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Lv Z, Yang D, Mo J, Jin Z, Chang S. Construction of TiO 2/WO 3/TiO 2 double heterojunction films for excellent electrochromic performance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11443. [PMID: 38769384 PMCID: PMC11106074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic devices are applied extensively to camouflages, smart windows, heat insulation layers, and automobile rearview mirrors, etc. The amorphous WO3 is a very attractive electrochromic material, whereas it suffers from degradation of optical modulation and reversibility on ion exchange owing to those deep trapped ions with irreversible reaction behavior. Herein, we designed and, by using magnetron sputtering, prepared a composite film with TiO2/WO3/TiO2 double heterojunctions, which is capable of eliminating the deep trapped ions by itself under ultraviolet light (UV) assistance. The electrochromic device based on this composite film, after being recovery by short-time UV irradiation, can maintain a high transmission modulation of 94.72% after 7000 cycles of the voltammetry measurement. This feature allows the device to maintain its initial electrochromic performance after prolonged use. Moreover, the double heterojunction structure can reduce colouring time and enormously improve the colouration efficiency (CE) of electrochromic devices. Experimental research shows that when the thickness of the bottom and upper TiO2 layer of the WO3 film was 145.5 nm and 97.0 nm, respectively, the CE of electrochromic devices reached a perfectly high value (479.3 cm2/C), being much higher than that of WO3 devices (69.5 cm2/C). Functions of the TiO2/WO3/TiO2 double heterojunction in electrochromic device were investigated by combining theoretical analysis and experiment validation, and these results provide a general framework for developing and designing superior electrochromic materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiao Lv
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Di Yang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianwei Mo
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ziyi Jin
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China
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Dutta P, Verma M, Paliwal MS, Mondal I, Ganesha MK, Gupta R, Singh AK, Kulkarni GU. Dual-Functional Electrochromic Smart Window Using WO 3·H 2O-rGO Nanocomposite Ink Spray-Coated on a Low-Cost Hybrid Electrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38048181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic windows have gained growing interest for their ability to change their optical state in the visible and NIR ranges with minimal input power, making them energy-efficient. However, material processing costs, fabrication complexity, and poor electrochromic properties can be barriers to the widespread adoption of this technology. To address these issues, electrochromic material and fabrication processes are designed to realize their potential as a cost-effective and energy-efficient technology. In this work, an electrochromic composite material-based ink is synthesized consisting of WO3·H2O nanoplates supported on rGO (reduced graphene oxide) nanosheets (WH-rGO), wherein an optimized amount of rGO (0.05 to 0.5 wt %) is introduced for providing a higher conduction pathway for efficient charge transport without sacrificing the electrochromic performance of WO3·H2O nanoplates. The stable ink dispersion prepared in the study is deposited by spray coating on transparent conducting electrodes over large areas (25 cm2). The WH-rGO nanocomposite (0.4 wt %) results in 43% optical modulation at 700 nm, with bleaching and coloration times of 6 and 8 s, respectively. Interestingly, the device also possesses an electrochemical energy storage capability with an areal capacitance of 16.3 mF/cm2. The electrochromic composite material is successfully translated on tin doped indium oxide (ITO)-coated Al metal mesh hybrid electrodes (T = 80%, Rs = 40 Ω/□) to replace ITO. Finally, an electrochromic device of 5 × 5 cm2 is fabricated by spray-coating the ink on cost-effective ITO/Al-mesh hybrid electrodes. The device displays blue to colorless modulation with an excellent bleaching time of 0.43 s and a coloration time of 2.16 s, making it one among the fast-operating devices fabricated by complete solution processing. This work showcases the economical production of a dual-function electrochromic device, which can be a feasible option as an alternative to existing ITO-based devices in both automotive and infrastructure applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Dutta
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore 562162, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohit Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mayank S Paliwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Indrajit Mondal
- Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukhesh K Ganesha
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore 562162, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas 110016, Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh K Singh
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore 562162, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Giridhar U Kulkarni
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore 562162, Karnataka, India
- Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
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Scarfiello R, Prontera CT, Pugliese M, Bianco GV, Bruno G, Nobile C, Carallo S, Fiore A, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Giannuzzi R, Carbone L, Gigli G, Maiorano V. Electrochromic evaluation of airbrushed water-dispersible W 18O 49nanorods obtained by microwave-assisted synthesis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:215709. [PMID: 33126233 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the technological relevance of tungsten oxide nanostructures as valuable materials for energy saving technology, electrochemical and electrochromic characteristics of greener processed nanostructured W18O49-based electrodes are discussed in this work. For the purpose, microwave-assisted water-dispersible W18O49nanorods have been synthesized and processed into nanostructured electrodes. An airbrushing technique has been adopted as a cost-effective large-area scalable methodology to deposit the W18O49nanorods onto conductive glass. This approach preserves the morphological and crystallographic habit of native nanorods and allows highly homogeneous transparent coating where good electronic coupling between nanowires is ensured by a mild thermal treatment (250 °C, 30 min). Morphological and structural characteristics of active material were investigated from the synthesis to the nanocrystal deposition process by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The as-obtained nanostructured film exhibited good reversible electrochemical features through several intercalation-deintercalation cycles. The electrochromic properties were evaluated on the basis of spectro-electrochemical measurements and showed significant optical contrast in the near-infrared region and high coloration efficiency at 550 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Scarfiello
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmela Tania Prontera
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Pugliese
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valerio Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Nobile
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Sonia Carallo
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Sibillano
- IC-CNR, Institute of Crystallography, via Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- IC-CNR, Institute of Crystallography, via Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Giannuzzi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maiorano
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Li W, Sun J, Zhang J, Ganiyat OA, Cui Y. Facile fabrication of W18O49/PEDOT:PSS/ITO-PET flexible electrochromic films by atomizing spray deposition. RESULTS IN SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rsurfi.2021.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tajima K, Watanabe H, Nishino M, Kawamoto T. Green fabrication of a complementary electrochromic device using water-based ink containing nanoparticles of WO 3 and Prussian blue. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2562-2565. [PMID: 35496121 PMCID: PMC9048757 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We fabricated a complementary electrochromic device (ECD) by using water-dispersible nanoparticles (NP) of Prussian blue (PB) and WO3 by using a wet process, which involved just coating. Although the ECD had a thick WO3 film, it showed much higher contrast compared to other techniques. In addition, the ECD also showed fast optical switching speed and high durability over 100 cycles because of wettability control of NP inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tajima
- Nanomaterial Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Nanomaterial Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Mizuka Nishino
- Nanomaterial Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Tohru Kawamoto
- Nanomaterial Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
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Tong Z, Liu S, Li X, Zhao J, Li Y. Self-supported one-dimensional materials for enhanced electrochromism. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:261-292. [PMID: 32254076 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A reversible, persistent electrochromic change in color or optical parameter controlled by a temporarily applied electrical voltage is attractive because of its enormous display and energy-related applications. Due to the electrochemical and structural advantages, electrodes based on self-supported one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured materials have become increasingly important, and their impacts are particularly significant when considering the ease of assembly of electrochromic devices. This review describes recent advances in the development of self-supported 1D nanostructured materials as electrodes for enhanced electrochromism. Current strategies for the design and morphology control of self-supported electrodes fabricated using templates, anodization, vapor deposition, and solution techniques are outlined along with demonstrating the influences of nanostructures and components on the electrochemical redox kinetics and electrochromic performance. The applications of self-supported 1D nanomaterials in the emerging bifunctional devices are further illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Tong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
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Shi Y, Zhang Y, Tang K, Song Y, Cui J, Shu X, Wang Y, Liu J, Wu Y. In situ growth of PEDOT/graphene oxide nanostructures with enhanced electrochromic performance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13679-13685. [PMID: 35539323 PMCID: PMC9079825 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Designed growth of a novel PEDOT/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid and obtained hybrid demonstrates superior electrochromic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
| | - Kai Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
| | - Yanbin Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
| | - Jiewu Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
| | - Xia Shu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
| | - Jiaqin Liu
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province
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Bi Z, Li X, Chen Y, He X, Xu X, Gao X. Large-Scale Multifunctional Electrochromic-Energy Storage Device Based on Tungsten Trioxide Monohydrate Nanosheets and Prussian White. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29872-29880. [PMID: 28809104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance electrochromic-energy storage device (EESD) is developed, which successfully realizes the multifunctional combination of electrochromism and energy storage by constructing tungsten trioxide monohydrate (WO3·H2O) nanosheets and Prussian white (PW) film as asymmetric electrodes. The EESD presents excellent electrochromic properties of broad optical modulation (61.7%), ultrafast response speed (1.84/1.95 s), and great coloration efficiency (139.4 cm2 C-1). In particular, remarkable cyclic stability (sustaining 82.5% of its initial optical modulation after 2500 cycles as an electrochromic device, almost fully maintaining its capacitance after 1000 cycles as an energy storage device) is achieved. The EESD is also able to visually detect the energy storage level via reversible and fast color changes. Moreover, the EESD can be combined with commercial solar cells to constitute an intelligent operating system in the architectures, which would realize the adjustment of indoor sunlight and the improvement of physical comfort totally by the rational utilization of solar energy without additional electricity. Besides, a scaled-up EESD (10 × 11 cm2) is further fabricated as a prototype. Such promising EESD shows huge potential in practically serving as electrochromic smart windows and energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Bi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Yongbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli He
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology , No. 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
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Park H, Kim DS, Hong SY, Kim C, Yun JY, Oh SY, Jin SW, Jeong YR, Kim GT, Ha JS. A skin-integrated transparent and stretchable strain sensor with interactive color-changing electrochromic displays. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7631-7640. [PMID: 28540957 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02147j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the development of a stretchable, transparent, and skin-attachable strain sensor integrated with a flexible electrochromic device as a human skin-inspired interactive color-changing system. The strain sensor consists of a spin-coated conductive nanocomposite film of poly(vinyl alcohol)/multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor exhibits excellent performance of high sensitivity, high durability, fast response, and high transparency. An electrochromic device (ECD) made of electrochemically synthesized polyaniline nanofibers and V2O5 on an indium-tin-oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate film experiences a change in color from yellow to dark blue on application of voltage. The strain sensor and ECD are integrated on skin via an Arduino circuit for an interactive color change with the variation of the applied strain, which enables a real-time visual display of body motion. This integrated system demonstrates high potential for use in interactive wearable devices, military applications, and smart robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Chen Y, Bi Z, Li X, Xu X, Zhang S, Hu X. High-Coloration Efficiency Electrochromic Device Based on Novel Porous TiO2@Prussian Blue Core-Shell Nanostructures. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang C, Zhao X, Tian D, Wang D, Chen C, Zhou H. Synthesis and characterization of novel polyimides derived from 4,4'-bis(5-amino-2-pyridinoxy)benzophenone: effect of pyridine and ketone units in the main. Des Monomers Polym 2016; 20:97-105. [PMID: 29491783 PMCID: PMC5812177 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2016.1231036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A diamine monomer, 4,4’-bis(5-amino-2-pyridinoxy)benzophenone, was designed and synthesized, and used to react with commercially different kinds of aromatic dianhydrides to prepare a series of polyimides containing pyridine and ketone units via the classical two-step procedure. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the resultant polyimides PI-(1–5) derived from 4,4’-bis(5-amino-2-pyridinoxy) benzophenone with various dianhydrides ranged from 201 to 310 °C measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The temperatures for 5%wt loss of the resultant polyimides in nitrogen atmosphere obtained from the thermogravimetric analysis curves fell in the range of 472–501 °C. The temperatures for 10%wt loss of the resultant polyimides in nitrogen atmosphere fell in the range of 491–537 °C. Meanwhile, the char yields at 800 °C were in the range of 55.3–60.8%. Moreover, the moisture absorption of polyimide films was measured in the range of 0.37–2.09%. The thin films showed outstanding mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 103–145 MPa, an elongation at break of 12.9–15.2%, and a tensile modulus of 1.20–1.88 Gpa, respectively. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the resultant polyimides were obtained among 26–62 ppm °C−1. To sum up, this series of polyimides had a good combination of properties applied for high-performance materials and showed promising potential applications in the fields of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Zhao
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Dongbo Tian
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Daming Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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