A close look into the biological and synthetic aspects of fused pyrazole derivatives

The fusion of pyrazole scaffold with other skeletons creates a class of attractive molecules, demonstrating significant biological and chemical potentiality in the development of medicinal chemistry. Over the past few decades, numerous biologically active molecules featuring fused pyrazole moieties have been excavated and synthesized, some of which represented by sildenafil have been marketed as drugs, and the biological importance together with chemical synthesis strategies of fused pyrazole compounds, including structural modification based on lead compounds, have been steadily progressing. In this review, we focused our attention on the biological importance of fused pyrazoles and highlighted recent progress in the synthesis of this framework over the past 10 years. What' s more, the limitations, challenges, and future prospects were proposed, wishing to provide references for the development of pyrazole fused frameworks in the field of medicinal chemistry. Contents.

The synthesis and characterization of Fe2O3@SiO2-SO3H nanofibers as a novel magnetic core-shell catalyst for formamidine and formamide synthesis

Over the past several decades, the fabrication of novel ceramic nanofibers applicable in different areas has been a frequent focus of scientists around the world. Aiming to introduce novel ceramic core-shell nanofibers as a magnetic solid acid catalyst, Fe2O3@SiO2-SO3H magnetic nanofibers were prepared in this study using a modification of Fe2O3@SiO2 core-shell nanofibers with chlorosulfonic acid to increase the acidic properties of these ceramic nanofibers. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The prepared nanofibers were used as catalysts in formamide and formamidine synthesis. The treatment of aqueous formic acid using diverse amines with a catalytic amount of Fe2O3@SiO2-SO3H nanofibers as a reusable, magnetic and heterogeneous catalyst produced high yields of corresponding formamides at room temperature. Likewise, the reaction of diverse amines with triethyl orthoformate led to the synthesis of formamidine derivatives in excellent yields using this novel catalyst. The catalytic system was able to be recovered and reused at least five times without any catalytic activity loss. Thus, novel core-shell nanofibers can act as efficient solid acid catalysts in different organic reactions capable of being reused several times due to their easy separation by applying magnet.

Magnetically recoverable silica catalysed solvent-free domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction to access divergent chromenones

A three-component domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels-Alder (DKHDA) reaction between 1,3-dicarbonyl, aldehydes/ketones, and alkenes/alkynes leading to the divergent synthesis of chromenones, dihydrochromenones, and spirocyclic chromenones is reported. The reaction was carried out under solvent-free conditions using a magnetically separable silica (Fe3O4@SiO2) catalyst. While two component DKHDA reactions are known, this is the first example of a three component DKHDA reaction involving 1,3-dicarbonyl, ketones, and alkynes producing spirocyclic pyranone derivatives. Twenty-six different highly substituted chromenones were synthesized using this methodology. A wide substrate scope due to the multicomponent nature of the reaction, high atom economy, the use of inexpensive and non-toxic recyclable silica as the catalyst, and solvent free reaction conditions make it an advantageous process. The catalyst was characterized using different analytical techniques such as XRD, IR, HRTEM, VSM, and TGA. Based on the earlier reports a mechanism has also been proposed.

Recent applications of ninhydrin in multicomponent reactions

Ninhydrin (1,2,3-indanetrione hydrate) has a remarkable breadth in different fields, including organic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry and the forensic sciences. For the past several years, it has been considered an important building block in organic synthesis. Therefore, there is increasing interest in ninhydrin-based multicomponent reactions to rapidly build versatile scaffolds. Most of the works described here are simple reactions with readily available starting materials that result in complex molecular architectures. Some of the synthesized compounds exhibit interesting biological activities and constitute a new hope for anticancer agents. The present review aims to highlight the multicomponent reactions of ninhydrin towards diverse organic molecules during the period from 2014 to 2019.

This article aims to review recent multicomponent reactions of ninhydrin towards diverse organic scaffolds, such as indeno-fused heterocycles, spiro-indeno heterocycles, quinoxalines, propellanes, cage-like compounds, and dispiro heterocycles.

Facile one-pot three-component synthesis of diverse 2,3-disubstituted isoindolin-1-ones using ZrO2 nanoparticles as a reusable dual acid–base solid support under solvent-free conditions

A series of multi-functionalized 2,3-disubstituted isoindolin-1-ones has been synthesized using ZrO₂ nanoparticles as a dual acid–base solid support under solvent-free conditions.