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Kashyap BK, Singh VV, Solanki MK, Kumar A, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK. Smart Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:14290-14320. [PMID: 37125102 PMCID: PMC10134471 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of death globally. Traditional cancer therapies including chemotherapy are flawed, with off-target and on-target toxicities on the normal cells, requiring newer strategies to improve cell selective targeting. The application of nanomaterial has been extensively studied and explored as chemical biology tools in cancer theranostics. It shows greater applications toward stability, biocompatibility, and increased cell permeability, resulting in precise targeting, and mitigating the shortcomings of traditional cancer therapies. The nanoplatform offers an exciting opportunity to gain targeting strategies and multifunctionality. The advent of nanotechnology, in particular the development of smart nanomaterials, has transformed cancer diagnosis and treatment. The large surface area of nanoparticles is enough to encapsulate many molecules and the ability to functionalize with various biosubstrates such as DNA, RNA, aptamers, and antibodies, which helps in theranostic action. Comparatively, biologically derived nanomaterials perceive advantages over the nanomaterials produced by conventional methods in terms of economy, ease of production, and reduced toxicity. The present review summarizes various techniques in cancer theranostics and emphasizes the applications of smart nanomaterials (such as organic nanoparticles (NPs), inorganic NPs, and carbon-based NPs). We also critically discussed the advantages and challenges impeding their translation in cancer treatment and diagnostic applications. This review concludes that the use of smart nanomaterials could significantly improve cancer theranostics and will facilitate new dimensions for tumor detection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Virendra Vikram Singh
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, DRDO, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Karmre, Kanke 835222, Ranchi, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Vikkinkaari 1, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
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2
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González V, Frontiñan-Rubio J, Gomez MV, Montini T, Durán-Prado M, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Vázquez E. Easy and Versatile Synthesis of Bulk Quantities of Highly Enriched 13C-Graphene Materials for Biological and Safety Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:606-620. [PMID: 36538410 PMCID: PMC9835986 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of bulk quantities of 13C-labeled graphene materials is relevant for basic investigations and for practical applications. In addition, 13C-labeled graphene materials can be very useful in biological and environmental studies, as they may allow the detection of graphene or its derivatives in cells or organs. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of 13C-labeled graphene materials (few-layer graphene, FLG, and graphene oxide, GO) on a tens of mg scale, starting from 13C-labeled methane to afford carbon fibers, followed by liquid-phase exfoliation (FLG) or oxidation (GO). The materials have been characterized by several analytical and microscopic techniques, including Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. As a proof of concept, the distribution of the title compounds in cells has been investigated. In fact, the analysis of the 13C/12C ratio with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) allows the detection and quantification of very small amounts of material in cells or biological compartments with high selectivity, even when the material has been degraded. During the treatment of 13C-labeled FLG with HepG2 cells, 4.1% of the applied dose was found in the mitochondrial fraction, while 4.9% ended up in the nuclear fraction. The rest of the dose did not enter into the cell and remained in the plasma membrane or in the culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana González
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Frontiñan-Rubio
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
- Cell
Biology Area, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Gomez
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty
of Chemical Science and Technology, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tiziano Montini
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127Trieste, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Cell
Biology Area, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127Trieste, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127Trieste, Italy
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque
Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Plaza Euskadi 5, 48013Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty
of Chemical Science and Technology, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071Ciudad Real, Spain
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3
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Chang XL, Chen L, Liu B, Yang ST, Wang H, Cao A, Chen C. Stable isotope labeling of nanomaterials for biosafety evaluation and drug development. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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4
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Density functional theory study of BiRun (n = 3–20) clusters: Structural, electronic and adsorptive properties for hazardous gases. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Schiavone MM, Lamparelli DH, Zhao Y, Zhu F, Revay Z, Radulescu A. The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Microstructure of Sulfonated Syndiotactic-polystyrene Ionic Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E187. [PMID: 32824025 PMCID: PMC7466101 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes based on the semi-crystalline syndiotactic-polystyrene (sPS) become hydrophilic, and therefore conductive, following the functionalization of the amorphous phase by the solid-state sulfonation procedure. Because the crystallinity of the material, and thus the mechanical strength of the membranes, is maintained and the resistance to oxidation decomposition can be improved by doping the membranes with fullerenes, the sPS becomes attractive for proton-exchange membranes fuel cells (PEMFC) and energy storage applications. In the current work we report the micro-structural characterization by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) method of sulfonated sPS films and sPS-fullerene composite membranes at different temperatures between 20 °C and 80 °C, under the relative humidity (RH) level from 10% to 70%. Complementary characterization of membranes was carried out by FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and prompt-γ neutron activation analysis in terms of composition, following the specific preparation and functionalization procedure, and by XRD with respect to crystallinity. The hydrated ionic clusters are formed in the hydrated membrane and shrink slightly with the increasing temperature, which leads to a slight desorption of water at high temperatures. However, it seems that the conductive properties of the membranes do not deteriorate with the increasing temperature and that all membranes equilibrated in liquid water show an increased conductivity at 80 °C compared to the room temperature. The presence of fullerenes in the composite membrane induces a tremendous increase in the conductivity at high temperatures compared to fullerenes-free membranes. Apparently, the observed effects may be related to the formation of additional hydrated pathways in the composite membrane in conjunction with changes in the dynamics of water and polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Maddalena Schiavone
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
| | - David Hermann Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan;
| | - Fengfeng Zhu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zsolt Revay
- Technische Universität Müchen, Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz FRM II, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany;
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
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Schiavone MM, Iwase H, Takata SI, Radulescu A. The Multilevel Structure of Sulfonated Syndiotactic-Polystyrene Model Polyelectrolyte Membranes Resolved by Extended Q-Range Contrast Variation SANS. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:E136. [PMID: 31652905 PMCID: PMC6918273 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membranes based on sulfonated synditoactic polystyrene (s-sPS) were thoroughly characterized by contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) over a wide Q-range in dry and hydrated states. Following special sulfonation and treatment procedures, s-sPS is an attractive material for fuel cells and energy storage applications. The film samples were prepared by solid-state sulfonation, resulting in uniform sulfonation of only the amorphous phase while preserving the crystallinity of the membrane. Fullerenes, which improve the resistance to oxidation decomposition, were incorporated in the membranes. The fullerenes seem to be chiefly located in the amorphous regions of the samples, and do not influence the formation and evolution of the morphologies in the polymer films, as no significant differences were observed in the SANS patterns compared to the fullerenes-free s-sPS membranes, which were investigated in a previous study. The use of uniaxially deformed film samples, and neutron contrast variation allowed for the identification and characterization of different structural levels with sizes between nm and μm, which form and evolve in both the dry and hydrated states. The scattering length density of the crystalline regions was varied using the guest exchange procedure between different toluene isotopologues incorporated into the sPS lattice, while the variation of the scattering properties of the hydrated amorphous regions was achieved using different H2O/D2O mixtures. Due to the deformation of the films, the scattering characteristics of different structures can be distinguished on specific detection sectors and at different detection distances after the sample, depending on their size and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Maddalena Schiavone
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Takata
- Materials and Life Science Division, Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (JPARC), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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7
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Wang C, Chang XL, Shi Q, Zhang X. Uptake and Transfer of 13C-Fullerenols from Scenedesmus obliquus to Daphnia magna in an Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12133-12141. [PMID: 30335979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenol, a water-soluble polyhydroxylated fullerene nanomaterial, enters aquatic organisms and ecosystems through different ingestion exposures and may pose environmental risks. The study of their uptake routes and transfer in aquatic systems is scarce. Herein, we quantitatively investigated the aquatic uptake and transfer of 13C-fullerenols from Scenedesmus obliquus to Daphnia magna using 13C-skeleton-labeling techniques. The bioaccumulation and depuration of fullerenol in Daphnia magna increased with exposure doses and time, reaching steady state within 16 h in aqueous and feeding-affected aqueous routes. The capacity of Daphnia magna to ingest fullerenol via the aqueous route was much higher than that via the dietary route. From the aqueous to feeding-affected aqueous, the kinetic analysis demonstrated the bioaccumulation factors decreases, which revealed that algae suppressed Daphnia magna uptake of fullerenols. The aqueous route was the primary fullerenols ingestion pathway for Daphnia magna. Kinetic analysis of the accumulation and transfer in Daphnia magna via the dietary route indicated low transfer efficiency of fullerenol along the Scenedesmus obliquus-Daphnia magna food chain. Using stable isotope labeling techniques, these quantitative data revealed that carbon nanomaterials underwent complex aquatic accumulation and transfer from primary producers to secondary consumers and algae inhibited their transfer in food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xue-Ling Chang
- Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qiuyue Shi
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
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8
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Wang C, Zhang Y, He W, Zhang X, Yang G, Wang Z, Ren M, Wang L. Na-Doped C70
Fullerene/N-Doped Graphene/Fe-Based Quantum Dot Nanocomposites for Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ultrahigh Coulombic Efficiency. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wen He
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Xudong Zhang
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
| | - Guihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
| | - Manman Ren
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan 250353 China
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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9
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Chen L, Wang C, Li H, Qu X, Yang ST, Chang XL. Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of 13C-Skeleton Labeled Graphene Oxide in Wheat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10146-10153. [PMID: 28771335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanomaterials have many diverse applications, but are considered to be emerging environmental pollutants. Thus, their potential environmental risks and biosafety are receiving increased attention. Bioaccumulation and toxicity evaluations in plants are essential for biosafety assessment. In this study, 13C-stable isotope labeling of the carbon skeleton of graphene oxide (GO) was applied to investigate the bioaccumulation and toxicity of GO in wheat. Bioaccumulation of GO was accurately quantified according to the 13C/12C ratio. Wheat seedlings were exposed to 13C-labeled GO at 1.0 mg/mL in nutrient solution for 15 d. 13C-GO accumulated predominantly in the root with a content of 112 μg/g at day 15, hindered the development and growth of wheat plants, disrupted root structure and cellular ultrastructure, and promoted oxidative stress. The GO that accumulated in the root showed extremely limited translocation to the stem and leaves. During the experimental period, GO was excreted slowly from the root. GO inhibited the germination of wheat seeds at high concentrations (≥0.4 mg/mL). The mechanism of GO toxicity to wheat may be associated with oxidative stress induced by GO bioaccumulation, reflected by the changes of malondialdehyde concentration, catalase activity, and peroxidase activity. The results demonstrate that 13C labeling is a promising method to investigate environmental impacts and fates of carbon nanomaterials in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University , Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University , Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiulong Qu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University , Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Tao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University , Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Ling Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Augustine S, Singh J, Srivastava M, Sharma M, Das A, Malhotra BD. Recent advances in carbon based nanosystems for cancer theranostics. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:901-952. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with four different types of carbon allotrope based nanosystems and summarizes the results of recent studies that are likely to have applications in cancer theranostics. We discuss the applications of these nanosystems for cancer imaging, drug delivery, hyperthermia, and PDT/TA/PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shine Augustine
- NanoBioelectronics Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Polymer Technology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
| | - Manish Srivastava
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics
- University of Delhi
- Delhi 110007
- India
| | - Monica Sharma
- NanoBioelectronics Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
| | - Asmita Das
- NanoBioelectronics Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- NanoBioelectronics Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
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Wang C, Bai Y, Li H, Liao R, Li J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Yang ST, Chang XL. Surface modification-mediated biodistribution of ¹³C-fullerene C₆₀ in vivo. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:14. [PMID: 26956156 PMCID: PMC4784322 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functionalization is believed to have a considerable impact on the biodistribution of fullerene in vivo. However, a direct comparison of differently functionalized fullerenes is required to prove the hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of surface modification on the biodistribution of fullerene following its exposure via several routs of administration. METHODS (13)C skeleton-labeled fullerene C60 ((13)C-C60) was functionalized with carboxyl groups ((13)C-C60-COOH) or hydroxyl groups ((13)C-C60-OH). Male ICR mice (~25 g) were exposed to a single dose of 400 μg of (13)C-C60-COOH or (13)C-C60-OH in 200 μL of aqueous 0.9% NaCl solution by three different exposure pathways, including tail vein injection, gavage and intraperitoneal exposure. Tissue samples, including blood, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys, lungs, brain, large intestine, small intestine, muscle, bone and skin were subsequently collected, dissected, homogenized, lyophilized, and analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS The liver, bone, muscle and skin were found to be the major target organs for C60-COOH and C60-OH after their intravenous injection, whereas unmodified C60 was mainly found in the liver, spleen and lung. The total uptakes in liver and spleen followed the order: C60 > > C60-COOH > C60-OH. The distribution rate over 24 h followed the order: C60 > C60-OH > C60-COOH. C60-COOH and C60-OH were both cleared from the body at 7 d post exposure. C60-COOH was absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract following gavage exposure and distributed into the heart, liver, spleen, stomach, lungs, intestine and bone tissues. The translocation of C60-OH was more widespread than that of C60-COOH after intraperitoneal injection. CONCLUSIONS The surface modification of fullerene C60 led to a decreased in its accumulation level and distribution rate, as well as altering its target organs. These results therefore demonstrate that the chemical functionalization of fullerene had a significant impact on its translocation and biodistribution properties. Further surface modifications could therefore be used to reduce the toxicity of C60 and improve its biocompatibility, which would be beneficial for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China.
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Yitong Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Liao
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P.R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P.R. China.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P.R. China.
| | - Sujuan Zhang
- Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng-Tao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-Ling Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
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