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Thermal Stability, Flammability and Mechanical Performances of Unsaturated Polyester-Melamine Resin Blends and of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Composites Based on Them. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224885. [PMID: 36433012 PMCID: PMC9693295 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel blend of unsaturated polyester (UP) resin with an inherently flame-retardant and char-forming melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin has been prepared with the aim of reducing the flammability of the former. MF resin, sourced as a spray-dried resin, was dissolved in diethyleneglycol solvent; the dissolved resin and the UP-MF blend were autocured by heating under conditions normally used for curing UP, i.e., room temperature for 24 h and post-curing at 80 °C for 12-24 h. The cured UP-MF blends, although heterogeneous in nature, were rigid materials having fire performances superior to those of the cured UP alone. The blends also burned, but with a much reduced smoke output compared with that from UP. Although the heterogeneity of the blends helped in improving the fire performances of the blends in terms of the MF domains forming a semi-protective char, acting as thermal barriers for the adjoining UP domains, and hence reducing their thermal degradation, the mechanical properties of composites based on them were impaired. Nevertheless, whilst UP/MF blends may not be suitable for use as matrices in glass-reinforced composites in load-bearing applications, they may lend themselves to applications as fire-retardant gel coats, especially in view of their low-smoke, char-forming attributes.
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Ismail AS, Jawaid M, Hamid NH, Yahaya R, Hassan A. Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040773. [PMID: 33546097 PMCID: PMC7913153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer blends is a well-established and suitable method to produced new polymeric materials as compared to synthesis of a new polymer. The combination of two different types of polymers will produce a new and unique material, which has the attribute of both polymers. The aim of this work is to analyze mechanical and morphological properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends to find the best formulation for future study. Bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were fabricated using the hand lay-up method at different loading of bio-phenolic (5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, and 25 wt%) in the epoxy matrix whereas neat bio-phenolic and epoxy samples were also fabricated for comparison. Results indicated that mechanical properties were improved for bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends compared to neat epoxy and phenolic. In addition, there is no sign of phase separation in polymer blends. The highest tensile, flexural, and impact strength was shown by P-20(biophenolic-20 wt% and Epoxy-80 wt%) whereas P-25 (biophenolic-25 wt% and Epoxy-75 wt%) has the highest tensile and flexural modulus. Based on the finding, it is concluded that P-20 shows better overall mechanical properties among the polymer blends. Based on this finding, the bio-phenolic/epoxy blend with 20 wt% will be used for further study on flax-reinforced bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Safwan Ismail
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.S.I.); (N.H.H.)
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.S.I.); (N.H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8946-6960
| | - Norul Hisham Hamid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.S.I.); (N.H.H.)
- Department of Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ridwan Yahaya
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Azman Hassan
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bharu 81310, Malaysia;
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Zheng J, Aziz T, Fan H, Haq F, Ullah Khan F, Ullah R, Ullah B, Saeed Khattak N, Wei J. Synergistic impact of cellulose nanocrystals with multiple resins on thermal and mechanical behavior. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) surface modified with phenolic and acrylic resins were investigated for different properties such as thermally stability and adhesive property, the mechanical properties of CNCs and interactions of the resulting materials at a micro-level are very important. Phenolic resins are of great interest due to their smooth structure, low thermal conductivity and good thermal insulation. However, the high spray rates and poor mechanical properties limit its use for external insulation of buildings. Acrylic resins are used as a matrix resin for adhesives and composites due to their adhesion, mechanical properties, and their good chemical resistance. The brittleness of acrylic resins makes them less attractive than the structural materials, being much harder. For this reason, most of the resins are modified with suitable elastomers, which act as hardeners. Therefore, treatment of these compounds is necessary. In this research paper, the effect of CNCs surface on phenolic and acrylic resins were investigated to obtain an optimized surface using three different weight (wt%) ratios of CNCs. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-rays diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the structure, and investigate different properties of CNCs. Furthermore, the Zwick/Roell Z020 model was used to investigate the adhesion properties of the phenolic and acrylic resins with CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Zheng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Tariq Aziz
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Hong Fan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Fazal Haq
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
| | - Farman Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology Bannu, Bannu , 28000, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Lakki Marwat , Lakki Marwat 28420, KPK , Pakistan
| | - Roh Ullah
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) , Haidian , China
| | - Bakhtar Ullah
- Institute of Advanced Study , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | | | - Jiao Wei
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310027, China
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Abstract
Sandwich structures present several advantages, being used in many industries such as the aeronautical industry. In this study, an automated laminating line is employed to manufacture sandwich panels for boards. This work focus on an innovative solution, employing an advanced adhesive film to increase the bonding strength of sandwich structures used for this application. This was used to bond ceramic steel sheets to honeycomb‐cored structures, creating an innovative solution for the board industry. Bending tests were carried to evaluate the performance of the new sandwich solutions and to compare it against a typical one available on the market.
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Kandola BK, Ebdon JR, Zhou C. Development of vinyl ester resins with improved flame retardant properties for structural marine applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu L, Li X, Nagao M, Elias AL, Narain R, Chung HJ. A pH-Indicating Colorimetric Tough Hydrogel Patch towards Applications in a Substrate for Smart Wound Dressings. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110558. [PMID: 30965861 PMCID: PMC6418891 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological milieu of healthy skin is slightly acidic, with a pH value between 4 and 6, whereas for skin with chronic or infected wounds, the pH value is above 7.3. As testing pH value is an effective way to monitor the status of wounds, a novel smart hydrogel wound patch incorporating modified pH indicator dyes was developed in this study. Phenol red (PR), the dye molecule, was successfully modified with methacrylate (MA) to allow a copolymerization with the alginate/polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel matrix. This covalent attachment prevented the dye from leaching out of the matrix. The prepared pH-responsive hydrogel patch exhibited a porous internal structure, excellent mechanical property, and high swelling ratio, as well as an appropriate water vapour transmission rate. Mechanical responses of alginate/P(AAm-MAPR) hydrogel patches under different calcium and water contents were also investigated to consider the case of exudate accumulation into hydrogels. Results showed that increased calcium amount and reduced water content significantly improved the Young’s modulus and elongation at break of the hydrogels. These characteristics indicated the suitability of hydrogels as wound dressing materials. When pH increased, the color of the hydrogel patches underwent a transition from yellow (pH 5, 6 and 7) to orange (7.4 and 8), and finally to red (pH 9). This range of color change matches the clinically-meaningful pH range of chronic or infected wounds. Therefore, our developed hydrogels could be applied as promising wound dressing materials to monitor the wound healing process by a simple colorimetric display, thus providing a desirable substrate for printed electronics for smart wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Xinda Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Masanori Nagao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Anastasia L Elias
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Hyun-Joong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
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Kandola BK, Ebdon JR, Luangtriratana P, Krishnan L. Novel flame retardant thermoset resin blends derived from a free-radically cured vinylbenzylated phenolic novolac and an unsaturated polyester for marine composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhou J, Fang L, Wang J, Sun J, Jin K, Fang Q. Post-functionalization of novolac resins by introducing thermo-crosslinkable –OCFCF2 groups as the side chains: a new strategy for production of thermosetting polymers without releasing volatiles. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00788k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-functionalization of a commercial novolac resin by introducing thermo-crosslinkable trifluorovinylether groups as the side chains offers a new polymer, which can form a cross-linked network without releasing volatiles during thermal curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- PR China
| | - Linxuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- PR China
| | - Kaikai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- PR China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- PR China
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Zhou C, Liang G, Gu A. Thermally resistant unsaturated polyester resin with low dielectric loss based on special benzyl alcohol terminated hyperbranched polysiloxane for producing high efficiency motors using vacuum pressure impregnation technique. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23768h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New hyperbranched polysiloxane/unsaturated polyester resins for fabricating high efficient motors through vacuum pressure impregnation technique were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Guozheng Liang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Aijuan Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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