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Algahtani MS, Mohammed AA, Ahmad J, Ali R, Saleh E. 3D printed capsule shells for personalized dosing of cyclosporine-loaded SNEDDS. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123707. [PMID: 38101759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressant agent that has been used since 1980 for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases and is extensively used to enhance the survival rate of patients and grafts following organ transplant surgeries. CsA is a poorly soluble drug with a narrow therapeutic window and inter-subject variability, which can lead to graft rejection, nephrotoxicity and other severe adverse effects. This study explores a novel method that combines solubility enhancement of CsA using SNEDDS formulation and personalized dosage delivery using 3D printing technology. The oil phase was chosen as a combination of caproyl 90 and octanoic acid while the Smix phase was chosen as a combination of cremophore El and PEG 400. The optimized liquid SNEDDS was solidified using PEG 6000. An FDM printer was used to print a capsular shell with an oval base that ascends to form a dome with an opening at the top. This opening is used to fill the molten CsA-loaded SNEDDS formulation using a pipette or syringe. The CsA-loaded SNEDDS formulation was characterized by FTIR, DSC and SEM/EDX. The in-vitro release of CsA showed complete release within sixty minutes and followed Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics. The drug release was not affected by either the shell opening size or the amount of the loaded formulation. This novel method is simple and straightforward for personalized dosage delivery of drug-loaded SNEDDS formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Algahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul Aleem Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raisuddin Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Saleh
- Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Ateeq MAM, Aalhate M, Mahajan S, Kumar GS, Sen S, Singh H, Gupta U, Maji I, Dikundwar A, Guru SK, Singh PK. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of docetaxel and carvacrol synergizes the anticancer activity and enables safer toxicity profile: optimization, and in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2614-2638. [PMID: 37067745 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Docetaxel (DTX) is a first-line chemotherapeutic molecule with a broad-spectrum anticancer activity. On the other hand, carvacrol (CV) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and hepatoprotective properties that could reduce undue toxicity caused by DTX chemotherapy. Thus, in order to overcome the challenges posed by DTX's poor aqueous solubility, low permeability, hepatic first pass, and systemic toxicities, we have developed a novel solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) co-loaded with DTX and CV. In the present investigation, liquid-SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) were fabricated using Nigella sativa oil, Cremophor RH 40, and Ethanol which was converted into solid by lyophilization using Aerosil 200. The reconstituted CV-DTX-S-SNEDDS showed an average globule size of < 200 nm with promising flow properties (angle of repose θ: 33.22 ± 0.06). Additionally, 2.3-fold higher dissolution of DTX was observed from CV-DTX-S-SNEDDS after 6 h as compared to free DTX. Similar trend was followed in dialysis release experiments with 1.5-fold higher release within 24 h. Ex vivo permeation studies demonstrated significantly increased permeation of 1077.02 ± 12.72 μg/cm2 of CV-DTX-S-SNEDDS after 12 h. In vitro cell cytotoxicity studies revealed 5.2-fold reduction in IC50 as compared to free DTX in MDA-MB-231 cells. Formulation was able to induce higher apoptosis in cells treated with CV-DTX-S-SNEDDS as compared to free DTX and CV. It was evident from toxicity studies that CV-DTX-S-SNEDDS was well tolerated at higher dose where CV was able to manage the toxic effects of free DTX. In vivo pharmacokinetic study showed 3.4-fold increased Cmax and improved oral bioavailability as compared to free DTX. Thus, CV-DTX-S-SNEDDS could be an encouraging option for facilitating DTX oral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aman Mohd Ateeq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Mayur Aalhate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Srushti Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Gogikar Shiva Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Sibu Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Hoshiyar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Ujala Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Indrani Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Amol Dikundwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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The Study of Cyclosporin A Nanocrystals Uptake and Transport across an Intestinal Epithelial Cell Model. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101975. [PMID: 35631858 PMCID: PMC9147483 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporin A nanocrystals (CsA-NCs) interaction with Caco-2 cells were investigated in this study, including cellular uptake and transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers. CsA-NCs of 165 nm, 240 nm and 450 nm were formulated. The dissolution of CsA-NCs was investigated by paddle method. The effect of size, concentration and incubation time on cellular uptake and dissolution kinetics of CsA-NCs in cells were studied. Uptake mechanisms were also evaluated using endocytotic inhibitors and low temperature (4 °C). The cell monolayers were incubated with each diameter CsA-NCs to evaluate the effect of size on the permeation characteristics of CsA across the intestinal mucosa. The results of dissolution study showed that 165 nm CsA-NC had the highest dissolution rate followed by 240 CsA-NC and finally 450 nm CsA-NC. The saturation of cell uptake of CsA-NCs was observed with the increase of incubation concentration and time. 240 nm and 450 nm CsA-NCs had the lowest and highest uptake efficiency at different time and drug concentration, respectively. The uptake of all three-sized CsA-NCs declined significantly in some different degree after the pre-treatment with different endocytosis inhibitors. 165 nm CsA-NC showed a highest transport capacity across monolayers at the same concentration and time. The results suggest that the size of CsA-NCs can not only affect the efficiency of cellular uptake, but also the type of endocytosis. Decreasing particle size of CsA-NCs can improve transport capacity of CsA through cell monolayer.
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Katekar R, Sen S, Riyazuddin M, Husain A, Garg R, Verma S, Mitra K, Gayen JR. Augmented experimental design for bioavailability enhancement: a robust formulation of abiraterone acetate. J Liposome Res 2022; 33:65-76. [PMID: 35521749 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2022.2069811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate (ABRTA) is clinically beneficial in management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC-3). With highlighted low solubility and permeability, orally hampered treatment of ABRTA necessitate high dose to achieve therapeutic efficacy. To triumph these challenges, we aimed to develop intestinal lymphatic transport facilitating lipid-based delivery to enhance bioavailability. ABRTA-containing self-nano emulsified drug delivery (ABRTA-SNEDDS) was statistically optimized by D-optimal design using design expert. Optimized formulation was characterized for particle size, thermodynamic stability, in vitro release, in vivo bioavailability, intestinal lymphatic transport, in vitro cytotoxic effect, anti-metastatic activity, and apoptosis study. Moreover, hemolysis and histopathology studies have been performed to assess pre-clinical safety. Nano-sized particles and successful saturated drug loading were obtained for optimized formulation. In vitro release upto 98.61 ± 3.20% reveal effective release of formulation at intestinal pH 6.8. ABRTA-SNEDDS formulation shows enhanced in vivo exposure of Abiraterone (2.5-fold) than ABRTA suspension in Sprague-Dawley rats. In vitro efficacy in PC-3 cell line indicates 3.69-fold higher therapeutic potential of nano drug delivery system. Hemolysis and histopathology study indicates no significant toxicities to red blood cells and tissues, respectively. Apparently, an opportunistic strategy to increasing bioavailability of ABRTA via intestinal lymphatic transport will create a viable platform in rapidly evolving chemotherapy. Enhanced translational utility of delivery was also supported through in vitro therapeutic efficacy and safety assessments. HighlightsAbiraterone acetate is a prostate cancer drug, impeded with low bioavailability.ABRTA loaded in self nano emulsifying drug delivery enhanced its bioavailability.Intestinal lymphatic transport played role in enhanced bioavailability of ABRTA.ABRTA-SNEDDS enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activity of ABRTA.ABRTA-SNEDDS found safe in preclinical safety evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Katekar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sumati Sen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammed Riyazuddin
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Athar Husain
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Richa Garg
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Sophisticated Analytical Instrumental Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Sun W, Gao J, Fan R, Zhang T, Tian Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zheng A. The Effect of Particle Size on the Absorption of Cyclosporin A Nanosuspensions. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1741-1755. [PMID: 35469173 PMCID: PMC9034871 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s357541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a hydrophobic drug widely used as an immunosuppressant and anti-rejection drug in solid organ transplantation. On the market, there are two oral CsA formulations available containing polyoxyethylene castor oil, which can cause serious allergic reactions and nephrotoxicity. In order to eliminate polyoxyethylene castor oil, CsA was formulated into a nanosuspension. This study aimed to design an oral cyclosporin A nanosuspensions (CsA-NSs) and investigate the effect of particle size on absorption of CsA-NSs. Methods CsA-NSs were prepared using a wet bead milling method. Particle size, morphology and crystallinity state of CsA-NSs were characterized. The in vitro dissolution, the intestinal absorption properties and pharmacokinetic study of CsA-NSs were investigated. Results CsA-NSs with sizes of 280 nm, 522 nm and 2967 nm were prepared. The shape of CsA-NSs with smaller size was similar to that of spheres. The crystallinity of CsA in nanocrystals was reduced. The dissolution rate of CsA-NSs (280 nm) was greater than that of CsA-NSs (522 nm) and CsA-NSs (2967 nm). CsA-NSs (280 nm) showed higher absorption rate constants (Kα) and effective permeability coefficients (Peff) of different intestinal segments compared with that of CsA-NSs (522 nm) and CsA-NSs (2967 nm). AUC0-48h of 280 nm CsA-NSs was about 1.12-fold of that of 522 nm CsA-NSs, and about 1.51-fold of that of 2967 nm CsA-NSs. In particular, the particle size of CsA-NSs was nanoscale, and their bioavailability was bioequivalent with marked self-microemulsion (Sandimmun Neoral®). Conclusion It is feasible to prepare CsA-NSs. The dissolution rate, gastrointestinal transport properties and the oral absorption of CsA-NSs were promoted by reducing size. Considering the cost, efficiency and energy consumption, there should be an optimal particle size range in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranran Fan
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengming Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hui Zhang; Aiping Zheng, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 10 66931694, Email ;
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Khoa Huynh NA, Do THT, Le XL, Huynh TTN, Nguyen DH, Tran NK, Tran CTHL, Nguyen DH, Truong CT. Development of softgel capsules containing cyclosporine a encapsulated pine essential oil based self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Thanki K, Date T, Jain S. Enabling Oral Amphotericin B Delivery by Merging the Benefits of Prodrug Approach and Nanocarrier-Mediated Drug Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 33587853 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is gold standard therapy for leishmaniasis and fungal infections. Considering the global disease burden, nearly 90% of cases occur in economically vulnerable countries, making the cost of AmB therapy a critical healthcare challenge in controlling disease burden. All currently marketed AmB products are administered through an intravenous (i.v.) route and involve high treatment costs. Designing an orally effective AmB formulation can substantially reduce the cost of therapy and improve patient compliance. However, it is a challenging task because of the distinctive physicochemical properties of AmB. Previously, we developed a lipid-based prodrug of AmB, AmB-oleyl conjugate (AmB-OA), which showcased remarkable stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) environment and improved intestinal permeation. Hereby, we have developed self-nanoemulsifiying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of AmB-OA to further enhance the oral bioavailability of AmB and potentiate its therapeutic benefits. SNEDDS was developed by screening a wide range of oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants, and formulation composition was optimized using extreme vertices design. AmB-OA SNEDDS possessed the ability of quick self-nanoemulsification on dilution (droplet size ∼56 nm) along with remarkable stability in the GI environment. Accelerated stability (40 °C/75% relative humidity) studies and freeze-thaw cycling studies proved that the formulation was stable at tropical conditions as well as temperature cycling stress. Drug transport analysis in Caco-2 cells revealed a remarkable increase in drug transport for AmB-OA SNEDDS compared to AmB along with minimal cellular toxicities. AmB-OA SNEDDS showcased ∼8.9-fold higher AUCTot than AmB in in vivo pharmacokinetic study, proving the effectiveness of formulation to enhance oral bioavailability. In vivo toxicity analysis highlighted the ameliorated toxicity risk associated with SNEDDS formulation. Therefore, the AmB-OA SNEDDS formulation may provide a cost-friendly and effective strategy to resolve the oral AmB drug delivery challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Thanki
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Sector 67, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Tushar Date
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Sector 67, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Sector 67, Punjab 160062, India
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Sharma S, Sinha VR. In vitro and in vivo amelioration of colitis using targeted delivery system of cyclosporine a in New Zealand rabbits. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1726-1733. [PMID: 32892648 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1820041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Necessity to develop the efficient targeted delivery of highly potent immunosuppressant for IBD in order to avoid surgical procedure, led to fabrication and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory potential. Previously formulated cyclosporine A (Cyp A) into enteric coated capsules was further evaluated for its site-specificity in the treatment of TNBS induced colitis. Contact angle measurement studies showed excellent spreadability of the developed formulation over the hydrophilic biological tissue substrate. HET-CAM study demonstrates that the formulation prepared is nonirritant to the highly vascular tissues and hence can be used for the immunological sensitive tissues like inflamed intestine in IBD. Further the developed formulation has been characterized for site specificity to distal parts of intestine by pharmacokinetic studies. The appearance of drug in systemic circulation at approximately 5 hours in New Zealand strain of rabbits confirms drug delivery at distal parts of intestine. Significant reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in drug treated animals signifies inhibition of inflammatory reactions at the TNBS treated site. Simultaneously, the change in body weight of same group of animals was observed for 15 days. Results showed a marginal recovery of body weight in Cyp A treated TNBS induced colitis animals. In conclusion, all in vitro and in vivo results confirm the successful site specific delivery and anti-inflammatory efficacy of developed formulation of Cyp A in TNBS induced colitis in New Zealand rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Rajan Sinha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Akhtar N, Mohammed SA, Khan RA, Yusuf M, Singh V, Mohammed HA, Al-Omar MS, Abdellatif AA, Naz M, Khadri H. Self-Generating nano-emulsification techniques for alternatively-routed, bioavailability enhanced delivery, especially for anti-cancers, anti-diabetics, and miscellaneous drugs of natural, and synthetic origins. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dubey P, Barker SA, Craig DQM. Design and Characterization of Cyclosporine A-Loaded Nanofibers for Enhanced Drug Dissolution. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1003-1013. [PMID: 31984256 PMCID: PMC6977102 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use as an immunosuppressant, the therapeutic efficacy of the undecapeptide cyclosporine A (CyA) is compromised when given by the oral route because of the innate hydrophobicity of the drug molecule, potentially leading to poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize nanofibers based on the water-miscible polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), incorporating CyA preloaded into polymeric surfactants so as to promote micelle formation on hydration; therefore, this approach represents the novel combination of three dissolution enhancement methodologies, namely solid dispersion technology, micellar systems, and nanofibers with enhanced surface area. The preparation of the nanofibers was performed in two steps. First, mixed micelles composed of the water-soluble vitamin E derivative d-α-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate and the amphiphilic triblock polymer Pluronic F127 (Poloxamer 407) were prepared. The micelles were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and scanning electron and atomic force microscopy analysis. Nanofibers composed of PVP and the drug-loaded surfactant system were then prepared via electrospinning, with accompanying thermal, spectroscopic, and surface topological analysis. Dissolution studies indicated an extremely rapid dissolution profile for the fibers compared to the drug alone, while wettability studies also indicated a marked decrease in contact angle compared to the drug alone. Overall, the new approach appears to offer a viable means for considerably improving the dissolution of the hydrophobic peptide CyA, with associated implications for improved oral bioavailability.
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Shakeel F, Alam P, Anwer MK, Alanazi SA, Alsarra IA, Alqarni MH. Wound healing evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system containing Piper cubeba essential oil. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:82. [PMID: 30800593 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to characterize and evaluate wound healing potential of Piper cubeba oil (PO) via self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) in comparison with standard gentamycin. PO loaded SNEDDS was prepared by low energy emulsification technique and characterized for thermodynamic stability, self-emulsification power and various physico-chemical parameters. An optimal formula of PO SNEDDS was subjected to wound healing evaluation, collagen determination and histomorphological examination in female Wistar rats as compared with pure PO and standard antibiotic/gentamycin. An optimal formula of PO SNEDDS showed significant wound healing effects in Wistar female rats in comparison with pure PO. However, wound healing effects of optimized SNEDDS were comparable with standard gentamycin. An optimized formulation also indicated significant enhancement in collagen content (0.82 mg/g) in comparison with pure PO (0.53 mg/g) and negative control (0.33 mg/g). While, the collagen content of SNEDDS (0.82 mg/g) treated rats were comparable with standard gentamycin treated animals (0.98 mg/g). Histopathological examinations of optimized SNEDDS treated animals showed no signs of inflammatory cells which indicated that prepared SNEDDS was safe and nontoxic to rats. The results obtained in this work showed the potential application of SNEDDS in enhancement of the wound healing activity of PO upon oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Shakeel
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- 2Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- 3Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alanazi
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alsarra
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Alqarni
- 2Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942 Saudi Arabia
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Use of Lipid Nanocarriers to Improve Oral Delivery of Vitamins. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010068. [PMID: 30609658 PMCID: PMC6357185 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical environment and enzymes in the gastrointestinal (GI) membrane limit the oral absorption of some vitamins. The GI epithelium also contributes to the poor permeability of numerous antioxidant agents. Thus, lipophilic vitamins do not readily dissolve in the GI tract, and therefore they have low bioavailability. Nanomedicine has the potential to improve the delivery efficiency of oral vitamins. In particular, the use of lipid nanocarriers for certain vitamins that are administered orally can provide improved solubility, chemical stability, epithelium permeability and bioavailability, half-life, nidus targeting, and fewer adverse effects. These lipid nanocarriers include self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs), nanoemulsions, microemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). The use of nontoxic excipients and sophisticated material engineering of lipid nanosystems allows for control of the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles and improved GI permeation via mucosal or lymphatic transport. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of lipid nanocarriers for vitamin delivery. In addition, the same lipid nanocarriers used for vitamins may also be effective as carriers of vitamin derivatives, and therefore enhance their oral bioavailability. One example is the incorporation of d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as the emulsifier in lipid nanocarriers to increase the solubility and inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux. We also survey the concepts and discuss the mechanisms of nanomedical techniques that are used to develop vitamin-loaded nanocarriers.
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Abstract
Biologics now constitute a significant element of available medical treatments. Owing to their clinical and commercial success, biologics are a rapidly growing class and have become a dominant therapeutic modality. Although most of the successful biologics to date are drugs that bear a peptidic backbone, ranging from small peptides to monoclonal antibodies (~500 residues; 150 kDa), new biologic modalities, such as nucleotide-based therapeutics and viral gene therapies, are rapidly maturing towards widespread clinical use. Given the rise of peptides and proteins in the pharmaceutical landscape, tremendous research and development interest exists in developing less-invasive or non-invasive routes for the systemic delivery of biologics, including subcutaneous, transdermal, oral, inhalation, nasal and buccal routes. This Review summarizes the current status, latest updates and future prospects for such delivery of peptides, proteins and other biologics.
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Baldi A, Chaudhary M, Sethi S, Abhiav, Chandra R, Madan J. Armamentarium of nanoscaled lipid drug delivery systems customized for oral administration: In silico docking patronage, absorption phenomenon, preclinical status, clinical status and future prospects. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 170:637-647. [PMID: 29986259 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor drug solubility and bioavailability remain a significant and frequently encountered concern for pharmaceutical scientists. Nanoscaled lipid drug delivery systems (NSLDDS) have exhibited great potentials in oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, primarily for lipophilic drugs, with several successful clinical products. In the past few years, we have find out that optimized composition of drug in lipid, surfactant, or mixture of lipid and surfactant omits the solubility, permeability and bioavailability issues, which are potential limitations for oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Lipids not only vary in structures and physiochemical properties, but also in their digestibility and absorption pathway; therefore selection of lipid excipients and dosage form has a pronounced effect on biopharmaceutical aspects of drug absorption and distribution both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, in current critical review, a comprehensive overview of the different lipid based nanostructured drug delivery systems intended for oral administration has been presented. In addition, implication of in silico docking in designing of NSLDDS as well as mechanism of absorption of different lipid based nanoformulations through intestinal absorption window has also been offered. Moreover, attention has also been paid to NSLDDS that are currently undergoing preclinical or clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monika Chaudhary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Sheshank Sethi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Abhiav
- Division of Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Dr B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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15
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Alam P, Shakeel F, Anwer MK, Foudah AI, Alqarni MH. Wound Healing Study of Eucalyptus Essential Oil Containing Nanoemulsion in Rat Model. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:957-968. [PMID: 30012898 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
| | - Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
| | - Mohammed H. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
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16
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Jain S, Garg T, Kushwah V, Thanki K, Agrawal AK, Dora CP. α-Tocopherol as functional excipient for resveratrol and coenzyme Q10-loaded SNEDDS for improved bioavailability and prophylaxis of breast cancer. J Drug Target 2017; 25:554-565. [PMID: 28274130 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1298603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the prophylactic efficacy of α-tocopherol (α-TOH), resveratrol (RES), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) co-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (α-TOH-RES-CoQ10 SNEDDS) in 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer model. SNEDDS formulation components were rationally selected and optimized for maximum drug loading by applying the design of experiments and further evaluated for stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, functional stability of antioxidants, in vitro release, Caco-2 cell uptake, oral bioavailability and prophylactic anticancer activity. The SNEDDS demonstrated excellent stability in stimulated gastrointestinal fluids. The functional activity of antioxidants was confirmed by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay wherein significantly (p > .05) higher antioxidant activity was observed in case of SNEDDS as compared with free antioxidants. Coumarin 6 (C-6)-loaded SNEDDS formulation demonstrated remarkably higher Caco-2 cell uptake in comparison with free C-6, indicative of efficient internalization of sub-micron SNEDDS droplets by Caco-2 cells. In line with Caco-2 cell uptake observations, α-TOH-RES-CoQ10-SNEDDS showed ∼2.30- and ∼3.64-fold increase in the AUC0-∞ values of RES and CoQ10 in comparison with free antioxidants. Significantly lower (p < .001) tumor volume (∼327 mm3) was found in case of animals treated with α-TOH-RES-CoQ10-SNEDDS in comparison with free antioxidant combination (∼1070 mm3) and DMBA control (∼1540 mm3) groups. Conclusively, the proposed strategy posed great potential in improving the prophylactic activity of antioxidants and hold promise for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyog Jain
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Tanya Garg
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Kaushik Thanki
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India.,b James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Chander Parkash Dora
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
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17
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Cella C, Gerges I, Milani P, Lenardi C, Argentiere S. Calcium Stearate as an Effective Alternative to Poly(vinyl alcohol) in Poly-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid Nanoparticles Synthesis. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:452-460. [PMID: 28030952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most studied systems for drug and gene targeting. So far, the synthesis of stable and uniform PLGA NPs has involved the use of a large excess of polyvinyl surfactants such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), whose removal requires multistep purification procedures of high ecological and economic impact. Hence the development of environment-friendly and cost-effective synthetic procedures for the synthesis of PLGA NPs would effectively boost their use in clinics. This work aims to address this issue by investigating more efficacious alternatives to the so far employed polyvinyl surfactants. More specifically, we developed an innovative synthetic process to achieve stable and uniformly distributed PLGA NPs that involves the use of calcium stearate (CSt), gaining benefits of its high biocompatibility and efficacy at low concentrations and avoiding consequently expensive purification steps. With the help of minimum quantities of polysorbate 60 and sorbitane monostearate, CSt-stabilized PLGA NPs with different sizes and structures were synthesized. The influence of CSt on the encapsulation efficiency of bioactive molecules has been also investigated. The effective encapsulation of both hydrophobic (curcumin) and hydrophilic (fibrinogen labeled with Alexa647) biomolecules into NPs was demonstrated by confocal microscopy, and their release quantified by spectrofluorimetric analyses. Finally, degradation and cytotoxicity studies showed that CSt stabilized NPs were stable under physiological conditions and with good biocompatibility, thus looking promising for further investigation as controlled release devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cella
- Filarete Foundation, viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy.,SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine , Campus IFOM-IEO, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Irini Gerges
- Filarete Foundation, viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy.,Tensive S.r.l., via Timavo 34, 20124 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Cimaina and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Cimaina and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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18
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Tissue distribution and enhanced in vivo anti-hyperlipidemic-antioxidant effects of perillaldehyde-loaded liposomal nanoformulation against Poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemia. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:68-77. [PMID: 27567929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An optimized perillaldehyde-loaded liposomal nanoformulation (PAH-LNF) was successfully applied to improve the pharmacological effect of perillaldehyde (PAH) in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemia. Oral administration of PAH-LNF (240mg/kg per body weight) in rats significantly enhanced solubility and relative bioavailability (270.7%) compared to the free PAH with about 2.7-, 1.5-, 1.3-, 1.3- and 1.5-fold increase in AUC, T1/2, MRT, Cmax and Tmax, respectively. Tissue distribution study also revealed the accumulation of PAH in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, brain and heart in order of decreasing affinity. Moreover, a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with simultaneous increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was observed in the chemically-induced hyperlipidemic mice which further confirmed PAH's anti-hyperlipidemic properties. Additionally, PAH-LNF also significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) with a concurrent decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) to affirm the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of PAH. Thus, liposomal nanoformulation promises to be a useful drug delivery system for the development of PAH.
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Guada M, Beloqui A, Kumar MNVR, Préat V, Dios-Viéitez MDC, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Reformulating cyclosporine A (CsA): More than just a life cycle management strategy. J Control Release 2016; 225:269-82. [PMID: 26829101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a well-known immunosuppressive agent that gained considerable importance in transplant medicine in the late 1970s due to its selective and reversible inhibition of T-lymphocytes. While CsA has been widely used to prevent graft rejection in patients undergoing organ transplant it was also used to treat several systemic and local autoimmune disorders. Currently, the neuro- and cardio-protective effects of CsA (CiCloMulsion®; NeuroSTAT®) are being tested in phase II and III trials respectively and NeuroSTAT® received orphan drug status from US FDA and Europe in 2010. The reformulation strategies focused on developing Cremophor® EL free formulations and address variable bioavailability and toxicity issues of CsA. This review is an attempt to highlight the progress made so far and the room available for further improvements to realize the maximum benefits of CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Guada
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M N V Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Del Carmen Dios-Viéitez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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20
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Umeyor C, Attama A, Uronnachi E, Kenechukwu F, Nwakile C, Nzekwe I, Okoye E, Esimone C. Formulation design and in vitro physicochemical characterization of surface modified self-nanoemulsifying formulations (SNEFs) of gentamicin. Int J Pharm 2015; 497:161-98. [PMID: 26657350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-nanoemulsifying formulations (SNEFs) structured with PEG 4000 as PEGylated SNEFs, were formulated after solubility studies using rational blends of soybean oil, a combination of Kolliphor(®) EL and Kolliphor(®) P188 as surfactants, and Transcutol(®) HP as co-surfactant, and evaluated for oral delivery of gentamicin. Incorporation of gentamicin and PEG 4000 reduced the initial area of nanoemulsion of the ternary phase diagrams produced by water titration method using oil, surfactant mixture and co-surfactant. Emulsion droplets were in the nanometer scale ranging from 80-210 nm. FT-IR study revealed that gentamicin structure remained intact in all formulations, and SEM micrographs showed spherical globules. Zeta potentials of SNEFs were in the range of -25.4 to -42.5 mV, and showed a stable system with minor flips in electrostatic charges. There was high in vitro diffusion-dependent permeation of gentamicin from the SNEFs. Results obtained in this work showed that oral delivery of gentamicin was improved by formulation as surface modified SNEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka Umeyor
- Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony Attama
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel Uronnachi
- Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria
| | - Franklin Kenechukwu
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Calistus Nwakile
- Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Nzekwe
- Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria
| | - Eric Okoye
- Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria
| | - Charles Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra, Nigeria
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