Polysaccharide Hydroxyapatite (Nano)composites and Their Biomedical Applications: An Overview of Recent Years

Hydroxyapatite can combine with polysaccharide originating biomaterials with special applications in the biomedical field. In this review, the synthesis of (nano)composites is discussed, focusing on natural polysaccharides such as alginate, chitosan, and pectin. In this way, advances in recent years in the development of preparing materials are revised and discussed. Therefore, an overview of the recent synthesis and applications of polyssacharides@hydroxyapatites is presented. Several studies based on chitosan@hydroxyapatite combined with other inorganic matrices are highlighted, while pectin@hydroxyapatite is present in a smaller number of reports. Biomedical applications as drug carriers, adsorbents, and bone implants are discussed, combining their dependence with the nature of interactions on the molecular scale and the type of polysaccharides used, which is a relevant aspect to be explored.

Harnessing the power of polyol-based polyesters for biomedical innovations: synthesis, properties, and biodegradation

Polyesters based on polyols have emerged as promising biomaterials for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and regenerative medicine, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatile physicochemical properties. This review article provides an overview of the synthesis methods, performance, and biodegradation mechanisms of polyol-based polyesters, highlighting their potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications. The synthesis techniques, such as simple polycondensation and enzymatic polymerization, allow for the fine-tuning of polyester structure and molecular weight, thereby enabling the tailoring of material properties to specific application requirements. The physicochemical properties of polyol-based polyesters, such as hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties, can be altered by incorporating different polyols. The article highlights the influence of various factors, such as molecular weight, crosslinking density, and degradation medium, on the biodegradation behavior of these materials, and the importance of understanding these factors for controlling degradation rates. Future research directions include the development of novel polyesters with improved properties, optimization of degradation rates, and exploration of advanced processing techniques for fabricating scaffolds and drug delivery systems. Overall, polyol-based polyesters hold significant potential in the field of biomedical applications, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements and innovative solutions that could revolutionize patient care and treatment outcomes.

Performance of Biocomposite Materials Reinforced by Hydroxyapatite and Seashell Nanoparticles for Bone Replacement

Bone defects and disorders include trauma, osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, bone tumours, arthritis rheumatoid, osteosarcoma, and iatrogenic injury. Obtaining a composite material with characteristics that mimic what bones in the human body have is a vital target for the purpose of replacing or repairing damaged bones. The key objective of this study was to develop a composite having mechanical and biological properties that resemble to a large extent native bone features. Highly biocompatible epoxy resin was reinforced by various weight fractions of seashell nanoparticles. The morphologies of the pristine bioepoxy, seashell-bioepoxy, and hydroxyapatite-bioepoxy composites were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the mechanical properties were examined by the means of tension and Izod impact tests. Besides, the influence of seashell and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the bioepoxy chemical structure and thermal properties was also evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry technique, respectively. The tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength of the seashell nanoparticle-reinforced bioepoxy were revealed to be higher than those of the unmodified bioepoxy and were significantly depended on the filler content. When the mass fraction of the reinforcement was 7 wt%, the improvement in the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength was around 46.7%, 37%, and 57%, respectively, compared to that of blank bioepoxy. In addition, these properties were higher for the composites loaded with seashell nanoparticles than those filled with commercially available hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. An enhancement in glass transition temperature for the bioepoxy after modification with both of these nanofillers was also achieved. All these features make these kinds of composites a promising option that could be used in the orthopaedic field. Furthermore, the use of seashell nanoparticles may reduce the cost of the resulted composite and alleviate the negative consequences of large quantity by-product waste seashells on the environment.

Eggshell Based Nano-Engineered Hydroxyapatite and Poly(lactic) Acid Electrospun Fibers as Potential Tissue Scaffold

Nanocomposite electrospun fibers were fabricated from poly(lactic) acid (PLA) and needle-like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles made from eggshells. The X-ray diffraction spectrum and the scanning electron micrograph showed that the hydroxyapatite particles are highly crystalline and are needle-liked in shape with diameters between 10 and 20 nm and lengths ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the electrospun fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile testing techniques. The SEM study showed that both pristine and PLA/EnHA fibers surfaces exhibited numerous pores and rough edges suitable for cell attachment. The presence of the rod-liked EnHA particles was found to increase thermal and mechanical properties of PLA fibers relative to pristine PLA fibers. The confocal optical images showed that osteoblast cells were found to attach on dense pristine PLA and PLA/HA-10 wt% fibers after 48 hours of incubation. The stained confocal optical images indicated the secretion of cytoplasmic extension linking adjoining nuclei after 96 hours of incubation. These findings showed that eggshell based nanohydroxyapatite and poly(lactic acid) fibers could be potential scaffold for tissue regeneration.

Influences of ionic liquid and temperature on the tailorable surface morphology of F-apatite nanocomposites for enhancing biological abilities for orthopedic implantation

This report has approached for the green synthesis of morphological controlled novel metal-doped fluorinated apatite/polymeric nanocomposites. The synthesized nanocomposites have investigated for hard tissue engineering and bone substitute applications. The selected fluoro ionic liquid explored the dual performances as fluorine precursor and as a soft template for the morphological development of apatite nanocomposite synthesis. The structural and surface studies (XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, AFM, HR-TEM & SAED) confirmed the crystalline and morphological changes of synthesized fluorohydroxyapatite nanostructures at two different reaction temperatures. The fluorinated apatite nanocomposites doped with silver for metal-doped composites, which have effective antibacterial efficacy and favorable biocompatibility. The silver-doped nanocomposites showed excellent antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial pathogens with the uniform release of silver and fluorine ions. These antibacterial performances have systematically tested by the quantitative and qualitative methods. The rod-like fluorinated apatite nanocrystals promote cell adhesion and viability of human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell lines and these studies compared with the sheet-like apatite nanocomposites. This type of biomedical apatite materials may be a promising material for orthopedic implant and regeneration applications.

From waste to high-value product: Jackfruit peel derived pectin/apatite bionanocomposites for bone healing applications

Public requirements encouraged by the current asset framework drive industry to expand its general effectiveness by enhancing existing procedures or finding new uses for waste. Thus, the aim of this study was the isolation, fabrication, and characterization of pectin derived from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peels and the generation of hybrid of pectin (P)/apatite (HA) (P/HA) bionanocomposites. In this process, the natural pectin polymer derived from the peel of jackfruits was used in different concentrations for the fabrication of HA bionanocomposites. Characterization of the isolated pectin and bionanocomposites samples was performed with ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and HR-TEM. Cytocompatibility, ALP, fibroblast stem cells, anti-inflammatory and cell adhesion testing of the fabricated bionanocomposites was showed good biocompatibility. Our results signify that the fabricated bionanocomposites might be applicable as bone graft materials.

Mineral-substituted hydroxyapatite reinforced poly(raffinose-citric acid)–polyethylene glycol nanocomposite enhances osteogenic differentiation and induces ectopic bone formation

Progress of biomimetic mineral-substituted hydroxyapatite reinforced poly(raffinose-citric acid)–polyethylene glycol–poly(raffinose-citric acid) for prospective ectopic bone formation.

Surface functionalization of natural lignin isolated from Aloe barbadensis Miller biomass by atom transfer radical polymerization for enhanced anticancer efficacy

Lignin (LIG), one of the major natural polymers in the biomass is widely used for various industrial and biomedical applications, mainly in its modified form of grafted lignin.

Mineral substituted hydroxyapatite coatings deposited on nanoporous TiO2 modulate the directional growth and activity of osteoblastic cells

The biocompatibility of anodized titanium was improved by electrophoretically deposited mineral substituted HAP.