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Zheng J, Tang CH, Sun W. Heteroprotein complex coacervation: Focus on experimental strategies to investigate structure formation as a function of intrinsic and external physicochemical parameters for food applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102268. [PMID: 32977143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are important components of foods, because they are one of the essential food groups, they have many functional properties that are very useful for modifying the physicochemical and textural properties of processed foods and possess many biological activities that are beneficial to human health. The process of heteroprotein complex coacervation (HPCC) combines two or more proteins through long-range coulombic interaction and specific short-range forces, creating a liquid-liquid colloid, with highly concentrated protein in the droplet phase and much more diluted-protein in the bulk phase. Coacervates possess novel, modifiable, physicochemical characteristics, and often exhibit the combined biological activities of the protein components, which makes them applicable to formulated foods and encapsulation carriers. This review discusses research progress in the field of HPCC in three parts: (1) the basic and innovative experimental methods and simulation tools for understanding the physicochemical behavior of these heteroprotein supramolecular architectures; (2) the influence of environmental factors (pH, mixing ratio, salts, temperature, and formation time) and intrinsic factors (protein modifications, metal-binding, charge anisotropy, and polypeptide designs) on HPCC; (3) the potential applications of HPCC materials, such as encapsulation of nutraceuticals, nanogels, emulsion stabilization, and protein separation. The wide diversity of possible combinations of proteins with different properties, endows HPCC materials with great potential for development into highly-innovation functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chuan-He Tang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Weizheng Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510641, China.
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Preparation, study and characterization of complex coacervates formed between gelatin and cactus mucilage extracted from cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lv S, Duan T, Li H. Engineering Protein-Clay Nanosheets Composite Hydrogels with Designed Arginine-Rich Proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7255-7260. [PMID: 31083892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clay nanosheets (CNSs) have been widely used in the design of nanocomposite biomaterials. CNSs display a disk-like morphology with strong negatively charged surfaces. It has been shown that guanidinium-containing molecules can bind CNSs through noncovalent salt-bridge interactions and thus serve as "molecular glues" for CNSs. Making use of the guanidinium side chain in arginine, here, we designed novel arginine-rich elastomeric proteins to engineer protein-CNS nanocomposite hydrogels. Our results showed that these arginine-rich proteins can interact with CNSs effectively and can cross-link CNSs into hydrogels. Rheological measurements showed that mechanical properties of the resultant hydrogels depended on the arginine content in the arginine-rich proteins as well as CNS/protein concentration. Compared with hydrogels constructed from CNSs or proteins alone, the novel protein-CNS nanocomposite hydrogels show much improved mechanical properties. Our work opens up a new avenue to engineer functional protein hydrogels for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lv
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Duan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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Horn JM, Kapelner RA, Obermeyer AC. Macro- and Microphase Separated Protein-Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Design Parameters and Current Progress. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E578. [PMID: 30960562 PMCID: PMC6523202 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-containing polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are a diverse class of materials, composed of two or more oppositely charged polyelectrolytes that condense and phase separate near overall charge neutrality. Such phase-separation can take on a variety of morphologies from macrophase separated liquid condensates, to solid precipitates, to monodispersed spherical micelles. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in protein-containing PECs, with an overall goal of defining relevant design parameters for macro- and microphase separated PECs. For both classes of PECs, the influence of protein characteristics, such as surface charge and patchiness, co-polyelectrolyte characteristics, such as charge density and structure, and overall solution characteristics, such as salt concentration and pH, are considered. After overall design features are established, potential applications in food processing, biosensing, drug delivery, and protein purification are discussed and recent characterization techniques for protein-containing PECs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Horn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Rachel A Kapelner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Allie C Obermeyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Kaushik P, Rawat K, Aswal VK, Kohlbrecher J, Bohidar HB. Mixing ratio dependent complex coacervation versus bicontinuous gelation of pectin with in situ formed zein nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6463-6475. [PMID: 30051132 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00809d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the competitive phenomenon of complex coacervation versus bicontinuous gelation between pectin (P, a polyanionic carbohydrate, [P] = 0.01-2% (w/v)) and zein nanoparticles (Z, a hydrophobic protein and a weak polyampholyte, [Z] = 0.1 and 0.5% (w/v), in an ethanolic solution of effective concentration 4 and 27% (v/v)), which was studied below (pH ≈ 4), and above (pH ≈ 7.4) the pI (≈ 6.2) of zein at room temperature, 25 °C. The uniqueness of this study arises from the interaction protocol used, where the pectin used was in the extended polyelectrolyte (persistence length ≈ 10 nm) conformation while zein was used as a charged globular nanoparticle (size ≈ 80-120 nm) that was formed in situ. Their mixing ratio, r = [P] : [Z] (w/w), was varied from 0.02 to 4.0 (for [Z] = 0.5% (w/v)), and from 0.1 to 7.5 (for [Z] = 0.1% (w/v)) in the ionic strength range 10-4 to 10-2 M NaCl. Zeta potential data revealed that at pH ≈ 4, the complementary binding condition, r = 1 : 1 (equivalent to 1 : 5 molecule/nanoparticle) demarcated the coacervate from the gel region. The measured rigidity (G0, low frequency storage modulus) of these materials revealed the following: for r < 1, (low pectin content samples, coacervate region) the material had lower values of Gcoac0, whereas for r > 1, an excess of pectin facilitated gelation with Ggel0 ≫ Gcoac0. Above pI, surface patch binding caused associative interactions and complex coacervation though both biopolymers had similar net charge. The network density was used as a descriptor to distinguish between the coacervate and gel samples. Their microstructures were probed by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and viscoelastic properties by rheology. Simple modeling shows that formation of the interpolymer complex was favored in higher protein containing samples. Mixing ratio dependent selective coacervation (a kinetic process) and bicontinuous gelation (a thermodynamic process) are rarely seen to coexist in biopolymer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kaushik
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Yamashita Y, Yanagisawa M, Tokita M. Dynamics of Spinodal Decomposition in a Ternary Gelling System. Gels 2018; 4:gels4020026. [PMID: 30674802 PMCID: PMC6209272 DOI: 10.3390/gels4020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase diagram and phase transitions of the ternary system of gelatin, water and poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers were studied as a function of the weight fraction of gelatin and the weight fraction and molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers. It was found that both phase separation and the sol-gel transition occur in this ternary system. The relative position of the phase separation line and the sol-gel transition line depends on the weight fraction and the molecular weight of the poly(ethylene glycol) oligomer that coexists in the solution. All aspects of the phase diagram are sensitive to the molecular weight of the poly(ethylene glycol) oligomer. Since the phase separation line crosses the sol-gel transition line in the phase space that is created by the temperature and the weight fraction of gelatin, the phase space is typically divided into four regions, where each region corresponds to a definite phase. The transitions between mutual phases were studied using the light-scattering technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamashita
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 810-0935, Japan.
| | - Miho Yanagisawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 810-0935, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Tokita
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 810-0935, Japan.
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Heteroprotein complex coacervation: A generic process. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 239:115-126. [PMID: 27370709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins exhibit a rich diversity of functional, physico-chemical and biodegradable properties which makes them appealing for various applications in the food and non-food sectors. Such properties are attributed to their ability to interact and assemble into a diversity of supramolecular structures. The present review addresses the updated research progress in the recent field of complex coacervation made from mixtures of oppositely charged proteins (i.e. heteroprotein systems). First, we describe briefly the main proteins used for heteroprotein coacervation. Then, through some selected examples, we illustrate the particularity and specificity of each heteroprotein system and the requirements that drive optimal assembly into coacervates. Finally, possible and promising applications of heteroprotein coacervates are mentioned.
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Liu Y, Winter HH, Perry SL. Linear viscoelasticity of complex coacervates. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 239:46-60. [PMID: 27633928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rheology is a powerful method for material characterization that can provide detailed information about the self-assembly, structure, and intermolecular interactions present in a material. Here, we review the use of linear viscoelastic measurements for the rheological characterization of complex coacervate-based materials. Complex coacervation is an electrostatically and entropically-driven associative liquid-liquid phase separation phenomenon that can result in the formation of bulk liquid phases, or the self-assembly of hierarchical, microphase separated materials. We discuss the need to link thermodynamic studies of coacervation phase behavior with characterization of material dynamics, and provide parallel examples of how parameters such as charge stoichiometry, ionic strength, and polymer chain length impact self-assembly and material dynamics. We conclude by highlighting key areas of need in the field, and specifically call for the development of a mechanistic understanding of how molecular-level interactions in complex coacervate-based materials affect both self-assembly and material dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - H Henning Winter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah L Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Pathak J, Rawat K, Aswal VK, Bohidar HB. Hierarchical Internal Structures in Gelatin-Bovine Serum Albumin/β-Lactoglobulin Gels and Coacervates. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9506-12. [PMID: 27526229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the comparative study of gels and complex coacervates of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) with gelatin close to their common pI. Surface patch binding produced a range of new soft matter phases (interpolymer complexes) such as opaque coacervates (charge neutralized complexes) and transparent gels (overcharged complexes). We emphasize on the comparative study of the microstructure of coacervates and gels formed at different mixing ratios using small angle scattering (SANS) data. It was found that phase states were entirely defined by the mixing ratio r = [GB]:[β-Lg or BSA]. Thermo-viscoelastic profiles of aforesaid samples revealed a smaller storage modulus and lower melting temperature for coacervates compared to gels. Thermally activated samples generated additional phases that were also probed by SANS and rheology. Thus, it is established that intermolecular association between globular proteins and a random coil polypeptide can generate various soft matter states that may facilitate harvesting of novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Pathak
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kamla Rawat
- Special Center for Nanosciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India.,Inter University Accelerator Centre , New Delhi 110067, India
| | - V K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - H B Bohidar
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India.,Special Center for Nanosciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067, India
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Das K, Rawat K, Bohidar HB. Surface patch binding induced interaction of anisotropic nanoclays with globular plasma proteins. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11669h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphology dependent interaction of model anisotropic nanoparticles with globular plasma proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Das
- School of Physical Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
| | - Kamla Rawat
- Special Center for Nanosciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
- Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC)
| | - H. B. Bohidar
- School of Physical Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
- Special Center for Nanosciences
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