1
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McPartlon TJ, Osborne CT, Kramer JR. Glycosylated Polyhydroxyproline Is a Potent Antifreeze Molecule. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3325-3334. [PMID: 38775494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Molecules that inhibit the growth of ice crystals are highly desirable for applications in building materials, foods, and agriculture. Antifreezes are particularly essential in biomedicine for tissue banking, yet molecules currently in use have known toxic effects. Antifreeze glycoproteins have evolved naturally in polar fish species living in subzero climates, but practical issues with collection and purification have limited their commercial use. Here, we present a synthetic strategy using polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides to produce polypeptide mimics of these potent natural antifreeze proteins. We investigated a set of mimics with varied structural properties and identified a glycopolypeptide with potent ice recrystallization inhibition properties. We optimized for molecular weight, characterized their conformations, and verified their cytocompatibility in a human cell line. Overall, we present a material that will have broad applications as a biocompatible antifreeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McPartlon
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Charles T Osborne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jessica R Kramer
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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2
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Dissanayake R, Combita D, Ahmed M. Enhanced Cryopreservation Efficacies of Ice Recrystallization Inhibiting Nanogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45689-45700. [PMID: 37729594 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Development of new cryopreservation technologies holds significant potential to revolutionize the fields of cell culture, tissue engineering, assisted reproduction, and transfusion medicine. The current gold standard small-cell permeating cryopreservation agents (CPAs) demonstrate promising cryopreservation efficacies but are cytotoxic and immunogenic at the concentrations required for cryopreservation applications. In comparison, new cell impermeable CPAs of nanodimensions demonstrate outstanding potential to overcome the drawbacks of existing CPAs. In this study, we report the synthesis of vitamin B5 analogous methacrylamide (B5AMA)-incorporated nanogels as a potential solution to address the commonly observed limitations of existing CPAs. The stimuli-responsive poly(B5AMA) nanogels prepared by radical polymerization demonstrated significant ice recrystallization inhibition efficacies and showed either superior or comparable cryopreservation efficacies compared to the traditional cryoprotectant DMSO/glycerol in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga Dissanayake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, Prince Edward C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Diego Combita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, Prince Edward C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, Prince Edward C1A 4P3, Canada
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, Prince Edward C1A 4P3, Canada
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3
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Akarsu P, Reinicke S, Lehnen AC, Bekir M, Böker A, Hartlieb M, Reifarth M. Fabrication of Patchy Silica Microspheres with Tailor-Made Patch Functionality using Photo-Iniferter Reversible-Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (PI-RAFT) Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301761. [PMID: 37381652 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Their inherent directional information renders patchy particles interesting building blocks for advanced applications in materials science. In this study, a feasible method to fabricate patchy silicon dioxide microspheres is demonstrated, which they are able to equip with tailor-made polymeric materials as patches. Their fabrication method relies on a solid-state supported microcontact printing (µCP) routine optimized for the transfer of functional groups to capillary-active substrates, which is used to introduce amino functionalities as patches to a monolayer of particles. Acting as anchor groups for polymerization, photo-iniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) is used to graft polymer from the patch areas. Accordingly, particles with poly(N-acryloyl morpholine), poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), and poly(n-butyl acrylate) are prepared as representative acrylic acid-derived functional patch materials. To facilitate their handling in water, a passivation strategy of the particles for aqueous systems is introduced. The protocol introduced here, therefore, promises a vast degree of freedom in engineering the surface properties of highly functional patchy particles. This feature is unmatched by other techniques to fabricate anisotropic colloids. The method, thus, can be considered a platform technology, culminating in the fabrication of particles that possess locally precisely formed patches on particles at a low µm scale with a high material functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Akarsu
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Reinicke
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne-Catherine Lehnen
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Reifarth
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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de Haas RJ, Tas RP, van den Broek D, Zheng C, Nguyen H, Kang A, Bera AK, King NP, Voets IK, de Vries R. De novo designed ice-binding proteins from twist-constrained helices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220380120. [PMID: 37364125 PMCID: PMC10319034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220380120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Attaining molecular-level control over solidification processes is a crucial aspect of materials science. To control ice formation, organisms have evolved bewildering arrays of ice-binding proteins (IBPs), but these have poorly understood structure-activity relationships. We propose that reverse engineering using de novo computational protein design can shed light on structure-activity relationships of IBPs. We hypothesized that the model alpha-helical winter flounder antifreeze protein uses an unusual undertwisting of its alpha-helix to align its putative ice-binding threonine residues in exactly the same direction. We test this hypothesis by designing a series of straight three-helix bundles with an ice-binding helix projecting threonines and two supporting helices constraining the twist of the ice-binding helix. Our findings show that ice-recrystallization inhibition by the designed proteins increases with the degree of designed undertwisting, thus validating our hypothesis, and opening up avenues for the computational design of IBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert J. de Haas
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, WE6708, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick P. Tas
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB5600, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle van den Broek
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB5600, The Netherlands
| | - Chuanbao Zheng
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, WE6708, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Alex Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB5600, The Netherlands
| | - Renko de Vries
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, WE6708, The Netherlands
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5
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William N, Mangan S, Ben RN, Acker JP. Engineered Compounds to Control Ice Nucleation and Recrystallization. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 25:333-362. [PMID: 37104651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082222-015243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest concerns in the subzero storage of cells, tissues, and organs is the ability to control the nucleation or recrystallization of ice. In nature, evidence of these processes, which aid in sustaining internal temperatures below the physiologic freezing point for extended periods of time, is apparent in freeze-avoidant and freeze-tolerant organisms. After decades of studying these proteins, we now have easily accessible compounds and materials capable of recapitulating the mechanisms seen in nature for biopreser-vation applications. The output from this burgeoning area of research can interact synergistically with other novel developments in the field of cryobiology, making it an opportune time for a review on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishaka William
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Sophia Mangan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
- Innovation and Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Delesky EA, Garcia LF, Lobo AJ, Mikofsky RA, Dowdy ND, Wallat JD, Miyake GM, Srubar WV. Bioinspired Threonine-Based Polymers with Potent Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:7934-7942. [PMID: 36714526 PMCID: PMC9881732 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ice growth mitigation is a pervasive challenge for multiple industries. In nature, ice-binding proteins (IBPs) demonstrate potent ice growth prevention through ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI). However, IBPs are expensive, difficult to produce in large quantities, and exhibit minimal resilience to nonphysiological environmental stressors, such as pH. For these reasons, researchers have turned to bioinspired polymeric materials that mimic IBP behavior. To date, however, no synthetic polymer has rivaled the ability of native IBPs to display IRI activity at ultralow nanomolar concentrations. In this work, we study the IRI activity of peptides and polypeptides inspired by common ice-binding residues of IBPs to inform the synthesis and characterization of a potent bioinspired polymer that mimics IBP behavior. We show first that the threonine polypeptide (pThr) displays the best IRI activity in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Second, we use pThr as a molecular model to synthesize and test a bioinspired polymer, poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMA). We show that pHPMA exhibits potent IRI activity in neutral PBS at ultralow concentrations (0.01 mg/mL). pHPMA demonstrates potent IRI activity at low molecular weights (2.3 kDa), with improved activity at higher molecular weights (32.8 kDa). These results substantiate that pHPMA is a robust molecule that mitigates ice crystal growth at concentrations similar to native IBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Delesky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Luis F Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Aparna J Lobo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Rebecca A Mikofsky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Nicolas D Dowdy
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Jaqueline D Wallat
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wil V Srubar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
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7
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Preparation of Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Microparticles for Freeze Protection of Sensitive Fruit Crops. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122452. [PMID: 35746026 PMCID: PMC9228911 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) displays ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) properties as many antifreeze proteins found in cold tolerant organisms. The molecular architecture and composition (molecular weight and distribution of pendant OH and acetate groups) have been studied to improve the antifreezing properties of PVA, suggesting that the molecular architecture of PVA plays an important role in IRI activity. The present work deals with the preparation of PVA microparticles using an alkaline treatment. The effect of PVA molecular weight on the morphology and antifreezeing properties of PVA microparticles was investigated. The antifreezeing property of PVA microparticles on the susceptibility of flower bud tissues to freeze damage was also evaluated. The alkaline treatment of an aqueous PVA solution produced stable polymer chain aggregates with spherical shapes. The average size of the PVA microparticles increased significantly with the increasing molecular weight of the PVA macromolecule precursor. The PVA microparticles inhibited the growth of ice crystals and blocked ice growth at concentrations as low as 0.01 % w/v. The effect of impeding ice crystal growth by preventing the joining of adjacent ice crystals is attributed to the larger size of the PVA particles adsorbed on the ice surface compared to the aggregated PVA macromolecules in saline solution. The thermal hysteresis activity of PVA macromolecules and microparticles was not detected by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The PVA microparticles reduced the incidence of freeze injuries in flower bud tissues by 55% and their application, considering the low toxicity of PVA, has a high potential for freeze protection in fruit crops.
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8
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Zhang P, Zou R, Wu S, Meyer LA, Wang J, Kraus T. Gold Nanoprobes Exploring the Ice Structure in the Aqueous Dispersion of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Gold Hybrid Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2460-2466. [PMID: 35167305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ice structures and their formation process are fundamentally important to cryobiology, geoscience, and physical chemistry. In this work, we synthesized gold nanoprobes by grafting water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto spherical gold nanoparticles and analyzed the structure of ice formation in the vicinity of the resulting hybrid PEG-Au nanoparticles (AuPEGNPs). Temperature-dependent in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) indicated that AuPEGNPs, like PEG, caused the formation of bulk spherulite ice. Unlike for PEG, we observed the formation of lamellar ice with a periodicty of 4.6 nm, which is thermodynamically less stable than the bulk form. The lamellar ice formed after AuPEGNP agglomeration during cooling at -19 °C, and it remained during subsequent heating from -20 to -11 °C and melted at around -10 °C, far below the melting temperature of bulk ice. We explain different effects of AuPEGNP and free PEG on ice formation by the topological differences. The highly concentrated PEG chains on the agglomerated Au cores lead to the formation of PEG-hydrates that assemble into lamellar ice with a periodicity of 4.6 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruike Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lars-Arne Meyer
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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9
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Wu X, Yao F, Zhang H, Li J. Antifreeze proteins and their biomimetics for cell cryopreservation: Mechanism, function and application-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1276-1291. [PMID: 34634336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is a promising technology for intractable diseases and health care applications, in which cryopreservation has become an essential procedure to realize the production of therapeutic cells. Ice recrystallization is the major factor that affects the post-thaw viability of cells. As a typical series of biomacromolecules with ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity, antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have been employed in cell cryopreservation. Meanwhile, synthesized materials with IRI activity have emerged in the name of biomimetics of AFPs to expand their availability and practicality. However, fabrication of AFPs mimetics is in a chaotic period. There remains little commonality among different AFPs mimetics, then it is difficult to set guidelines on their design. With no doubt, a comprehensive understanding on the antifreezing mechanism of AFPs in molecular level will enable us to rebuild the function of AFPs, and provide convenience to clarify the relationship between structure and function of these early stage biomimetics. In this review, we would discuss those previously reported biomimetics to summarize their structure characteristics concerning the IRI activity and attempt to develop a roadmap for guiding the design of novel AFPs mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fanglian Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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10
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Li X, Lai J, Deng Y, Song J, Zhao G, Dong S. Supramolecular Adhesion at Extremely Low Temperatures: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21522-21529. [PMID: 33301680 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive materials that are resistant to low temperatures have wide applications in daily life, scientific research, and industry. Currently, the overwhelming majority of low-temperature-resistant adhesives are traditional polymer systems. In this study, a new strategy was developed to obtain strong and long-lasting adhesion effects from low-molecular-weight adhesives at low temperatures. The introduction of water molecules and the formation of hydrogen bonds not only triggered supramolecular polymerization but also endowed the water-involved copolymer with low-temperature resistance. The water content of the polymeric supramolecular system played a crucial role in exhibiting adhesion behavior at low temperatures. Good adhesion performance was obtained in extremely low-temperature environments, including liquid nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jingfu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, P. R. China
| | - Gai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, P. R. China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
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11
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Xiang H, Yang X, Ke L, Hu Y. The properties, biotechnologies, and applications of antifreeze proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:661-675. [PMID: 32156540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
By natural selection, organisms evolve different solutions to cope with extremely cold weather. The emergence of an antifreeze protein gene is one of the most momentous solutions. Antifreeze proteins possess an importantly functional ability for organisms to survive in cold environments and are widely found in various cold-tolerant species. In this review, we summarize the origin of antifreeze proteins, describe the diversity of their species-specific properties and functions, and highlight the related biotechnology on the basis of both laboratory tests and bioinformatics analysis. The most recent advances in the applications of antifreeze proteins are also discussed. We expect that this systematic review will contribute to the comprehensive knowledge of antifreeze proteins to readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiang
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
| | - Xiaohu Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
| | - Lei Ke
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
| | - Yong Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology.
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12
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Graham B, Fayter AER, Gibson MI. Synthesis of Anthracene Conjugates of Truncated Antifreeze Protein Sequences: Effect of the End Group and Photocontrolled Dimerization on Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4611-4621. [PMID: 31714763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomacromolecular antifreezes distinguish ice from water, function by binding to specific planes of ice, and could have many applications from cryobiology to aerospace where ice is a problem. In biology, antifreeze protein (AFP) activity is regulated by protein expression levels via temperature and light-regulated expression systems, but in the laboratory (or applications), the antifreeze activity is "always on" without any spatial or temporal control, and hence methods to enable this switching represent an exciting synthetic challenge. Introduction of an abiotic functionality into short peptides (e.g., from solid-phase synthesis) to enable switching is also desirable rather than on full-length recombinant proteins. Here, truncated peptide sequences based on the consensus repeat sequence from type-I AFPs (TAANAAAAAAA) were conjugated to an anthracene unit to explore their photocontrolled dimerization. Optimization of the synthesis to ensure solubility of the hydrophobic peptide included the addition of a dilysine solubilizing linker. It was shown that UV-light exposure triggered reversible dimerization of the AFP sequence, leading to an increase in molecular weight. Assessment of the ice recrystallization inhibition activity of the peptides before and after dimerization revealed only small effects on activity. However, it is reported here for the first time that addition of the anthracene unit to a 22-amino-acid truncated peptide significantly enhanced ice recrystallization inhibition compared to the free peptide, suggesting an accessible synthetic route to allow AFP activity using shorter, synthetically accessible peptides with a photoreactive functionality.
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13
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Liu B, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Ren L, Yuan X. Trehalose-functional glycopeptide enhances glycerol-free cryopreservation of red blood cells. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5695-5703. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01089k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arginine- and trehalose-modified ε-polylysine (ε-PL) demonstrated a high synergistic function with trehalose for RBC cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- China
| | - Qifa Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- China
| | - Lixia Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- China
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14
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Ghavidel Darestani N, Tikka A, Fatehi P. Sulfonated Lignin- g-Styrene Polymer: Production and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E928. [PMID: 30960853 PMCID: PMC6403612 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among sustainable alternatives for replacing fossil-based chemicals, lignin is widely available on earth, albeit the least utilized component of biomass. In this work, lignin was polymerized with styrene in aqueous emulsion systems. The reaction afforded a yield of 20 wt % under the conditions of 100 g/L lignin concentration, pH 2.5, 0.35 mol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration, 5 mol/mol styrene/lignin ratio, 5 wt % initiator, 90 °C, and 2 h. The lignin-g-styrene product under the selected conditions had a grafting degree of 31 mol % of styrene, which was determined by quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The solvent addition to the reaction mixture and deoxygenation did not improve the yield of the polymerization reaction. The produced lignin-g-styrene polymer was then sulfonated using concentrated sulfuric acid. By introducing sulfonate group on the lignin-g-styrene polymers, the solubility and anionic charge density of 92 wt % (in a 10 g/L solution) and -2.4 meq/g, respectively, were obtained. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), static light scattering, two-dimensional COSY NMR, elemental analyses, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were also employed to characterize the properties of the lignin-g-styrene and sulfonate lignin-g-styrene products. Overall, sulfonated lignin-g-styrene polymer with a high anionicity and water solubility was produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ghavidel Darestani
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Departments, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Adrianna Tikka
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Departments, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Departments, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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15
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Adam MK, Jarrett‐Wilkins C, Beards M, Staykov E, MacFarlane LR, Bell TDM, Matthews JM, Manners I, Faul CFJ, Moens PDJ, Ben RN, Wilkinson BL. 1D Self‐Assembly and Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity of Antifreeze Glycopeptide‐Functionalized Perylene Bisimides. Chemistry 2018; 24:7834-7839. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine K. Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa K1N 6N5 Canada
| | | | - Michael Beards
- School of Chemistry Monash University Melbourne 3800 Australia
| | - Emiliyan Staykov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa K1N 6N5 Canada
| | | | - Toby D. M. Bell
- School of Chemistry Monash University Melbourne 3800 Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Matthews
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney 2006 Australia
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Pierre D. J. Moens
- School of Science and Technology University of New England Armidale 2351 Australia
| | - Robert N. Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Brendan L. Wilkinson
- School of Science and Technology University of New England Armidale 2351 Australia
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16
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Hedir G, Stubbs C, Aston P, Dove AP, Gibson MI. Synthesis of Degradable Poly(vinyl alcohol) by Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization and Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1404-1408. [PMID: 29399386 PMCID: PMC5792090 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is the most active synthetic mimic of antifreeze proteins and has extremely high ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. Addition of PVA to cellular cryopreservation solutions increases the number of recovered viable cells due to its potent IRI, but it is intrinsically nondegradable in vivo. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, and IRI activity of PVA containing degradable ester linkages. Vinyl chloroacetate (VClAc) was copolymerized with 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO) which undergoes radical ring-opening polymerization to install main-chain ester units. The use of the chloroacetate monomer enabled selective deacetylation with retention of esters within the polymer backbone. Quantitative IRI assays revealed that the MDO content had to be finely tuned to retain IRI activity, with higher loadings (24 mol %) resulting in complete loss of IRI activity. These degradable materials will help translate PVA, which is nontoxic and biocompatible, into a range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hedir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Institute
of Advanced Study, University of Warwick
Science Park, Coventry CV4 8UW, U.K.
| | | | - Phillip Aston
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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17
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Biggs CI, Bailey TL, Ben Graham, Stubbs C, Fayter A, Gibson MI. Polymer mimics of biomacromolecular antifreezes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1546. [PMID: 29142216 PMCID: PMC5688100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins from polar fish species are remarkable biomacromolecules which prevent the growth of ice crystals. Ice crystal growth is a major problem in cell/tissue cryopreservation for transplantation, transfusion and basic biomedical research, as well as technological applications such as icing of aircraft wings. This review will introduce the rapidly emerging field of synthetic macromolecular (polymer) mimics of antifreeze proteins. Particular focus is placed on designing polymers which have no structural similarities to antifreeze proteins but reproduce the same macroscopic properties, potentially by different molecular-level mechanisms. The application of these polymers to the cryopreservation of donor cells is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Trisha L Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ben Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Alice Fayter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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18
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Vail NS, Stubbs C, Biggs CI, Gibson MI. Ultra-Low Dispersity Poly(vinyl alcohol) Reveals Significant Dispersity Effects on Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1001-1004. [PMID: 29226026 PMCID: PMC5718289 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mimics of antifreeze proteins are emerging as an exciting class of macromolecular cryoprotectants for the storage of donor cells and tissue. Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, is the most potent polymeric ice growth inhibitor known, but its mode of action and the impact of valency (DP) are not fully understood. Herein, tandem RAFT polymerization and column chromatography are used to isolate oligomers with dispersities <1.01 to enable the effect of molecular weight distribution, as well as length, to be probed. It is found that polymers with equal number average molecular weight, but lower dispersity, have significantly less activity, which can lead to false positives when identifying structure-property relationships. The minimum chain length for PVA's unique activity, compared to other non-active poly-ols was identified. These results will guide the design of more active inhibitors, better cryopreservatives and a deeper understanding of synthetic and biological antifreeze macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Vail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Stubbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Caroline I. Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
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19
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Mitchell D, Clarkson G, Fox DJ, Vipond RA, Scott P, Gibson MI. Antifreeze Protein Mimetic Metallohelices with Potent Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9835-9838. [PMID: 28715207 PMCID: PMC5562393 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins are produced by extremophile species to control ice formation and growth, and they have potential applications in many fields. There are few examples of synthetic materials which can reproduce their potent ice recrystallization inhibition property. We report that self-assembled enantiomerically pure, amphipathic metallohelicies inhibited ice growth at just 20 μM. Structure-property relationships and calculations support the hypothesis that amphipathicity is the key motif for activity. This opens up a new field of metallo-organic antifreeze protein mimetics and provides insight into the origins of ice-growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - David J. Fox
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Rebecca A. Vipond
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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20
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Photoswitchable carbohydrate-based fluorosurfactants as tuneable ice recrystallization inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2017; 439:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Stubbs C, Lipecki J, Gibson MI. Regioregular Alternating Polyampholytes Have Enhanced Biomimetic Ice Recrystallization Activity Compared to Random Copolymers and the Role of Side Chain versus Main Chain Hydrophobicity. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:295-302. [PMID: 27936601 PMCID: PMC5271573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins from polar fish species are potent ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) effectively stopping all ice growth. Additives that have IRI activity have been shown to enhance cellular cryopreservation with potential to improve the distribution of donor cells and tissue. Polyampholytes, polymers with both anionic and cationic side chains, are a rapidly emerging class of polymer cryoprotectants, but their mode of action and the structural features essential for activity are not clear. Here regioregular polyampholytes are synthesized from maleic anhydride copolymers to enable stoichiometric installation of the charged groups, ensuring regioregularity, which is not possible using conventional random copolymerization. A modular synthetic strategy is employed to enable the backbone and side chain hydrophobicity to be varied, with side chain hydrophobicity found to have a profound effect on the IRI activity. The activity of the regioregular polymers was found to be superior to those derived from a standard random copolymerization with statistical incorporation of monomers, demonstrating that sequence composition is crucial to the activity of IRI active polyampholytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stubbs
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Lipecki
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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22
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Congdon T, Notman R, Gibson MI. Influence of Block Copolymerization on the Antifreeze Protein Mimetic Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity of Poly(vinyl alcohol). Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3033-9. [PMID: 27476873 PMCID: PMC5022065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze (glyco) proteins are produced by many cold-acclimatized species to enable them to survive subzero temperatures. These proteins have multiple macroscopic effects on ice crystal growth which makes them appealing for low-temperature applications-from cellular cryopreservation to food storage. Poly(vinyl alcohol) has remarkable ice recrystallization inhibition activity, but its mode of action is uncertain as is the extent at which it can be incorporated into other high-order structures. Here the synthesis and characterization of well-defined block copolymers containing poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) by RAFT/MADIX polymerization is reported, as new antifreeze protein mimetics. The effect of adding a large second hydrophilic block is studied across a range of compositions, and it is found to be a passive component in ice recrystallization inhibition assays, enabling retention of all activity. In the extreme case, a block copolymer with only 10% poly(vinyl alcohol) was found to retain all activity, where statistical copolymers of PVA lose all activity with very minor changes to composition. These findings present a new method to increase the complexity of antifreeze protein mimetic materials, while retaining activity, and also to help understand the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
R. Congdon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Rebecca Notman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
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23
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Deller RC, Pessin JE, Vatish M, Mitchell DA, Gibson MI. Enhanced non-vitreous cryopreservation of immortalized and primary cells by ice-growth inhibiting polymers. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:1079-84. [PMID: 27152370 PMCID: PMC4918798 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00129g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell cryopreservation is an essential tool in modern biotechnology and medicine. The ability to freeze, store and distribute materials underpins basic cell biology and enables storage of donor cells needed for transplantation and regenerative medicine. However, many cell types do not survive freezing and the current state-of-the-art involves the addition of significant amounts of organic solvents as cryoprotectants, which themselves can be cytotoxic, or simply interfere with assays. A key cause of cell death in cryopreservation is ice recrystallization (growth), which primarily occurs during thawing. Here it is demonstrated that the addition of ice recrystalization inhibiting polymers to solutions containing low (non vitrifying) concentrations of DMSO enhance cell recovery rates by up to 75%. Cell functionality is also demonstrated using a placental cell line, and enhanced cryopreservation of primary rat hepatocytes is additionally shown. The crucial role of the polymers architecture (chain length) is shown, with shorter polymers being more effective than longer ones.
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