers in the cell membrane. Notably, the more hydrophobic amino-acid-derived polyanions show higher cell association. Our results emphasize the importance of macromolecular engineering toward ideal charge and hydrophobicity for polymer association with cell membranes and internalization. This study further highlights the potential of amino-acid-derived polymers and the diversity they provide for tailoring properties toward drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Breuck
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Streiber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Ringleb
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dennis Schröder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Natascha Herzog
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Meike N Leiske
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Leer K, Reichel LS, Wilhelmi M, Brendel JC, Traeger A. Tailoring Gene Transfer Efficacy through the Arrangement of Cationic and Anionic Blocks in Triblock Copolymer Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2024:158-165. [PMID: 38230657 PMCID: PMC10883036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The arrangement of charged segments in triblock copolymer micelles affects the gene delivery potential of polymeric micelles and can increase the level of gene expression when an anionic segment is incorporated in the outer shell. Triblock copolymers were synthesized by RAFT polymerzation with narrow molar mass distributions and assembled into micelles with a hydrophobic core from poly(n-butyl acrylate). The ionic shell contained either (i) an anionic segment followed by a cationic segment (HAC micelles) or (ii) a cationic block followed by an anionic block (HCA micelles). The pH-responsive anionic block contained 2-carboxyethyl acrylamide (CEAm), while the cationic block comprised 3-guanidinopropyl acrylamide (GPAm). Increasing the molar content of CEAm in HAC and HCA micelles from 6 to 13 mol % improved cytocompatibility and the endosomal escape property, while the HCA micelle with the highest mol % of anionic charges in the outer shell exhibited the highest gene expression. It became evident that improved membrane interaction of the best performing HCA micelle contributed to achieving high gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Leer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Liên S Reichel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mara Wilhelmi
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Adzhieva OA, Gringolts ML, Denisova YI, Shandryuk GA, Litmanovich EA, Nikiforov RY, Belov NA, Kudryavtsev YV. Effect of Chain Structure on the Various Properties of the Copolymers of Fluorinated Norbornenes with Cyclooctene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092157. [PMID: 37177303 PMCID: PMC10180767 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated polymers are attractive due to their special thermal, surface, gas separation, and other properties. In this study, new diblock, multiblock, and random copolymers of cyclooctene with two fluorinated norbornenes, 5-perfluorobutyl-2-norbornene and N-pentafluorophenyl-exo-endo-norbornene-5,6-dicarboximide, are synthesized by ring-opening metathesis copolymerization and macromolecular cross-metathesis in the presence of the first- to third-generation Grubbs' Ru-catalysts. Their thermal, surface, bulk, and solution characteristics are investigated and compared using differential scanning calorimetry, water contact angle measurements, gas permeation, and light scattering, respectively. It is demonstrated that they are correlated with the chain structure of the copolymers. The properties of multiblock copolymers are generally closer to those of diblock copolymers than of random ones, which can be explained by the presence of long blocks capable of self-organization. In particular, diblock and multiblock fluorine-imide-containing copolymers show a tendency to form micelles in chloroform solutions well below the overlap concentration. The results obtained may be of interest to a wide range of researchers involved in the design of functional copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Adzhieva
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria L Gringolts
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia I Denisova
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy A Shandryuk
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Litmanovich
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Yu Nikiforov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Belov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Kudryavtsev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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4
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Clothier GKK, Guimarães TR, Thompson SW, Rho JY, Perrier S, Moad G, Zetterlund PB. Multiblock copolymer synthesis via RAFT emulsion polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3438-3469. [PMID: 37093560 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A multiblock copolymer is a polymer of a specific structure that consists of multiple covalently linked segments, each comprising a different monomer type. The control of the monomer sequence has often been described as the "holy grail" of synthetic polymer chemistry, with the ultimate goal being synthetic access to polymers of a "perfect" structure, where each monomeric building block is placed at a desired position along the polymer chain. Given that polymer properties are intimately linked to the microstructure and monomer distribution along the constituent chains, it goes without saying that there exist seemingly endless opportunities in terms of fine-tuning the properties of such materials by careful consideration of the length of each block, the number and order of blocks, and the inclusion of monomers with specific functional groups. The area of multiblock copolymer synthesis remains relatively unexplored, in particular with regard to structure-property relationships, and there are currently significant opportunities for the design and synthesis of advanced materials. The present review focuses on the synthesis of multiblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization implemented as aqueous emulsion polymerization. RAFT emulsion polymerization offers intriguing opportunities not only for the advanced synthesis of multiblock copolymers, but also provides access to polymeric nanoparticles of specific morphologies. Precise multiblock copolymer synthesis coupled with self-assembly offers material morphology control on length scales ranging from a few nanometers to a micrometer. It is imperative that polymer chemists interact with physicists and material scientists to maximize the impact of these materials of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K K Clothier
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Thiago R Guimarães
- MACROARC, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Julia Y Rho
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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5
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Dutta S, Shreyash N, Satapathy BK, Saha S. Advances in design of polymer brush functionalized inorganic nanomaterials and their applications in biomedical arena. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 15:e1861. [PMID: 36284373 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Grafting of polymer brush (assembly of polymer chains tethered to the substrate by one end) is emerging as one of the most viable approach to alter the surface of inorganic nanomaterials. Inorganic nanomaterials despite their intrinsic functional superiority, their applications remain restricted due to their incompatibility with organic or biological moieties vis-à-vis agglomeration issues. To overcome such a shortcoming, polymer brush modified surfaces of inorganic nanomaterials have lately proved to be of immense potential. For example, polymer brush-modified inorganic nanomaterials can act as efficient substrates/platforms in biomedical applications, ranging from drug-delivery to protein-array due to their integrated advantages such as amphiphilicity, stimuli responsiveness, enhanced biocompatibility, and so on. In this review, the current state of the art related to polymer brush-modified inorganic nanomaterials focusing, not only, on their synthetic strategies and applications in biomedical field but also the architectural influence of polymer brushes on the responsiveness properties of modified nanomaterials have comprehensively been discussed and its associated future perspective is also presented. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Dutta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
| | - Nehil Shreyash
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Jais Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Bhabani Kumar Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi India
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6
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Maldonado‐Textle H, Jiménez‐Regalado EJ, St Thomas C. Thickening behavior of thermo‐associative water soluble multiblock copolymers under redox
RAFT
polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claude St Thomas
- CONACYT‐CIQA, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA) Saltillo Coahuila México
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7
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Yang H, Cai S, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Ma W, Gong F, Tao G, Liu C. High‐efficient surface tailoring via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization in an aqueous system initiated by a monocenter redox pair. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haicun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University) Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shuipi Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University) Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Wenzhong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering (Changzhou University) Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Fanghong Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- School of Mechanical Technology Wuxi Institute of Technology Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Guoliang Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
- Changzhou University Huaide College Changzhou Jiangsu China
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8
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Alshehri IH, Pahovnik D, Žagar E, Shipp DA. Stepwise Gradient Copolymers of n-Butyl Acrylate and Isobornyl Acrylate by Emulsion RAFT Copolymerizations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishah H. Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5665, United States
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5665, United States
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9
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Beattie DL, Deane OJ, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization of 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate: effect of end-group ionization on the formation and colloidal stability of sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-poly(4-hydroxybutyl acrylate) nano-objects are prepared by aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) using an ionic RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Beattie
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Oliver J. Deane
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
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10
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Lehnen AC, Kurki J, Hartlieb M. The difference between photo-iniferter and conventional RAFT polymerization: high livingness enables the straightforward synthesis of multiblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01530c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photo-iniferter (PI)-RAFT polymerization, the direct activation of chain transfer agents via light, is a fascinating polymerization technique, as it overcomes some restriction of conventional RAFT polymerization. As such, we elucidated...
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11
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Hartlieb M. Photo-Iniferter RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100514. [PMID: 34750911 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light-mediated polymerization techniques offer distinct advantages over polymerization reactions fueled by thermal energy, such as high spatial and temporal control as well as the possibility to work under mild reaction conditions. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a highly versatile radical polymerization method that can be utilized to control a variety of monomers and produce a vast number of complex macromolecular structures. The use of light to drive a RAFT-polymerization is possible via multiple routes. Besides the use of photo-initiators, or photo-catalysts, the direct activation of the chain transfer agent controlling the RAFT process in a photo-iniferter (PI) process is an elegant way to initiate and control polymerization reactions. Within this review, PI-RAFT polymerization and its advantages over the conventional RAFT process are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hartlieb
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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A comparison of RAFT and ATRP methods for controlled radical polymerization. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:859-869. [PMID: 37117386 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are the two most common controlled radical polymerization methods. Both methods afford functional polymers with a predefined length, composition, dispersity and end group. Further, RAFT and ATRP tame radicals by reversibly converting active polymeric radicals into dormant chains. However, the mechanisms by which the ATRP and RAFT methods control chain growth are distinct, so each method presents unique opportunities and challenges, depending on the desired application. This Perspective compares RAFT and ATRP by identifying their mechanistic strengths and weaknesses, and their latest synthetic applications.
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13
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Richter F, Leer K, Martin L, Mapfumo P, Solomun JI, Kuchenbrod MT, Hoeppener S, Brendel JC, Traeger A. The impact of anionic polymers on gene delivery: how composition and assembly help evading the toxicity-efficiency dilemma. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:292. [PMID: 34579715 PMCID: PMC8477462 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic polymers have been widely studied for non-viral gene delivery due to their ability to bind genetic material and to interact with cellular membranes. However, their charged nature carries the risk of increased cytotoxicity and interaction with serum proteins, limiting their potential in vivo application. Therefore, hydrophilic or anionic shielding polymers are applied to counteract these effects. Herein, a series of micelle-forming and micelle-shielding polymers were synthesized via RAFT polymerization. The copolymer poly[(n-butyl acrylate)-b-(2-(dimethyl amino)ethyl acrylamide)] (P(nBA-b-DMAEAm)) was assembled into cationic micelles and different shielding polymers were applied, i.e., poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(4-acryloyl morpholine) (PNAM) or P(NAM-b-AA) block copolymer. These systems were compared to a triblock terpolymer micelle comprising PAA as the middle block. The assemblies were investigated regarding their morphology, interaction with pDNA, cytotoxicity, transfection efficiency, polyplex uptake and endosomal escape. The naked cationic micelle exhibited superior transfection efficiency, but increased cytotoxicity. The addition of shielding polymers led to reduced toxicity. In particular, the triblock terpolymer micelle convinced with high cell viability and no significant loss in efficiency. The highest shielding effect was achieved by layering micelles with P(NAM-b-AA) supporting the colloidal stability at neutral zeta potential and completely restoring cell viability while maintaining moderate transfection efficiencies. The high potential of this micelle-layer-combination for gene delivery was illustrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Leer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Liam Martin
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Prosper Mapfumo
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana I Solomun
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maren T Kuchenbrod
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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14
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One-pot synthesis of double and triple polybetaine block copolymers and their temperature-responsive solution behavior. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Thermal Stability and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Alkyl Methacrylates Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability and the kinetics of thermal decomposition of statistical copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with the alkyl methacrylates, hexyl methacrylate (HMA) and stearyl methacrylate (SMA), were studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG). Statistical copolymers of different compositions were studied, and their thermal decomposition behavior was compared to the corresponding homopolymers. The activation energies of the thermal decomposition were calculated using the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, the Kissinger, and the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose methodologies. The effects of the nature of the methacrylate monomer, the copolymer composition, and the rate of heating are discussed.
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16
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Kokkorogianni O, Kontoes-Georgoudakis P, Athanasopoulou M, Polizos N, Pitsikalis M. Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Isobornyl Methacrylate via Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization: Monomer Reactivity Ratios, Thermal Properties, and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:778. [PMID: 33802615 PMCID: PMC7961878 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of statistical copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA) was conducted by free radical and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The reactivity ratios were estimated using the Finemann-Ross, inverted Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tüdos, extended Kelen-Tüdos and Barson-Fenn graphical methods, along with the computer program COPOINT, modified to both the terminal and the penultimate models. According to COPOINT the reactivity ratios were found to be equal to 0.292 for NVP and 2.673 for IBMA for conventional radical polymerization, whereas for RAFT polymerization and for the penultimate model the following reactivity ratios were obtained: r11 = 4.466, r22 = 0, r21 = 14.830, and r12 = 0 (1 stands for NVP and 2 for IBMA). In all cases, the NVP reactivity ratio was significantly lower than that of IBMA. Structural parameters of the copolymers were obtained by calculating the dyad sequence fractions and the mean sequence length. The thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). The results were compared with those of the respective homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marinos Pitsikalis
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.K.); (P.K.-G.); (M.A.); (N.P.)
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17
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Liu J, Li L, Xu Z, Chen J, Zhao M, Dai C. CO2-responsive zwitterionic copolymer for effective emulsification and facile demulsification of crude heavy oil. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Semsarilar M, Abetz V. Polymerizations by RAFT: Developments of the Technique and Its Application in the Synthesis of Tailored (Co)polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Semsarilar
- Institut Européen des Membranes IEM (UMR5635) Université Montpellier CNRS ENSCM CC 047, Université Montpellie 2 place E. Bataillon Montpellier 34095 France
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Grindelallee 117 Universität Hamburg Hamburg 20146 Germany
- Zentrum für Material‐und Küstenforschung GmbH Institut für Polymerforschung Max‐Planck‐Straße 1 Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Geesthacht 21502 Germany
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19
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20
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RAFT Copolymerization of Styrene and Maleic Anhydride with Addition of Ascorbic Acid at Ambient Temperature. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3695234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for RAFT copolymerization of styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MAh) at ambient temperature using ascorbic acid (Asc) as an initiator is reported. Various experimental conditions including reaction component, monomer composition, the amount of Asc, and temperature were investigated in terms of monomer conversion, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. In this system, the copolymer of styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) with well-regulated molecular weight and low molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn=1.30) was obtained, and the conversion of monomer was 70.4% after 12 hours at 25°C. The NMR spectra demonstrated that the copolymer synthesized possesses a strictly alternating structure. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism adapted to the RAFT copolymerization of St and MAh initiated by Asc at ambient temperature is presented. Using this new methodology, it is possible to achieve well-defined SMA under mild conditions by RAFT copolymerization.
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21
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Town JS, Gao Y, Hancox E, Liarou E, Shegiwal A, Atkins CJ, Haddleton D. Automatic peak assignment and visualisation of copolymer mass spectrometry data using the 'genetic algorithm'. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8654. [PMID: 31721321 PMCID: PMC7507196 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Copolymer analysis is vitally important as the materials have a wide variety of applications due to their tunable properties. Processing mass spectrometry data for copolymer samples can be very complex due to the increase in the number of species when the polymer chains are formed by two or more monomeric units. In this paper, we describe the use of the genetic algorithm for automated peak assignment of copolymers synthesised by a variety of polymerisation methods. We find that in using this method we are able to easily assign copolymer spectra in a few minutes and visualise them into heat maps. These heat maps allow us to look qualitatively at the distribution of the chains, by showing how they alter with different polymerisation techniques, and by changing the initial copolymer composition. This methodology is simple to use and requires little user input, which makes it well suited for use by less expert users. The data outputted by the automatic assignment may also allow for more complex data processing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
| | - Yuqui Gao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
| | - Ellis Hancox
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
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22
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Abdollahi A, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Salami-Kalajahi M. Morphology evolution of functionalized styrene and methyl methacrylate copolymer latex nanoparticles by one-step emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Synthesis, characterization and rheological properties of multiblock associative copolymers by RAFT technique. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Richter F, Martin L, Leer K, Moek E, Hausig F, Brendel JC, Traeger A. Tuning of endosomal escape and gene expression by functional groups, molecular weight and transfection medium: a structure-activity relationship study. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5026-5041. [PMID: 32319993 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetic material by non-viral transfer systems is still in its initial stages, but there are high expectations for the development of targeted therapies. However, nucleic acids cannot enter cells without help, they must be well protected to prevent degradation and overcome a variety of biological barriers, the endosomal barrier being one of the greatest cellular challenges. Herein, the structure-property-relationship was investigated in detail, using well-defined polymers. Polyacrylamides were synthesized via RAFT polymerization resulting in a polymer library of (i) different cationic groups as aminoethyl acrylamide (AEAm), dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide (DMAEAm), dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide (DMAPAm) and guanidinopropyl acrylamide (GPAm); (ii) different degree of polymerization; and investigated (iii) in different cell culture settings. The influence of molar mass and cationic moiety on complex formation with pDNA, cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of the polymers were investigated. The systematic approach identified a pH-independent guanidinium-containing homopolymer (PGPAm89) as the polymer with the highest transfection efficiency and superior endosomal release under optimal conditions. Since PGPAm89 is not further protonated inside endosomes, common escape theories appear unsuitable. Therefore, the interaction with bis(monoacryloylglycerol)phosphate, a lipid specific for endosomal vesicles, was investigated. Our research suggests that the interactions between amines and lipids may be more relevant than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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25
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Polymerisable surfactants for polymethacrylates using catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (CCTP) combined with sulfur free-RAFT in emulsion polymerisation. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Hoshino Y, Shimohara S, Wada Y, Nakamoto M, Miura Y. Affinity purification of multifunctional oligomeric ligands synthesizedviacontrolled radical polymerization. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5597-5601. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00849d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic oligomeric ligands with a strong affinity for a target peptide sequence were isolated by affinity purification from a pool of 30-mer acrylic random ter-oligomers that were synthesizedviaa controlled radical polymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Shimohara
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Wada
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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27
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Wang S, Zhang H, He W, Zhou H, Tao Y. Sequence-controlled proline-based polyacrylamides via RAFT polymerization: Influence of sequence structure on polymers performances. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Mocny P, Klok HA. Complex polymer topologies and polymer—nanoparticle hybrid films prepared via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Oh T, Jono K, Kimoto Y, Hoshino Y, Miura Y. Preparation of multifunctional glycopolymers using double orthogonal reactions and the effect of electrostatic groups on the glycopolymer–lectin interaction. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Hoshino Y, Taniguchi S, Takimoto H, Akashi S, Katakami S, Yonamine Y, Miura Y. Homogeneous Oligomeric Ligands Prepared via Radical Polymerization that Recognize and Neutralize a Target Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:679-683. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shohei Taniguchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hinata Takimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sotaro Akashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sho Katakami
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yonamine
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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31
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Hoshino Y, Taniguchi S, Takimoto H, Akashi S, Katakami S, Yonamine Y, Miura Y. Homogeneous Oligomeric Ligands Prepared via Radical Polymerization that Recognize and Neutralize a Target Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shohei Taniguchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hinata Takimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sotaro Akashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sho Katakami
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yonamine
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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32
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Strover LT, Cantalice A, Lam JYL, Postma A, Hutt OE, Horne MD, Moad G. Electrochemical Behavior of Thiocarbonylthio Chain Transfer Agents for RAFT Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1316-1322. [PMID: 35651172 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical activation of thiocarbonylthio reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents (S=C(Z)S-R) is explored as a potential method for initiating RAFT polymerization under mild conditions without producing initiator-derived byproducts. Herein we apply cyclic voltammetry to establish a predominant reduction mechanism, where electrochemical reduction is coupled to an irreversible first-order chemical reaction. Structure-dependent trends in cyclic voltammograms (CVs), and comparison to absorption spectra, clarify the role of R- and Z-groups in determining reduction processes. The major reduction peak moves to more cathodic potentials in the series dithiobenzoates > trithiocarbonates > heteroaromatic dithiocarbamates > xanthates ∼ N-alkyl-N-aryldithiocarbamates, due to the Z-group influence on thiocarbonyl bond reactivity. More active (electron-withdrawing, radical stabilizing) R-groups shift the reduction peak anodically, in part due to their influence on the rate of the coupled chemical reaction. Analysis of CVs across a range of scan rates revealed that kinetic control over the reduction mechanism is influenced by both the charge transfer rate and chemical reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Cantalice
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Chimie ParisTech, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jeff Y. L. Lam
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | | | | | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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33
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Reyhani A, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Qiao GG. Fenton‐Chemistry‐Mediated Radical Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900220. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reyhani
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Thomas G. McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
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34
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Kuroki A, Kengmo Tchoupa A, Hartlieb M, Peltier R, Locock KES, Unnikrishnan M, Perrier S. Targeting intracellular, multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus with guanidinium polymers by elucidating the structure-activity relationship. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119249. [PMID: 31279102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular persistence of bacteria represents a clinical challenge as bacteria can thrive in an environment protected from antibiotics and immune responses. Novel targeting strategies are critical in tackling antibiotic resistant infections. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides (SAMPs) are interesting candidates as they exhibit a very high antimicrobial activity. We first compared the activity of a library of ammonium and guanidinium polymers with different sequences (statistical, tetrablock and diblock) synthesized by RAFT polymerization against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive strains (MSSA). As the guanidinium SAMPs were the most potent, they were used to treat intracellular S. aureus in keratinocytes. The diblock structure was the most active, reducing the amount of intracellular MSSA and MRSA by two-fold. We present here a potential treatment for intracellular, multi-drug resistant bacteria, using a simple and scalable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Kuroki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Raoul Peltier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Katherine E S Locock
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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35
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Zhang L, Ji Y, Gu X, Zhang W, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Synthesis of sequence-controlled polymers with pendent “clickable” or hydrophilic groups via latent monomer strategy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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36
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Satoh K, Ishizuka K, Hamada T, Handa M, Abe T, Ozawa S, Miyajima M, Kamigaito M. Construction of Sequence-Regulated Vinyl Copolymers via Iterative Single Vinyl Monomer Additions and Subsequent Metal-Catalyzed Step-Growth Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Satoh
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishizuka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masato Handa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Abe
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masato Miyajima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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37
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Mitsoni E, Roka N, Pitsikalis M. Statistical copolymerization of N-vinyl-pyrrolidone and alkyl methacrylates via RAFT: reactivity ratios and thermal analysis. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Gringolts ML, Denisova YI, Finkelshtein ES, Kudryavtsev YV. Olefin metathesis in multiblock copolymer synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:218-235. [PMID: 30745996 PMCID: PMC6350893 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiblock copolymers constitute a basis for an emerging class of nanomaterials that combine various functional properties with durability and enhanced mechanical characteristics. Our mini-review addresses synthetic approaches to the design of multiblock copolymers from unsaturated monomers and polymers using olefin metathesis reactions and other ways of chemical modification across double C=C bonds. The main techniques, actively developed during the last decade and discussed here, are the coupling of end-functionalized blocks, sequential ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and cross metathesis between unsaturated polymers, or macromolecular cross metathesis. The last topic attracts special interest due to its relative simplicity and broad opportunities to tailor the structure and hence the properties of the copolymer products. Whenever possible, we analyze the structure-property relations for multiblock copolymers and point to their possible practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Gringolts
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia I Denisova
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Sh Finkelshtein
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Kudryavtsev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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39
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Peng H, Rübsam K, Hu C, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U, Pich A. Stimuli-Responsive Poly( N-Vinyllactams) with Glycidyl Side Groups: Synthesis, Characterization, and Conjugation with Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:992-1006. [PMID: 30608144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of new reactive stimuli-responsive polymers by RAFT copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and three cyclic N-vinyllactam derivatives. The copolymerization process was thoroughly investigated and the influence of the steric hindrance originating from the monomer structure of cyclic N-vinyllactams on the polymerization process and the properties of obtained copolymers were studied. A series of water-soluble copolymers with variable chemical composition, controlled molecular weight and narrow dispersity ( Đ) were synthesized and their properties are systematically investigated. Experimentally determined cloud points for different copolymers in aqueous solutions indicate shift of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) to lower values with the increase of GMA content in copolymers and increase of the lactam ring size. The obtained reactive stimuli-responsive copolymers can be efficiently used for encapsulation of cellulase in water-in-oil emulsions forming biohybrid nanogels. The enzymes entrapped in nanogels demonstrated significantly improved resistance against harsh store conditions, chaotropic agents, and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Kristin Rübsam
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Chaolei Hu
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- Institute for Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute for Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. , Aachen , Germany
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40
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Flynn S, Dwyer AB, Chambon P, Rannard S. Expanding the monomer scope of linear and branched vinyl polymerisations via copper-catalysed reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation of hydrophobic methacrylates using anhydrous alcohol solvents. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00777f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of anhydrous alcohols for Cu-catalysed reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation of a wide range of hydrophobic methacrylates has been explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Flynn
- Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- UK
| | | | | | - Steve Rannard
- Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- UK
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41
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Effect of N-isopropylacrylamide thermoresponsive blocks on the rheological properties of water-soluble thermoassociative copolymers synthesized via RAFT polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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Wang Y, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization with dithiocarbamates as alkyl pseudohalides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
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43
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Martin L, Peltier R, Kuroki A, Town JS, Perrier S. Investigating Cell Uptake of Guanidinium-Rich RAFT Polymers: Impact of Comonomer and Monomer Distribution. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3190-3200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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44
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Tian X, Ding J, Zhang B, Qiu F, Zhuang X, Chen Y. Recent Advances in RAFT Polymerization: Novel Initiation Mechanisms and Optoelectronic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E318. [PMID: 30966354 PMCID: PMC6415088 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) is considered to be one of most famous reversible deactivation radical polymerization protocols. Benefiting from its living or controlled polymerization process, complex polymeric architectures with controlled molecular weight, low dispersity, as well as various functionality have been constructed, which could be applied in wide fields, including materials, biology, and electrology. Under the continuous research improvement, main achievements have focused on the development of new RAFT techniques, containing fancy initiation methods (e.g., photo, metal, enzyme, redox and acid), sulfur-free RAFT system and their applications in many fields. This review summarizes the current advances in major bright spot of novel RAFT techniques as well as their potential applications in the optoelectronic field, especially in the past a few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Junjie Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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45
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De Neve J, Haven JJ, Maes L, Junkers T. Sequence-definition from controlled polymerization: the next generation of materials. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given on the state-of-the-art in synthesis of sequence-controlled and sequence-defined oligomers and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen De Neve
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton VIC 3800
- Australia
| | - Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton VIC 3800
- Australia
| | - Lowie Maes
- Institute for Materials Research
- Hasselt University
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton VIC 3800
- Australia
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46
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Peltier R, Bialek A, Kuroki A, Bray C, Martin L, Perrier S. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) as a powerful tool to characterise complex water-soluble copolymer architectures. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00966j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method, based on RP-HPLC, for the characterisation of monomer distribution in charged water-soluble copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Peltier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - Agnès Kuroki
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Caroline Bray
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Liam Martin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Warwick Medical School
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47
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Carroll DR, Constantinou AP, Stingelin N, Georgiou TK. Scalable syntheses of well-defined pentadecablock bipolymer and quintopolymer. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00565f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The one-pot syntheses of two pentadeca-(15)-block methacrylate-based amphiphilic copolymers, specifically a bipolymer (AB)7A and a quintopolymer (ABCDE)3, are being reported using a fast and easy to scale up procedure that does not require any intermediate purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R. Carroll
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials
- Exhibition Road
- Royal School of Mines
- Imperial College London
- UK
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48
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Jono K, Nagao M, Oh T, Sonoda S, Hoshino Y, Miura Y. Controlling the lectin recognition of glycopolymersviadistance arrangement of sugar blocks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:82-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Control of molecular recognitionvialiving radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Jono
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - M. Nagao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - T. Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - S. Sonoda
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Y. Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Y. Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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49
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Jana S, Klähn M, Parthiban A. Nucleophile-initiated anionic polymerization of zwitterionic monomers derived from vinylpyridines in aqueous media under ambient aerobic conditions. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00520f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anionic polymerization of vinylpyridine based zwitterionic monomers using nucleophile initiators under natural conditions and DFT calculations for such polymerization are reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyasankar Jana
- Polymer Engineering & Characterization
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Jurong Island
- Singapore 627 833
| | - Marco Klähn
- Polymer Engineering & Characterization
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Jurong Island
- Singapore 627 833
| | - Anbanandam Parthiban
- Polymer Engineering & Characterization
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Jurong Island
- Singapore 627 833
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50
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Mahmoud AM, Rajakanthan A, Kempe K. Functional hydrophobic and hetero-grafted block comb polymers via a combination of spontaneous zwitterionic copolymerisation and redox-initiated RAFT polymerisation. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01912b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-toxic hydrophobic and amphiphilic N-acylated poly(amino ester)-based comb polymers self-assemble into functional responsive nano-sized aggregates in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaat Mohamed Mahmoud
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Alexander Rajakanthan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
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