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Shah UA, Wang A, Irfan Ullah M, Ishaq M, Shah IA, Zeng Y, Abbasi MS, Umair MA, Farooq U, Liang GX, Sun K. A Deep Dive into Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) Solar Cells: A Review of Exploring Roadblocks, Breakthroughs, and Shaping the Future. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310584. [PMID: 38470191 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Renewable energy is crucial for sustainable future, and Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) based solar cells shine as a beacon of hope. CZTS, composed of abundant, low-cost, and non-toxic elements, shares similarities with Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS). However, despite its promise and appealing properties for solar cells, CZTS-based solar cells faces performance challenges owing to inherent issues with CZTS material, and conventional substrate structure complexities. This review critically examines these roadblocks, explores ongoing efforts and breakthroughs, providing insight into the evolving landscape of CZTS-based solar cells research. Furthermore, as an optimistic turn in the field, the review first highlights the crucial need to transition to a superstrate structure for CZTS-based single junction devices, and summarizes the substantial progress made in this direction. Subsequently, dive into the discussion about the fascinating realm of CZTS-based tandem devices, providing an overview of the existing literature as well as outlining the possible potential strategies for enhancing the efficiency of such devices. Finally, the review provides a useful outlook that outlines the priorities for future research and suggesting where efforts should concentrate to shape the future of CZTS-based solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali Shah
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, via Giovanni Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, 50019, Italy
| | - Ao Wang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Muhammad Irfan Ullah
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P.R. China
| | - Imtiaz Alam Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 04436, Pakistan
| | - Yiyu Zeng
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Misbah Sehar Abbasi
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Ali Umair
- European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, I-50019, Italy
| | - Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Xing Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P.R. China
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Tanaka M, Hirose Y, Harada Y, Takahashi M, Sakata Y, Higashimoto S. Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) by co-electrodeposition of Cu-Zn-Sn alloys, and effect of chemical composition of CZTS on their photoelectrochemical water splitting. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Ahmad AA, Migdadi AB, Alsaad AM, Qattan IA, Al-Bataineh QM, Telfah A. Computational and experimental characterizations of annealed Cu 2ZnSnS 4 thin films. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08683. [PMID: 35028463 PMCID: PMC8741509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films prepared at different annealing temperatures using the sol-gel method and deposited on glass substrates using the immersing method. The XRD analysis demonstrates that the films annealed at 450 °C exhibit the most stable tetrahedral kesterite structure. Computationally, the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) has been implemented to calculate critical structural properties of as-prepared CZTS) thin films and compared with those extracted from the XRD patterns. An excellent agreement is obtained between the calculated and measured structural parameters. Optical measurement of key optical parameters of annealed CZTS thin films shows a drastic manipulation of all-optical properties compared to the as-prepared thin films. In particular, an optical band gap of 1.62 eV obtained for annealed CZTS thin films at 450 °C makes them eligible to be potential candidates for thin film-based high-efficiency solar cells. Calculations of elastic properties of annealed thin films reveal that crystallite size increases and microstrain decrease compared with those of as-prepared thin films. The sheet resistance of annealed CZTS thin films exhibits a significant decline as the annealing temperature is increased. The electrical properties of annealed CZTS thin films could match some conductors. Remarkably, at 450 °C annealing temperature, the sheet resistance decreases to 74 Ω.cm−1 indicating the possibility of using the annealed CZTS thin films for efficient and low cost solar cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Ahmad
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - A B Migdadi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad M Alsaad
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - I A Qattan
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qais M Al-Bataineh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Telfah
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, (HMCSR), Jordan University, Amman, 11942, Jordan.,Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Superstrate Structured FTO/TiO2/In2S3/Cu2ZnSnS4 Solar Cells Fabricated by a Spray Method with Aqueous Solutions. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (C2ZTS4) solar cells have become a fascinating research topic due to several advantages of the C2ZTS4 absorber layer, such as having non-toxic and abundantly available components. Superstrate structured C2ZTS4 solar cells were fabricated on the top of a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate with a spray pyrolysis method from the window layer to the absorber layer. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and indium sulfide (In2S3) were used as the window and buffer layer, respectively. The source materials for the C2ZTS4 and buffer layers were all aqueous-based solutions. The metallic component ratio, Cu/(Zn + Sn), and the sulfur concentration in the solutions were systematically investigated. The optimum ratio of Cu/(Zn + Sn) in the film is about 0.785, while 0.18 M thiourea in the solution is the best condition for high performance. The C2ZTS4 layers deposited at lower temperatures (<360 °C) yielded a low quality resulting in low current density (JSC). On the other hand, the C2ZTS4 layers deposited at high temperature (~400 °C) showed a low fill factor (FF) without degradation of the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and JSC due to the junction degradation and high contact resistance between the absorber layer and metal contact. The best cell efficiency, VOC, JSC, and fill factor achieved were 3.34%, 383 mV, 24.6 mA/cm2, and 37.7%, respectively.
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Aqueous-based Binary Sulfide Nanoparticle Inks for Cu 2ZnSnS 4 Thin Films Stabilized with Tin(IV) Chalcogenide Complexes. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101382. [PMID: 31561636 PMCID: PMC6835281 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising semiconductor material for photovoltaic applications, with excellent optical and electronic properties while boasting a nontoxic, inexpensive, and abundant elemental composition. Previous high-quality CZTS thin films often required either vacuum-based deposition processes or the use of organic ligands/solvents for ink formulation, which are associated with various issues regarding performance or economic feasibility. To address these issues, an alternative method for depositing CZTS thin films using an aqueous-based nanoparticle suspension is demonstrated in this work. Nanoparticles of constituent binary sulfides (CuxS and ZnS) are stabilized in an ink using tin(IV)-based, metal chalcogenide complexes such as [Sn2S6]4−. This research paper provides a systematic study of the nanoparticle synthesis and ink formulation via the enabling role of the tin chalcogenide complexing power, the deposition of high-quality CZTS thin films via spin coating and annealing under sulfur vapor atmosphere, their structural characterization in terms of nanocrystal phase, morphology, microstructure, and densification, and their resultant optoelectronic properties.
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Lie S, Leow SW, Bishop DM, Guc M, Izquierdo-Roca V, Gunawan O, Wong LH. Improving Carrier-Transport Properties of CZTS by Mg Incorporation with Spray Pyrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25824-25832. [PMID: 31251557 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High nonradiative recombination, low diffusion length and band tailing are often associated with a large open circuit voltage deficit, which results in low efficiency of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells. Recently, cation substitution in CZTS has gained interest as a plausible solution to suppress these issues. However, the common substitutes, Ag and Cd, are not ideal due to their scarcity and toxicity. Other transition-metal candidates (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni) are multivalent, which may form harmful deep-level defects. Magnesium, as one of the viable substitutes, does not have these issues, as it is very stable in +2 oxidation state, abundant, and nontoxic. In this study, we investigate the effect of Mg incorporation in sulfur-based Cu2ZnSnS4 to form Cu2MgxZn1-xSnS4 by varying x from 0.0 to 1.0. These films were fabricated by chemical spray pyrolysis and the subsequent sulfurization process. At a high Mg content, it is found that Mg does not replace Zn to form a quaternary compound, which leads to the appearance of the secondary phases in the sample. However, a low Mg content (Cu2Mg0.05Zn0.95SnS4) improves the power conversion efficiency from 5.10% (CZTS) to 6.73%. The improvement is correlated to the better carrier-transport properties, as shown by a lesser amount of the ZnS secondary phase, higher carrier mobility, and shallower acceptor defects level. In addition, the Cu2Mg0.05Zn0.95SnS4 device also shows better charge-collection property based on the higher fill factor and quantum efficiency despite having lower depletion width. Therefore, we believe that the addition of a small amount of Mg is another viable route to improve the performance of the CZTS solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stener Lie
- School of Materials Science & Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Shin Woei Leow
- School of Materials Science & Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Douglas M Bishop
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , 1101 Kitchawan Road , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
| | - Maxim Guc
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) , Jardins de les Dones de Negre, 1, 2a pl. , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Victor Izquierdo-Roca
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) , Jardins de les Dones de Negre, 1, 2a pl. , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Oki Gunawan
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , 1101 Kitchawan Road , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
| | - Lydia Helena Wong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) , 138602 Singapore
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Wang K, Huang D, Yu L, Gu H, Ikeda S, Jiang F. Environmentally friendly Cu2ZnSnS4-based photocathode modified with a ZnS protection layer for efficient solar water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nguyen TH, Kawaguchi T, Chantana J, Minemoto T, Harada T, Nakanishi S, Ikeda S. Structural and Solar Cell Properties of a Ag-Containing Cu 2ZnSnS 4 Thin Film Derived from Spray Pyrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5455-5463. [PMID: 29368914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A silver (Ag)-incorporated kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film was fabricated by a facile spray pyrolysis method. Crystallographic analyses indicated successful incorporation of various amounts of Ag up to a Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratio of ca. 0.1 into the crystal lattice of CZTS in a homogeneous manner without formation of other impurity compounds. From the results of morphological investigations, Ag-incorporated films had larger crystal grains than the CZTS film. The sample with a relatively low Ag content (Ag/(Ag + Cu) of ca. 0.02) had a compact morphology without appreciable voids and pinholes. However, an increase in the Ag content in the CZTS film (Ag/(Ag + Cu) ca. 0.10) induced the formation of a large number of pinholes. As can be expected from these morphological properties, the best sunlight conversion efficiency was obtained by the solar cell based on the film with Ag/(Ag + Cu) of ca. 0.02. Electrostructural analyses of the devices suggested that the Ag-incorporated film in the device achieved reduction in the amounts of unfavorable copper on zinc antisite defects compared to the bare CZTS film. Moreover, the use of a Ag-incorporated film improved band alignment at the CdS(buffer)-CZTS interface. These alterations should also contribute to enhancement of device properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hiep Nguyen
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takato Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Konan University , 9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
| | - Jakapan Chantana
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Minemoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Harada
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Konan University , 9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
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Genifer Silvena G, John B, Anne Sarah Christinal R, Santhosh Kumar MC, Chakravarty S, Leo Rajesh A. Solution Processed p-Type Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films for Absorber Layer. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Eslamian M. Inorganic and Organic Solution-Processed Thin Film Devices. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2017; 9:3. [PMID: 30460300 PMCID: PMC6223778 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-016-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thin films and thin film devices have a ubiquitous presence in numerous conventional and emerging technologies. This is because of the recent advances in nanotechnology, the development of functional and smart materials, conducting polymers, molecular semiconductors, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, and the employment of unique properties of thin films and ultrathin films, such as high surface area, controlled nanostructure for effective charge transfer, and special physical and chemical properties, to develop new thin film devices. This paper is therefore intended to provide a concise critical review and research directions on most thin film devices, including thin film transistors, data storage memory, solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, thermoelectric devices, smart materials, sensors, and actuators. The thin film devices may consist of organic, inorganic, and composite thin layers, and share similar functionality, properties, and fabrication routes. Therefore, due to the multidisciplinary nature of thin film devices, knowledge and advances already made in one area may be applicable to other similar areas. Owing to the importance of developing low-cost, scalable, and vacuum-free fabrication routes, this paper focuses on thin film devices that may be processed and deposited from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Eslamian
- Photovoltaics Lab, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- State Key Lab of Composite Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Nguyen TH, Fujikawa S, Harada T, Chantana J, Minemoto T, Nakanishi S, Ikeda S. Impact of Precursor Compositions on the Structural and Photovoltaic Properties of Spray-Deposited Cu2 ZnSnS4 Thin Films. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2414-2420. [PMID: 27514989 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pure sulfide Cu2 ZnSnS4 thin films were fabricated on Mo-coated glass substrates by facile spray deposition of aqueous precursor solutions containing Cu(NO3 )2 , Zn(NO3 )2 , Sn(CH3 SO3 )2 , and thiourea followed by annealing at 600 °C. When a precursor solution containing a stoichiometric composition of Cu, Zn, and Sn was used, the resulting Cu2 ZnSnS4 thin film contained a Cu2-x S impurity phase owing to the evaporation of Sn components during the annealing process. The Cu2-x S impurity in the Cu2 ZnSnS4 thin film was removed by reducing the concentration of Cu in the precursor solution. This resulted in an improvement of the structural features (i.e., grain sizes and compactness) as well as the electric properties such as acceptor densities, the nature of the acceptor defects, and carrier lifetimes. A solar cell based on the Cu2 ZnSnS4 film with an empirically optimal composition showed conversion efficiency of 8.1 %. The value achieved was one of the best efficiencies of Cu2 ZnSnS4 -based cells derived from a non-vacuum process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hiep Nguyen
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shotaro Fujikawa
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Harada
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Jakapan Chantana
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Minemoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Konan University, 9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan.
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Khadka DB, Kim S, Kim J. Ge-alloyed CZTSe thin film solar cell using molecular precursor adopting spray pyrolysis approach. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a promising fabrication approach for the synthesis of Ge-alloyed Cu2Zn(GexSn1−x)Se4 (CZGTSe) thin films using molecular precursors by spray pyrolysis to obtain band gap tuned kesterite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba B. Khadka
- Department of Physics
- Incheon National University
- 406-772 Incheon
- South Korea
| | - SeongYeon Kim
- Department of Physics
- Incheon National University
- 406-772 Incheon
- South Korea
| | - JunHo Kim
- Department of Physics
- Incheon National University
- 406-772 Incheon
- South Korea
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Dalui A, Khan AH, Pradhan B, Pradhan J, Satpati B, Acharya S. Facile synthesis of composition and morphology modulated quaternary CuZnFeS colloidal nanocrystals for photovoltaic application. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18157g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary semiconductor CuZnFeS nanocrystals with controlled size, shape and composition have been successfully synthesized and utilized to fabricate photovoltaic and photosensitive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dalui
- Centre for Advanced Materials
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Ali Hossain Khan
- Centre for Advanced Materials
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Bapi Pradhan
- Centre for Advanced Materials
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Jayita Pradhan
- Centre for Advanced Materials
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Biswarup Satpati
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Kolkata 700064
- India
| | - Somobrata Acharya
- Centre for Advanced Materials
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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