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Subrahmanian S, Sundararaman S, Kasivelu G. Carbon and metal based magnetic porous materials - Role in drug removal: A Comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142533. [PMID: 38849099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Development of effective adsorbents for the removal of contaminants from wastewater is indispensable due to increasing water scarcity and a lack of pure drinking water, which are prevailing as a result of rapid industrialization and population growth. Recently, the development of new adsorbents and their effective use without generating secondary waste is receiving huge consideration. In order to protect the environment from primary and secondary pollution, the development of adsorbents from wastes and their recycling have become conventional practices aimed at waste management. As a result, significant progress has been made in the synthesis of new porous carbon and metal-organic frameworks as adsorbents, with the objective of using them for the removal of pollutants. While many different kinds of pollutants are produced in the environment, drug pollutants are the most vicious because of their tendency to undergo significant structural changes, producing metabolites and residues with entirely different properties compared to their parent compounds. Chemical reactions involving oxidation, hydrolysis, and photolysis transform drugs. The resulting compounds can have detrimental effects on living beings that are present in soil and water. This review stresses the development of adsorbents with adjustable porosities for the broad removal of primary drug pollutants and their metabolites, which are formed as a result of drug transformations in environmental matrices. This keeps adsorbents from building up in the environment and prevents them from becoming significant pollutants in the future. Additionally, it stops secondary pollution caused by the deterioration of the used adsorbents. Focus on the development of effective adsorbents with flexible porosities allows for the complete removal of coexisting contaminants and makes a substantial contribution to wastewater management. In order to concentrate more on the development of flexible pore adsorbents, it is crucial to comprehend the milestones reached in the research and applications of porous magnetic adsorbents based on metal and carbon, which are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Subrahmanian
- Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600119, India.
| | - Sathish Sundararaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600119, India
| | - Govindaraju Kasivelu
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai -600119, India
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Di Caprio F, Altimari P, Astolfi ML, Pagnanelli F. Optimization of two-phase synthesis of Fe-hydrochar for arsenic removal from drinking water: Effect of temperature and Fe concentration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119834. [PMID: 38128206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-contaminated water is a global concern that demands the development of cost-effective treatments to ensure a safe drinking water supply for people worldwide. In this paper, we report the optimization of a two-phase synthesis for producing a hydrochar core from olive pomace to serve as support for the deposition of Fe-hydroxide, which is the active component in As(V) removal. The operating conditions considered were the initial concentration of Fe in solution in the hydrothermal treatment (phase I) and the temperature of Fe precipitation (phase II). The obtained samples were characterized for their elemental composition, solid yield, mineral content (Fe and K), phenol release, As(V) sorption capacity, and sorbent stability. Correlation analysis revealed that higher Fe concentrations (26.8 g/L) ensured better carbonization during hydrothermal treatment, increased arsenic removal, reduced concentrations of phenols in the final liquid, and improved stability of the sorbent composite. On the other hand, the temperature during Fe precipitation (phase II) can be maintained at lower levels (25-80 °C) since higher temperatures yielded lower adsorption capacity. Regression analysis demonstrated the significance of the main effects of the parameters on sorption capacity and provided a model for selecting operating conditions (Fe concentration and phase II temperature) to obtain composite sorbents with tailored sorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Di Caprio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pietro Altimari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; CIABC, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagnanelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Al-Swadi HA, Al-Farraj AS, Al-Wabel MI, Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Ahmad J, Mousa MA, Rafique MI. Impacts of kaolinite enrichment on biochar and hydrochar characterization, stability, toxicity, and maize germination and growth. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1259. [PMID: 38218904 PMCID: PMC10787757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC) composites were synthesized with natural kaolinite clay and their properties, stability, carbon (C) sequestration potential, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity, and impacts on maize germination and growth were explored. Conocarpus waste was pretreated with 0%, 10%, and 20% kaolinite and pyrolyzed to produce BCs (BC, BCK10, and BCK20, respectively), while hydrothermalized to produce HCs (HC, HCK10, and HCK20, respectively). The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope analyses, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, surface area, proximate analyses, and chemical analysis to investigate the distinction in physiochemical and structural characteristics. The BCs showed higher C contents (85.73-92.50%) as compared to HCs (58.81-61.11%). The BCs demonstrated a higher thermal stability, aromaticity, and C sequestration potential than HCs. Kaolinite enriched-BCs showed the highest cation exchange capacity than pristine BC (34.97% higher in BCK10 and 38.04% higher in BCK20 than pristine BC), while surface area was the highest in kaolinite composited HCs (202.8% higher in HCK10 and 190.2% higher in HCK20 than pristine HC). The recalcitrance index (R50) speculated a higher recalcitrance for BC, BCK10, and BCK20 (R50 > 0.7), minimal degradability for HCK10 and HCK20 (0.5 < R50 < 0.7), and higher degradability for biomass and HC (R50 < 0.5). Overall, increasing the kaolinite enrichment percentage significantly enhanced the thermal stability and C sequestration potential of charred materials, which may be attributed to changes in the structural arrangements. The ∑ total PAHs concentration in the synthesized materials were below the USEPA's suggested limits, indicating their safe use as soil amendments. Germination indices reflected positive impacts of synthesized charred materials on maize germination and growth. Therefore, we propose that kaolinite-composited BCs and HCs could be considered as efficient and cost-effective soil amendments for improving plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed A Al-Swadi
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S Al-Farraj
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad I Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R A Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jahangir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Awad Mousa
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Rafique
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Luo Z, Peng X, Liang W, Zhou D, Dang C, Cai W. Enhanced adsorption of roxarsone on iron-nitrogen co-doped biochar from peanut shell: Synthesis, performance and mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129762. [PMID: 37716571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient removal of organic arsenic (roxarsone, ROX) from wastewater is highly demanded on the purpose of human health and environmental protection. This work aims to prepare Fe-N co-doped biochar (Fe-N-BC) via one-pot hydrothermal method using waste peanut shell, FeCl3·6H2O and urea, followed by pyrolysis. The effect of Fe-N co-doping on biochar's physicochemical properties, and adsorption performance for ROX were systematically investigated. At the pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C, Fe-N-BC-650 shows a significantly increased specific surface area of 358.53 m2/g with well-developed micro-mesoporous structure. Its adsorption capacity for ROX reaches as high as 197.32 mg/g at 25 °C, with > 90 % regeneration efficiency after multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. Correlation and spectral analysis revealed that the pore filling, π-π interactions, as well as hydrogen bonding play the dominant role in ROX adsorption. These results suggest that the Fe-N co-doped biochar shows great potential in the ROX removal from wastewater with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, China; Joint Institute of Guangzhou University & Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- DeCarbon Tech. (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, 518071 Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanwen Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, China; Joint Institute of Guangzhou University & Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxiong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiquan Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, China.
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Nille OS, Patel RS, Borate BY, Babar SS, Kolekar GB, Gore AH. One-step in-situ sustainable synthesis of magnetic carbon nanocomposite from corn comb (MCCC): agricultural biomass valorisation for pollutant abatement in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:38425-38442. [PMID: 36580255 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study explored a novel, eco-friendly, sustainable, low-cost, and abundantly available corn comb (CC) agricultural biomass waste-derived one-step in-situ synthesis of magnetic carbon (MCCC) as an efficient adsorbent for water decontamination applications. Herein, we developed a robust and easily separable MCCC by carbonization of Fe(NO3)3.9H2O single iron salt-soaked CC at 500 °C for 5 h. The as-synthesized MCCC was confirmed for their physicochemical properties by various characterization techniques viz. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission emission microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface area measurements by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) study, Raman analysis, and magnetic behavior by VSM analysis. The adsorption properties of MCCC on prototypical pollutant methylene blue (MB) was monitored depending on the effect of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and varying concentrations of MB. Especially, the π-π interactions played important role in the adsorption of MB at acidic pH (pH = 4). The MCCC displayed a maximum uptake capacity of 120.73 ± 0.63 mg/g toward MB. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were fitted with determined coefficient (R2) values of 0.99, 0.95, and 0.96 respectively. The kinetics of the adsorption process was well fitted with a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.99). Most significantly, the as-designed easily separable, and reusable adsorbent, MCCC was effectively applied for the abatement of pollutants, different kinds of dyes, pesticides, and industrial wastewater samples. The sustainable, affordable, and waste to wealth-based MCCC with a simple synthesis methodology can be fruitfully applicable for environmental remediation and water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar S Nille
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, MS, India
| | - Rahul S Patel
- Tarsadia Institute of Chemical Science, UKA Tarsadia University, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhagyashree Y Borate
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, MS, India
| | - Santosh S Babar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, MS, India
| | - Govind B Kolekar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, MS, India
| | - Anil H Gore
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, MS, India.
- Tarsadia Institute of Chemical Science, UKA Tarsadia University, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India.
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Madusari S, Jamari SS, Nordin NIAA, Bindar Y, Prakoso T, Restiawaty E, Steven S. Hybrid Hydrothermal Carbonization and Ultrasound Technology on Oil Palm Biomass for Hydrochar Production. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Madusari
- University Malaysia Pahang Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob 26300 Pekan Malaysia
- Politeknik Kelapa Sawit Citra Widya Edukasi Production Technology of Plantation Crop Program Jl. Gapura No. 8 17520 Bekasi Indonesia
| | - Saidatul Shima Jamari
- University Malaysia Pahang Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob 26300 Pekan Malaysia
| | - Noor Ida Amalina Ahamad Nordin
- University Malaysia Pahang Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob 26300 Pekan Malaysia
| | - Yazid Bindar
- Institut Teknologi Bandung Department of Chemical Engineering Jl. Ganesha No. 10 40132 Bandung Indonesia
- Institut Teknologi Bandung Department of Bioenergy and Chemurgy Engineering Kampus Jatinangor 45363 Sumedang West Java Indonesia
| | - Tirto Prakoso
- Institut Teknologi Bandung Department of Chemical Engineering Jl. Ganesha No. 10 40132 Bandung Indonesia
- Institut Teknologi Bandung Department of Bioenergy and Chemurgy Engineering Kampus Jatinangor 45363 Sumedang West Java Indonesia
| | - Elvi Restiawaty
- Institut Teknologi Bandung Department of Chemical Engineering Jl. Ganesha No. 10 40132 Bandung Indonesia
- Institut Teknologi Bandung Department of Bioenergy and Chemurgy Engineering Kampus Jatinangor 45363 Sumedang West Java Indonesia
| | - Soen Steven
- Institut Teknologi Bandung Department of Chemical Engineering Jl. Ganesha No. 10 40132 Bandung Indonesia
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Li F, Gao J, Wu H, Li Y, He X, Chen L. A Highly Selective and Sensitive Fluorescent Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Functionalized Mn-Doped ZnS Quantum Dots for Detection of Roxarsone in Feeds. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172997. [PMID: 36080032 PMCID: PMC9457937 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Roxarsone (ROX) as an organoarsenic feed additive has been widely used in livestock breeding and poultry industry, but ROX can degrade into highly toxic inorganic arsenic species in natural environments to threaten to the environment and human health. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in developing convenient, selective and sensitive methods for the detection of ROX in livestock breeding and poultry industry. In this work, a fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer (MIPs) probe based on amino-modified Mn-ZnS quantum dots (QDs) has been developed by sol-gel polymerization for specific recognition of ROX. The synthesized MIPs-coated Mn-ZnS QDs (MIPs@Mn-ZnS QDs) have highly selective recognition sites to ROX because there are multi-interactions among the template ROX, functional monomer phenyltrimethoxysilane and the amino-functionalized QDs such as the π-π conjugating effect, hydrogen bonds. Under the optimal conditions, an obvious fluorescence quenching was observed when ROX was added to the solution, and the quenching mechanism could be explained as the photo-induced electron transfer. The MIPs@Mn-ZnS QDs sensor exhibited sensitive response to ROX in the linear range from 3.75 × 10-8 M to 6.25 × 10-7 M (R2 = 0.9985) and the limit of detection down to 4.34 nM. Moreover, the fluorescence probe has been applied to the quantitative detection of ROX in feed samples, and the recovery was in the range of 91.9% to 108.0%. The work demonstrated that the prepared MIPs@Mn-ZnS QDs probe has a good potential for rapid and sensitive determination of ROX in complicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haocheng Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiwen He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Langxing Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Gasim MF, Lim JW, Low SC, Lin KYA, Oh WD. Can biochar and hydrochar be used as sustainable catalyst for persulfate activation? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132458. [PMID: 34610377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in using char (hydrochar or biochar) derived from biomass as persulfate (PS, either peroxymonosulfate or peroxydisulfate) activator for anthropogenic pollutants removal. While extensive investigation showed that char could be used as a PS activator, its sustainability over prolonged application is equivocal. This review provides an assessment of the knowledge gap related to the sustainability of char as a PS activator. The desirable char properties for PS activation are identified, include the high specific surface area and favorable surface chemistry. Various synthesis strategies to obtain the desirable properties during biomass pre-treatment, hydrochar and biochar synthesis, and char post-treatment are discussed. Thereafter, factors related to the sustainability of employing char as a PS activator for anthropogenic pollutants removal are critically evaluated. Among the critical factors include performance uncertainty, competing adsorption process, char stability during PS activation, biomass precursor variation, scalability, and toxic components in char. Finally, some potential research directions are provided. Fulfilling the sustainability factors will provide opportunity to employ char as an economical and efficient catalyst for sustainable environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Chun Low
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Chen H, Xu J, Lin H, Zhao X, Shang J, Liu Z. Arsenic removal via a novel hydrochar from livestock waste co-activated with thiourea and γ-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126457. [PMID: 34216968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contaminants post tremendous threats to environment safety. Pristine hydrochar (PHC), thiourea-activated hydrochar (THC), and thiourea-Fe(NO3)3-activated hydrochar (Fe2O3@THC) were fabricated from dairy cattle manure via one-pot hydrothermal carbonization at 250 ℃ and applied for aqueous As(V) removal. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted to characterize hydrochars and As(V) adsorption. Thiourea increased N and S functional groups (-NH2, C-N, C=S and S=O). Fe(NO3)3 introduced γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and provided Fe2O3@THC with Fe-O. The combination of thiourea and Fe(NO3)3 granted Fe2O3@THC with the largest surface area (33.45 m2/g), and the highest total pore volume (0.095 cm3/g) among three hydrochars. As(V) adsorption was a physicochemical process involving electrostatic attraction, complexation, ion exchange and H-bond interaction. The maximum As(V) adsorption capacities and partition coefficients decreased as follows: Fe2O3@THC (44.80 mg/g; 38.44 L/g) > THC (38.77 mg/g; 5.94 L/g) > PHC (19.05 mg/g; 1.17 L/g). Three hydrochars exhibited preferable reusability in NaOH solution with only 24.2%, 11.8% and 14.1% decrease in adsorption rates after four cycles for PHC, THC and Fe2O3@THC, respectively. Fe2O3@THC is a promising adsorbent for efficient As(V) removal. This study explored the efficient As(V) removal by activated hydrochars with future research potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Chen
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiatao Xu
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Lin
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianying Shang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100021, China.
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Patiño AAB, Lassalle VL, Horst MF. Magnetic hydrochar nanocomposite obtained from sunflower husk: A potential material for environmental remediation. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mehmood A, Khan FSA, Mubarak NM, Tan YH, Karri RR, Khalid M, Walvekar R, Abdullah EC, Nizamuddin S, Mazari SA. Magnetic nanocomposites for sustainable water purification-a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19563-19588. [PMID: 33651297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous contaminants in huge amounts are discharged to the environment from various anthropogenic activities. Waterbodies are one of the major receivers of these contaminants. The contaminated water can pose serious threats to humans and animals, by distrubing the ecosystem. In treating the contaminated water, adsorption processes have attained significant maturity due to lower cost, easy operation and environmental friendliness. The adsorption process uses various adsorbent materials and some of emerging adsorbent materials include carbon- and polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites. These hybrid magnetic nanocomposites have attained extensive applications in water treatment technologies due to their magnetic properties as well as combination of unique characteristics of organic and inorganic elements. Carbon- and polymer-related magnetic nanocomposites are more adapted materials for the removal of various kinds of contaminants from waterbodies. These nanocomposites can be produced via different approaches such as filling, pulse-laser irradiation, ball milling, and electro-spinning. This comprehensive review is compiled by reviewing published work of last the latest recent 3 years. The review article extensively focuses on different approaches for producing various carbon- and polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites, their merits and demerits and applications for sustainable water purification. More specifically, use of carbon- and polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites for removal of heavy metal ions and dyes is discussed in detail, critically analyzed and compared with other technologies. In addition, commercial viability in terms of regeneration of adsorbents is also reviewed. Furthermore, the future challenges and prospects in employing magnetic nanocomposites for contaminant removal from various water sources are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Mehmood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Fahad Saleem Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Yie Hua Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ezzat Chan Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Shaukat Ali Mazari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
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12
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Jia C, Luo J, Fan J, Clark JH, Zhang S, Zhu X. Urgently reveal longly hidden toxicant in a familiar fabrication process of biomass-derived environment carbon material. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 100:250-256. [PMID: 33279037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived N-doped carbon (BNC) is an important environmental material and widely used in the fields of water purification and soil remediation. However, the toxicant in the commonly used synthesis process of BNC materials have been largely ignored. Herein, we firstly report the presence of a highly toxic by-product (KCN) in the activation process of BNC materials consequential of the carbothermal reduction reaction. Because this carbothermal reduction reaction also regulates the N-doping and pore development of BNC materials, the KCN content directly relates with the properties of BNC material properties. Accordingly, a high KCN content (∽ 611 mg) can occur in the production process of per g BNC material with high specific surface area (∽ 3600 m2/g). Because the application performance of BNC material is determined by the surface area and available N doping, therefore, production of a BNC material with high performance entails high risk. Undoubtedly, this study proves a completely new risk recognition on a familiar synthesis process of biomass-based material. And, strict protective device should be taken in fabrication process of biomass-derived carbon material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiewen Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - James H Clark
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai 200438, China.
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13
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Khan FSA, Mubarak NM, Tan YH, Karri RR, Khalid M, Walvekar R, Abdullah EC, Mazari SA, Nizamuddin S. Magnetic nanoparticles incorporation into different substrates for dyes and heavy metals removal-A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43526-43541. [PMID: 32909134 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Substantial discharge of hazardous substances, especially dyes and heavy metal ions to the environment, has become a global concern due to many industries neglecting the environmental protocols in waste management. A massive discharge of contaminantsfrom different anthropogenic activities, can pose alarming threats to living species and adverse effect to the ecosystem stability. In the process of treating the polluted water, various methods and materials are used. Hybrid nanocomposites have attained numerous interest due to the combination of remarkable features of the organic and inorganic elements in a single material. In this regards, carbon and polymer based nanocomposites have gained particular interest because of their tremendous magnetic properties and stability. These nanocomposites can be fabricated using several approaches that include filling, template, hydrothermal, pulsed-laser irradiation, electro-spinning, detonation induced reaction, pyrolysis, ball milling, melt-blending, and many more. Moreover, carbon-based and polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites have been utilized for an extensive number of applications such as removal of heavy metal and dye adsorbents, magnetic resonance imaging, and drug delivery. This review emphasized mainly on the production of magnetic carbon and polymer nanocomposites employing various approaches and their applications in water and wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the future opportunities and challenges in applying magnetic nanocomposites for heavy metal ion and dye removal from water and wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Saleem Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Yie Hua Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ezzat Chan Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shaukat Ali Mazari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
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14
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Yu X, Han X, Chang C, Hu Y, Xu CC, Fang S. Corncob-derived activated carbon for roxarsone removal from aqueous solution: isotherms, kinetics, and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15785-15797. [PMID: 32088818 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the adsorption of roxarsone (ROX) onto corncob-derived activated carbon (AC) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Following this, the AC was comprehensively characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and EDS analysis. The results showed that the highest ROX adsorption efficiency of 304.34 mg/g was obtained at the contact time of 262 min, initial pH of 2.5, adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g/L, and initial concentration of 240 mg/L. Besides, it was found that the adsorption equilibrium data was fitted well to the Langmuir and Sips isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters (e.g., ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) revealed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of ROX adsorption. As indicated by pseudo second-order kinetics model, the adsorption of ROX onto AC could be achieved through the hydrogen bond, π-π adsorbate-adsorbent interaction, and electrostatic interaction between AC surface functional group and molecular species variations of ROX at different pH values. Overall, it can be concluded that corncob-derived AC is an alternative option for removing ROX from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Chunbao Charles Xu
- Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Shuqi Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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15
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Hao S, Zhu X, Liu Y, Qian F, Fang Z, Shi Q, Zhang S, Chen J, Ren ZJ. Production Temperature Effects on the Structure of Hydrochar-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter and Associated Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7486-7495. [PMID: 29804453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrochar is a carbonaceous material derived from hydrothermal liquefaction, and it carries good potential as a new material for environmental applications. However, little is known about the dissolved organic matter (DOM) associated with hydrochar and the consequences of its release. The relationship between the production temperature and the characteristics of DOM released from hydrochar as well as the associated biotoxicity was investigated using a suite of advanced molecular and spectroscopic tools. With the increase in production temperature, the resulted hydrochar-based DOM contained a higher content of phenols and organic acids but less sugars and furans. Meanwhile, the molecular structure of DOM shifted to lower molecular weight with higher organic contents containing <6 O atoms per compound, aromatics, and N-containing substances. While low-temperature hydrochar-derived DOM showed minimal biotoxicity, increase in production temperature to 330 °C led to a great rise in toxicity. This might be attributed to the increased contents of phenols, organic acids, and organics containing <6 O atoms and 1 N atom per compound. These results suggest that hydrochar-derived DOM have more negative impacts on the environment than the organics associated with biochar production. Such understanding highlights the importance of controlling the hydrochar production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilai Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Feng Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing , China University of Petroleum , Beijing 102249 , China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing , China University of Petroleum , Beijing 102249 , China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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16
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Wang H, Liu Y, Ifthikar J, Shi L, Khan A, Chen Z, Chen Z. Towards a better understanding on mercury adsorption by magnetic bio-adsorbents with γ-Fe 2O 3 from pinewood sawdust derived hydrochar: Influence of atmosphere in heat treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 256:269-276. [PMID: 29454278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis under protective atmosphere was regarded as an indispensable process for the preparation of biomass-based adsorbents to achieve higher surface areas. In this paper, magnetic carbon composites (MCC) that fabricated under air atmosphere showed an adsorption capacity of 167.22 mg/g in 200 ppm Hg(II), which was significantly higher than magnetic biochar (MBC, 31.80 mg/g) that fabricated under traditional nitrogen protection, and this remarkable performance of MCC was consistent in a wide range of pHs. Based on BET, XRD, FTIR, SEM and Boehm titration, MCC was demonstrated with limited surface area (43.29 m2/g) but large amount of surface functional groups comparing with MBC. Additionally, γ-Fe2O3 with a high degree of crystallization was generated in MCC, which led to a better magnetic property and recyclability. Moreover, characterizations, Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics demonstrated the chemisorption was dominant for MCC in mercury capture, and surface complexation co-precipitate of Hg4Fe8O16C56H40 were also formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jerosha Ifthikar
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lerong Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Aimal Khan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhulei Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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17
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Fang J, Zhan L, Ok YS, Gao B. Minireview of potential applications of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Zhu X, Liu Y, Qian F, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Chen J, Ren ZJ. Demethanation Trend of Hydrochar Induced by Organic Solvent Washing and Its Influence on Hydrochar Activation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10756-10764. [PMID: 28823154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been recognized as a promising carbonaceous material for environmental remediation. Organic solvents are widely used to extract bio-oil from hydrochar after HTC, but the effects of solvent extraction on hydrochar characteristics have not been investigated. This study comprehensively analyzed the effects of different washing times and solvent types on the hydrochar properties. The results indicate that the mass loss of hydrochar by tetrahydrofuran washing occurred mainly in the first 90 min, and the loss ratios of elements followed a descending order of H > C > O, resulting in a decrease in the H/C atomic ratio and an increase in the O/C atomic ratio. The use of various solvents for washing brought about hydrochar loss ratios in a descending order of petroleum ether < dichloromethane < acetone < tetrahydrofuran. The results from the Van Krevelen diagram and Fourier transform infrared, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies further confirmed that demethanation controlled this washing process. Most importantly, the surface area of hydrochar increased after bio-oil removal via washing, which promoted the surface area development for hydrochar-derived magnetic carbon composites, but to some extent decreased the microporosity. Additionally, hydrochar washing by organic solvent has important implications for the global carbon cycle and its remediation application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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