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Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Koifman OI, Ageeva TA. Main Strategies for the Synthesis of meso-Arylporphyrins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9156840 DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022040017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
meso-Arylporphyrins as most accessible tetrapyrrole macroheterocycles have always been the focus of attention from researchers concerned with practically useful properties of these compounds. The first syntheses of meso-arylporphyrins date back to about 90 years ago. Up to now, the yields of these compounds have been improved from 5 to 80%. The present review analyzes different ways and strategies for the synthesis of meso-aryl-substituted porphyrins. The most efficient methods that can be scaled up to an industrial level have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. I. Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - T. A. Ageeva
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zardi P, Maggini M, Carofiglio T. Achieving selectivity in porphyrin bromination through a DoE-driven optimization under continuous flow conditions. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe post-functionalization of porphyrins through the bromination in β position of the pyrrolic rings is a relevant transformation because the resulting bromoderivatives are useful synthons to covalently link a variety of chemical architectures to a porphyrin ring. However, single bromination of porphyrins is a challenging reaction for the abundancy of reactive β-pyrrolic positions in the aromatic macrocycle. We herein report a synthetic procedure for the efficient preparation of 2-bromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (1) under continuous flow conditions. The use of flow technology allows to reach an accurate control over critical reaction parameters such as temperature and reaction time. Furthermore, by performing the optimization process through a statistical DoE (Design of Experiment) approach, these parameters could be properly adjusted with a limited number of experiments. This process led us to a better understanding of the relevant factors that govern porphyrins monobromination and to obtain compound 1 with an unprecedent 80% yield.
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Costa E Silva R, Oliveira da Silva L, de Andrade Bartolomeu A, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:917-955. [PMID: 32461773 PMCID: PMC7214915 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we present relevant and recent applications of porphyrin derivatives as photocatalysts in organic synthesis, involving both single electron transfer (SET) and energy transfer (ET) mechanistic approaches. We demonstrate that these highly conjugated photosensitizers show increasing potential in photocatalysis since they combine both photo- and electrochemical properties which can substitute available metalloorganic photocatalysts. Batch and continuous-flow approaches are presented highlighting the relevance of enabling technologies for the renewal of porphyrin applications in photocatalysis. Finally, the reaction scale in which the methodologies were developed are highlighted since this is an important parameter in the authors' opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa E Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luely Oliveira da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, 68502-100, Brazil
| | | | - Timothy John Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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Highly Selective Oxygen/Nitrogen Separation Membrane Engineered Using a Porphyrin-Based Oxygen Carrier. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9090115. [PMID: 31484439 PMCID: PMC6780238 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Air separation is very important from the viewpoint of the economic and environmental advantages. In this work, defect-free facilitated transport membranes based on poly(amide-12-b-ethylene oxide) (Pebax-2533) and tetra(p-methoxylphenyl)porphyrin cobalt chloride (T(p-OCH3)PPCoCl) were fabricated in systematically varied compositions for O2/N2 separation. T(p-OCH3)PPCoCl was introduced as carriers that selectively and reversibly interacted with O2 and facilitated O2 transport in the membrane. The T(p-OCH3)PPCoCl had good compatibility with the Pebax-2533 via the hydrogen bond interaction and formed a uniform and thin selective layer on the substrate. The O2 separation performance of the thin film composite (TFC) membranes was improved by adding a small amount of the T(p-OCH3)PPCoCl and decreasing the feed pressure. At the pressure of 0.035 MPa, the O2 permeability and O2/N2 selectivity of the 0.6 wt % T(p-OCH3)PPCoCl/Pebax-2533 was more than 3.5 times that of the Pebax-2533 TFC membrane, which reached the 2008 Robeson upper bound. It provides a candidate membrane material for O2/N2 efficient separation in moderate conditions.
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Pinto SMA, Vinagreiro CS, Tomé VA, Piccirillo G, Damas L, Pereira MM. Nitrobenzene method: A keystone in meso-substituted halogenated porphyrin synthesis and applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article briefly describes the available synthetic approaches for meso-arylporphyrins giving particular emphasis for one-pot nitrobenzene and nitrobenzene/NaY methods regarding the synthesis of meso-halogenated arylporphyrins. The review also describes the relevant applications of these halogenated porphyrins and their metalloporphyrin counterparts, prepared via nitrobenzene method, as photosensitizers for therapy (PDT and PDI), diagnostic (molecular contrast agents) and also for catalytic oxidation and CO2 cycloaddition reactions to epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. A. Pinto
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina S. Vinagreiro
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanessa A. Tomé
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Giusi Piccirillo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Damas
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariette M. Pereira
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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de Souza AAN, Silva NS, Müller AV, Polo AS, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Porphyrins as Photoredox Catalysts in Csp 2-H Arylations: Batch and Continuous Flow Approaches. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15077-15086. [PMID: 30456953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated both batch and continuous flow photoarylations of enol-acetates to yield different α-arylated aldehyde and ketone building blocks by using diazonium salts as the aryl-radical source. Different porphyrins were used as SET photocatalysts, and photophysical as well as electrochemical studies were performed to rationalize the photoredox properties and suggest mechanistic insights. Notably, the most electron-deficient porphyrin ( meso-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin) shows the best photoactivity as an electron donor in the triplet excited state, which was rationalized by the redox potentials of excited states and the turnover of the porphyrins in the photocatalytic cycle. A two-step continuous protocol and multigram-scale reactions are also presented revealing a robust, cost-competitive, and easy methodology, highlighting the significant potential of porphyrins as SET photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A N de Souza
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Silva
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Andressa V Müller
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , São Paulo 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - André S Polo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , São Paulo 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , São Paulo 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette M. Pereira
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucas D. Dias
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário J. F. Calvete
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Rocheva TK, Mazaletskaya LI, Sheludchenko NI, Belykh DV. Synthesis and Estimation of Radical Scavenging Activity of Tetra(meso-aryl)porphyrins Containing 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol Unit. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218080145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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de Souza JM, Brocksom TJ, McQuade DT, de Oliveira KT. Continuous Endoperoxidation of Conjugated Dienes and Subsequent Rearrangements Leading to C-H Oxidized Synthons. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7574-7585. [PMID: 29860826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the continuous flow photooxidation of several conjugated dienes and subsequent rearrangement using a practical and safe continuous-flow homemade engineered setup. End-to-end approaches involving endoperoxidation, Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement, and additional rearrangements are comprehensively detailed with optimization, scope, and scale-up to obtain useful hydroxyenones, furans, and 1,4-dicarbonyl building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M de Souza
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , SP 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284-3068 , United States
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
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Pilli RA, Assis FFDE. Organic Synthesis: New Vistas in the Brazilian Landscape. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:895-941. [PMID: 29742201 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we present our analysis of the future of organic synthesis in Brazil, a highly innovative and strategic area of research which underpins our social and economical progress. Several different topics (automation, catalysis, green chemistry, scalability, methodological studies and total syntheses) were considered to hold promise for the future advance of chemical sciences in Brazil. In order to put it in perspective, contributions from Brazilian laboratories were selected by the citations received and importance for the field and were benchmarked against some of the most important results disclosed by authors worldwide. The picture that emerged reveals a thriving area of research, with new generations of well-trained and productive chemists engaged particularly in the areas of green chemistry and catalysis. In order to fulfill the promise of delivering more efficient and sustainable processes, an integration of the academic and industrial research agendas is to be expected. On the other hand, academic research in automation of chemical processes, a well established topic of investigation in industrial settings, has just recently began in Brazil and more academic laboratories are lining up to contribute. All these areas of research are expected to enable the future development of the almost unchartered field of scalability.
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Belykh DV, Rocheva TK, Buravlev EV, Chukicheva IY, Kutchin AV. Asymmetrically substituted tetra(meso-aryl)porphyrins bearing peripheral 2,6-diisobornylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol moieties. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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SOUZA JULIANAMDE, GALAVERNA RENAN, SOUZA ALINEADE, BROCKSOM TIMOTHYJ, PASTRE JULIOC, SOUZA RODRIGOODE, OLIVEIRA KLEBERTDE. Impact of continuous flow chemistry in the synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:1131-1174. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Carmona-Vargas CC, de C. Alves L, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Combining batch and continuous flow setups in the end-to-end synthesis of naturally occurring curcuminoids. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A successful end-to-end continuous flow synthesis of pure curcumin (1) and two other natural derivatives present in turmeric is described.
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Barona-Castaño JC, Carmona-Vargas CC, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Porphyrins as Catalysts in Scalable Organic Reactions. Molecules 2016; 21:310. [PMID: 27005601 PMCID: PMC6273917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is a topic of continuous interest since it was discovered in chemistry centuries ago. Aiming at the advance of reactions for efficient processes, a number of approaches have been developed over the last 180 years, and more recently, porphyrins occupy an important role in this field. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are fascinating compounds which are involved in a number of synthetic transformations of great interest for industry and academy. The aim of this review is to cover the most recent progress in reactions catalysed by porphyrins in scalable procedures, thus presenting the state of the art in reactions of epoxidation, sulfoxidation, oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds and C–H functionalization. In addition, the use of porphyrins as photocatalysts in continuous flow processes is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Barona-Castaño
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
| | | | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
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de Oliveira KT, Miller LZ, McQuade DT. Exploiting photooxygenations mediated by porphyrinoid photocatalysts under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photooxygenations of naphthols under continuous flow conditions using porphyrinoids as photocatalysts are described. Reaction conditions, long-term experiments and scope were performed, thus allowing the production of substituted naphthoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
| | - L. Zane Miller
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
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