1
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Nifontova G, Tsoi T, Karaulov A, Nabiev I, Sukhanova A. Structure-function relationships in polymeric multilayer capsules designed for cancer drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5092-5115. [PMID: 35894444 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of cancer drugs to tumor-specific molecular targets represents a major challenge in modern personalized cancer medicine. Engineering of micron and submicron polymeric multilayer capsules allows the obtaining of multifunctional theranostic systems serving as controllable stimulus-responsive tools with a high clinical potential to be used in cancer therapy and detection. The functionalities of such theranostic systems are determined by the design and structural properties of the capsules. This review (1) describes the current issues in designing cancer cell-targeting polymeric multilayer capsules, (2) analyzes the effects of the interactions of the capsules with the cellular and molecular constituents of biological fluids, and (3) presents the key structural parameters determining the effectiveness of capsule targeting. The influence of the morphological and physicochemical parameters and the origin of the structural components and surface ligands on the functional activity of polymeric multilayer capsules at the molecular, cellular, and whole-body levels are summarized. The basic structural and functional principles determining the future trends of theranostic capsule development are established and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Nifontova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Tatiana Tsoi
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France. .,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France.
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2
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Tao L, Xiao A, Lyu X, Tang Z, Yu Z, Shen Z, Fan X. Preparation of Complex Ratio‐Dependent Nanomaterials from Polymerizable Hydrogen‐Bonded Liquid Crystal. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 PR China
| | - Anqi Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaolin Lyu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhehao Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhen‐Qiang Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 PR China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xinghe Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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3
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Siemenn AE, Shaulsky E, Beveridge M, Buonassisi T, Hashmi SM, Drori I. A Machine Learning and Computer Vision Approach to Rapidly Optimize Multiscale Droplet Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4668-4679. [PMID: 35026110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Generating droplets from a continuous stream of fluid requires precise tuning of a device to find optimized control parameter conditions. It is analytically intractable to compute the necessary control parameter values of a droplet-generating device that produces optimized droplets. Furthermore, as the length scale of the fluid flow changes, the formation physics and optimized conditions that induce flow decomposition into droplets also change. Hence, a single proportional integral derivative controller is too inflexible to optimize devices of different length scales or different control parameters, while classification machine learning techniques take days to train and require millions of droplet images. Therefore, the question is posed, can a single method be created that universally optimizes multiple length-scale droplets using only a few data points and is faster than previous approaches? In this paper, a Bayesian optimization and computer vision feedback loop is designed to quickly and reliably discover the control parameter values that generate optimized droplets within different length-scale devices. This method is demonstrated to converge on optimum parameter values using 60 images in only 2.3 h, 30× faster than previous approaches. Model implementation is demonstrated for two different length-scale devices: a milliscale inkjet device and a microfluidics device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Siemenn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evyatar Shaulsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Beveridge
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tonio Buonassisi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sara M Hashmi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Iddo Drori
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Maleki M, de Loubens C, Xie K, Talansier E, Bodiguel H, Leonetti M. Membrane emulsification for the production of suspensions of uniform microcapsules with tunable mechanical properties. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Hwang J, Sung M, Seo B, Shin K, Lee JY, Park BJ, Kim JW. Energetically Preferred Bilayered Coacervation of Oppositely Charged ZrHP Nanoplatelets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:7664-7671. [PMID: 33533585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A platform is introduced for bilayered coacervation of oppositely charged nanoplatelets (NPLs) at the oil-water interface. To this end, we synthesized two types of zirconium hydrogen phosphate (ZrHP) NPLs, cationically charged NPLs (CNPLs), and anionically charged NPLs (ANPLs) by conducting surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Taking advantage of the platelet geometry and controlled wettability, we demonstrated that ANPLs and CNPLs coacervate themselves to form a bilayered NPL membrane at the interface, which was directly confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Via theoretical consideration using the hit-and-miss Monte Carlo method, we determined that electrostatic attraction-driven coacervation of ANPLs and CNPLs at the interface shows a minimum attachment energy of ∼ -106 kBT, which is comparable to the cases where NPLs charged with the same type of ions are attached. Finally, this unique and novel interfacial coacervation behavior allowed us to develop a pH-responsive smart Pickering emulsion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Hwang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minchul Sung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokgi Seo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyounghee Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- KIURI (Korea Initiative for fostering University of Research & Innovation) Research Group, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Intergrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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6
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Dupré de Baubigny J, Perrin P, Pantoustier N, Salez T, Reyssat M, Monteux C. Growth Mechanism of Polymer Membranes Obtained by H-Bonding Across Immiscible Liquid Interfaces. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:204-209. [PMID: 35570784 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Complexation of polymers at liquid interfaces is an emerging technique to produce all-liquid printable and self-healing devices and membranes. It is crucial to control the assembly process, but the mechanisms at play remain unclear. Using two different reflectometric methods, we investigate the spontaneous growth of H-bonded PPO-PMAA (polypropylene oxide-polymetacrylic acid) membranes at a flat liquid-liquid interface. We find that the membrane thickness h grows with time t as h ∼ t1/2, which is reminiscent of a diffusion-limited process. However, counterintuitively, we observe that this process is faster as the PPO molar mass increases. We are able to rationalize these results with a model which considers the diffusion of the PPO chains within the growing membrane. The architecture of the latter is described as a gel-like porous network, with a pore size much smaller than the radius of the diffusing PPO chains, thus inducing entropic barriers that hinder the diffusion process. From the comparison between the experimental data and the result of the model, we extract some key piece of information about the microscopic structure of the membrane. This study opens the route toward the rational design of self-assembled membranes and capsules with optimal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dupré de Baubigny
- Sciences et Ingénierie de La Matière Molle, UMR 7615, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Perrin
- Sciences et Ingénierie de La Matière Molle, UMR 7615, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nadège Pantoustier
- Sciences et Ingénierie de La Matière Molle, UMR 7615, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Salez
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, 33405 Talence, France
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mathilde Reyssat
- UMR CNRS 7083 Gulliver, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Monteux
- Sciences et Ingénierie de La Matière Molle, UMR 7615, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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7
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Bielas R, Surdeko D, Kaczmarek K, Józefczak A. The potential of magnetic heating for fabricating Pickering-emulsion-based capsules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 192:111070. [PMID: 32361373 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions (particle-stabilized emulsions) have been widely explored due to their potential applications, one of which is using them as precursors for the formation of colloidal capsules that could be utilized in, among others, the pharmacy and food industries. Here, we present a novel approach to fabricating such colloidal capsules by using heating in the alternating magnetic field. When exposed to the alternating magnetic field, magnetic particles, owing to the hysteresis and/or relaxation losses, become sources of nano- and micro-heating that can significantly increase the temperature of the colloidal system. This temperature rise was evaluated in oil-in-oil Pickering emulsions stabilized by both magnetite and polystyrene particles. When a sample reached high enough temperature, particle fusion caused by glass transition of polystyrene was observed on surfaces of colloidal droplets. Oil droplets covered with shells of fused polystyrene particles were proved to be less susceptible to external stress, which can be evidence of the successful formation of capsules from Pickering emulsion droplets as templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Bielas
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Surdeko
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. BOX 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarek
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Józefczak
- Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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8
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Qian B, Shi S, Wang H, Russell TP. Reconfigurable Liquids Stabilized by DNA Surfactants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13551-13557. [PMID: 32091870 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte microcapsules can be produced either by the layer-by-layer assembly technique or the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes at the liquid-liquid interface. Here, we describe the design and construction of DNA microcapsules using the cooperative assembly of DNA and amine-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-NH2) at the oil-water interface. "Janus-like" DNA surfactants (DNASs) assemble in situ at the interface, forming an elastic film. By controlling the jamming and unjamming behavior of DNASs, the interfacial assemblies can assume three different physical states: solid-like, elastomer-like, and liquid-like, similar to that seen with thermoplastics upon heating, that change from a glassy to a rubbery state, and then to a viscous liquid. By the interfacial jamming of DNASs, the liquid structures can be locked-in and reconfigured, showing promising potentials for drug delivery, biphasic reactors, and programmable liquid constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaowei Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Calabrese V, da Silva MA, Schmitt J, Hossain KMZ, Scott JL, Edler KJ. Charge-driven interfacial gelation of cellulose nanofibrils across the water/oil interface. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:357-365. [PMID: 31720672 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial gels, obtained by the interaction of water-dispersible oxidised cellulose nanofibrils (OCNF) and oil-soluble oleylamine (OA), were produced across water/oil (W/O) interfaces. Surface rheology experiments showed that the complexation relies on the charge coupling between the negatively-charged OCNF and OA. Complexation across the W/O interface was found to be dependent on the ζ-potential of the OCNF (modulated by electrolyte addition), leading to different interfacial properties. Spontaneous OCNF adsorption at the W/O interface occurred for particles with ζ-potential more negative than -30 mV, resulting in the formation of interfacial gels; whilst for particles with ζ-potential of ca. -30 mV, spontaneous adsorption occurred, coupled with augmented interfibrillar interactions, yielding stronger and tougher interfacial gels. On the contrary, charge neutralisation of OCNF (ζ-potential values more positive than -30 mV) did not allow spontaneous adsorption of OCNF at the W/O interface. In the case of favourable OCNF adsorption, the interfacial gel was found to embed oil-rich droplets - a spontaneous emulsification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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10
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Song J, Babayekhorasani F, Spicer PT. Soft Bacterial Cellulose Microcapsules with Adaptable Shapes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4437-4446. [PMID: 31661248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules with controlled stability and permeability are in high demand for applications in separation and encapsulation. We have developed a biointerfacial process to fabricate strong, but flexible, porous microcapsules from bacterial cellulose at an oil-water emulsion interface. A broad range of microcapsule sizes has been successfully produced, from 100 μm to 5 cm in diameter. The three-dimensional capsule microstructure was imaged using confocal microscopy, showing a cellulose membrane thickness of around 30 μm that is highly porous, with some pores larger than 0.5 μm that are permeable to most macromolecules by free diffusion but can exclude larger structures like bacteria. The mechanical deformation of cellulose microcapsules reveals their flexibility, enabling them to pass through constrictions with a much smaller diameter than their initial size by bending and folding. Our work provides a new approach for producing soft, permeable, and biocompatible microcapsules for substance encapsulation and protection. The capsules may offer a replacement for suspended polymer beads in commercial applications and could potentially act as a framework for artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney NSW 2052 , Australia
| | | | - Patrick T Spicer
- School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney NSW 2052 , Australia
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11
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Feng Y, Lee Y. Microfluidic assembly of food-grade delivery systems: Toward functional delivery structure design. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Duan G, Haase MF, Stebe KJ, Lee D. One-Step Generation of Salt-Responsive Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules via Surfactant-Organized Nanoscale Interfacial Complexation in Emulsions (SO NICE). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:847-853. [PMID: 28609107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte microcapsules are versatile compartments for encapsulation, protection, and controlled/triggered release of active agents. Conventional methods of polyelectrolyte microcapsule preparation require multiple steps or do not allow for efficient encapsulation of active agents in the lumen of the microcapsule. In this work, we present the fabrication of hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules with a salt-responsive property based on surfactant organized nanoscale interfacial complexation in emulsions (SO NICE). In SO NICE, polyelectrolyte microcapsules are templated by water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions. One polyelectrolyte is dissolved in the inner water droplet of the W/O/W double emulsions, whereas the second polyelectrolyte is dissolved in the organic phase by hydrophobic ion paring with an oppositely charged hydrophobic surfactant. Interfacial complexation of the two polyelectrolytes generates a few hundred-nanometer thick film at the inner water-oil interface of the W/O/W double emulsions. SO NICE microcapsules can be triggered to release their cargo by increasing the ionic strength of the solution, which is a hallmark of polyelectrolyte-based microcapsules. By enabling dissolution and interfacial complexation of polyelectrolytes in organic solvents, SO NICE widens the pallet of polymers that can be used to generate functional polyelectrolyte microcapsules with high encapsulation efficiency for applications in encapsulation and controlled/triggered release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Martin F Haase
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Kaufman G, Montejo KA, Michaut A, Majewski PW, Osuji CO. Photoresponsive and Magnetoresponsive Graphene Oxide Microcapsules Fabricated by Droplet Microfluidics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:44192-44198. [PMID: 29172415 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluid compartmentalization by microencapsulation is important in scenarios where protection or controlled release of encapsulated species, or isolation of chemical transformations is the central concern. Realizing responsive encapsulation systems by incorporating functional nanomaterials is of particular interest. We report here on the development of graphene oxide microcapsules enabled by a single-step microfluidic process. Interfacial reaction of epoxide-bearing graphene oxide sheets and an amine-functionalized macromolecular silicone fluid creates a chemically cross-linked film with micronscale thickness at the surface of water-in-oil droplets generated by microfluidic devices. The resulting microcapsules are monodisperse, mechanically resilient, and shape-tunable constructs. Ferrite nanoparticles are incorporated via the aqueous phase and enable microcapsule positioning by a magnetic field. We exploit the photothermal response of graphene oxide to realize microcapsules with photoresponsive release characteristics and show that the microcapsule permeability is significantly enhanced by near-IR illumination. The dual magnetic and photoresponsive characteristics, combined with the use of a single-step process employing biocompatible fluids, represent highly compelling aspects for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Kaufman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Karla A Montejo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC): CNRS (UMR 7104)/Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Paweł W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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14
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Kaufman G, Liu W, Williams DM, Choo Y, Gopinadhan M, Samudrala N, Sarfati R, Yan ECY, Regan L, Osuji CO. Flat Drops, Elastic Sheets, and Microcapsules by Interfacial Assembly of a Bacterial Biofilm Protein, BslA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13590-13597. [PMID: 29094950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein adsorption and assembly at interfaces provide a potentially versatile route to create useful constructs for fluid compartmentalization. In this context, we consider the interfacial assembly of a bacterial biofilm protein, BslA, at air-water and oil-water interfaces. Densely packed, high modulus monolayers form at air-water interfaces, leading to the formation of flattened sessile water drops. BslA forms elastic sheets at oil-water interfaces, leading to the production of stable monodisperse oil-in-water microcapsules. By contrast, water-in-oil microcapsules are unstable but display arrested rather than full coalescence on contact. The disparity in stability likely originates from a low areal density of BslA hydrophobic caps on the exterior surface of water-in-oil microcapsules, relative to the inverse case. In direct analogy with small molecule surfactants, the lack of stability of individual water-in-oil microcapsules is consistent with the large value of the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB number) calculated based on the BslA crystal structure. The occurrence of arrested coalescence indicates that the surface activity of BslA is similar to that of colloidal particles that produce Pickering emulsions, with the stability of partially coalesced structures ensured by interfacial jamming. Micropipette aspiration and flow in tapered capillaries experiments reveal intriguing reversible and nonreversible modes of mechanical deformation, respectively. The mechanical robustness of the microcapsules and the ability to engineer their shape and to design highly specific binding responses through protein engineering suggest that these microcapsules may be useful for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Kaufman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Danielle M Williams
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Youngwoo Choo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Niveditha Samudrala
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Raphael Sarfati
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Elsa C Y Yan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Lynne Regan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥The Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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15
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Alorabi AQ, Tarn MD, Gómez-Pastora J, Bringas E, Ortiz I, Paunov VN, Pamme N. On-chip polyelectrolyte coating onto magnetic droplets - towards continuous flow assembly of drug delivery capsules. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3785-3795. [PMID: 28991297 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte (PE) microcapsules for drug delivery are typically fabricated via layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of PE layers of alternating charge on sacrificial template microparticles, which usually requires multiple incubation and washing steps that render the process repetitive and time-consuming. Here, ferrofluid droplets were explored for this purpose as an elegant alternative of templates that can be easily manipulated via an external magnetic field, and require only a simple microfluidic chip design and setup. Glass microfluidic devices featuring T-junctions or flow focusing junctions for the generation of oil-based ferrofluid droplets in an aqueous continuous phase were investigated. Droplet size was controlled by the microfluidic channel dimensions as well as the flow rates of the ferrofluid and aqueous phases. The generated droplets were stabilised by a surface active polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and then guided into a chamber featuring alternating, co-laminar PE solutions and wash streams, and deflected across them by means of an external permanent magnet. The extent of droplet deflection was tailored by the flow rates, the concentration of magnetic nanoparticles in the droplets, and the magnetic field strength. PVP-coated ferrofluid droplets were deflected through solutions of polyelectrolyte and washing streams using several iterations of multilaminar flow designs. This culminated in an innovative "Snakes-and-Ladders" inspired microfluidic chip design that overcame various issues of the previous iterations for the deposition of layers of anionic poly(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and cationic poly(fluorescein isothiocyanate allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH-FITC) onto the droplets. The presented method demonstrates a simple and rapid process for PE layer deposition in <30 seconds, and opens the way towards rapid layer-by-layer assembly of PE microcapsules for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Q Alorabi
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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16
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Feng X, Kawabata K, Whang DM, Osuji CO. Polymer Nanosheets from Supramolecular Assemblies of Conjugated Linoleic Acid-High Surface Area Adsorbents from Renewable Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10690-10697. [PMID: 28885029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a strategy for robustly cross-linking self-assembled lamellar mesophases made from plant-derived materials to generate polymer nanosheets decorated with a high density of functional groups. We formulate a supramoleclar complex by hydrogen-bonding conjugated linoleic acid moieties to a structure-directing tribasic aromatic core. The resulting constructs self-assemble into a thermotropic lamellar mesophase. Photo-cross-linking the mesophase with the aid of an acrylate cross-linker yields a polymeric material with high-fidelity retention of the lamellar mesophase structure. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate the preservation of the large area, highly ordered layered nanostructures in the polymer. Subsequent extraction of the tribasic core and neutralization of the carboxyl groups by NaOH result in exfoliation of polymer nanosheets with a uniform thickness of ∼3 nm. The nanosheets have a large specific area of ∼800 m2/g, are decorated by negatively charged carboxylate groups at a density of 4 nm-2, and exhibit the ability to readily adsorb positively charged colloidal particles. The strategy as presented combines supramolecular self-assembly with the use of renewable or sustainably derived materials in a scalable manner. The resulting nanosheets have potential for use as adsorbents and, with further development, rheology modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunda Feng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Kohsuke Kawabata
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dylan M Whang
- The Dalton School, 108 E 89th St., New York, New York 10128, United States
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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17
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Xie K, de Loubens C, Dubreuil F, Gunes DZ, Jaeger M, Léonetti M. Interfacial rheological properties of self-assembling biopolymer microcapsules. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:6208-6217. [PMID: 28804800 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the mechanical properties of microcapsules through a cost-efficient route of fabrication is still a challenge. The traditional method of layer-by-layer assembly of microcapsules allows building a tailored composite multi-layer membrane but is technically complex as it requires numerous steps. The objective of this article is to characterize the interfacial rheological properties of self-assembling biopolymer microcapsules that were obtained in one single facile step. This thorough study provides new insights into the mechanics of these weakly cohesive membranes. Firstly, suspensions of water-in-oil microcapsules were formed in microfluidic junctions by self-assembly of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, namely chitosan (water soluble) and phosphatidic fatty acid (oil soluble). In this way, composite membranes of tunable thickness (between 40 and 900 nm measured by AFM) were formed at water/oil interfaces in a single step by changing the composition. Secondly, microcapsules were mechanically characterized by stretching them up to break-up in an extensional flow chamber which extends the relevance and convenience of the hydrodynamic method to weakly cohesive membranes. Finally, we show that the design of microcapsules can be 'engineered' in an extensive way since they present a wealth of interfacial rheological properties in terms of elasticity, plasticity and yield stress whose magnitudes can be controlled by the composition. These behaviors are explained by the variation of the membrane thickness with the physico-chemical parameters of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Xie
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451, Marseille, France
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18
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Hann SD, Stebe KJ, Lee D. AWE-somes: All Water Emulsion Bodies with Permeable Shells and Selective Compartments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25023-25028. [PMID: 28665113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Living cells exploit compartmentalization within organelles to spatially and temporally control reactions and pathways. Here, we use the all aqueous two phase system (ATPS) of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran to develop all water emulsion bodies, AWE-somes, a new class of encapsulated double emulsions as potential cell mimics. AWE-somes feature rigid polyelectrolyte (PE)/nanoparticle (NP) shells and double emulsion interiors. The shells form via complexation of PE and NP at interfaces of ATPS. The NPs, excluded from the drop phase, create an osmotic stress imbalance that removes water from the encapsulated phase and draws droplets of external PEG phase into the shells to form the double emulsion interior. We demonstrate that molecules can permeate the AWE-some shells, selectively partition into the internal droplets, and undergo reaction. AWE-somes have significant potential for creating functional, biocompatible protocell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Hann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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19
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Kaufman G, Mukhopadhyay S, Rokhlenko Y, Nejati S, Boltyanskiy R, Choo Y, Loewenberg M, Osuji CO. Highly stiff yet elastic microcapsules incorporating cellulose nanofibrils. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2733-2737. [PMID: 28358160 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules with high mechanical stability and elasticity are desirable in a variety of contexts. We report a single-step method to fabricate such microcapsules by microfluidic interfacial complexation between high stiffness cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and an oil-soluble cationic random copolymer. Single-capsule compression measurements reveal an elastic modulus of 53 MPa for the CNF-based capsule shell with complete recovery of deformation from strains as large as 19%. We demonstrate the ability to manipulate the shell modulus by the use of polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a binder material, and observe a direct relationship between the shell modulus and the PAA concentration, with moduli as large as 0.5 GPa attained. These results demonstrate that CNF incorporation provides a facile route for producing strong yet flexible microcapsule shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Kaufman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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20
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Cappelli S, de Jong AM, Baudry J, Prins MWJ. Interparticle Capillary Forces at a Fluid-Fluid Interface with Strong Polymer-Induced Aging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:696-705. [PMID: 28036188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a measurement of forces between particles adsorbed at a water-oil interface in the presence of an oil-soluble polymer. The cationic polymer interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged particles, thereby modulating the particle contact angle and the magnitude of capillary attraction between the particles. However, polymer adsorption to the interface also generates an increase in the apparent interfacial viscosity over several orders of magnitude in a time span of a few hours. We have designed an experiment in which repeated motion trajectories are measured on pairs of particles. The experiment gives an independent quantification of the interfacial drag coefficient (10-7-10-4 Ns/m) and of the interparticle capillary forces (0.1-10 pN). We observed that the attractive capillary force depends on the amount of polymer in the oil phase and on the particle pair. However, the attraction appears to be independent of the surface rheology, with changes over a wide range of apparent viscosity values due to aging. Given the direction (attraction), the range (∼μm), and the distance dependence (∼1/S5) of the observed interparticle force, we interpret the force as being caused by quadrupolar deformations of the fluid-fluid interface induced by particle surface roughness. The results suggest that capillary forces are equilibrated in the early stages of interface aging and thereafter do not change anymore, even though strong changes in surface rheology still occur. The described experimental approach is powerful for studying dissipative as well as conservative forces of micro- and nanoparticles at fluid-fluid interfaces for systems out of equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean Baudry
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés (LCMD), ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR8231 Chimie Biologie Innovation, F-75005, Paris, France
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21
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Hann SD, Lee D, Stebe KJ. Tuning interfacial complexation in aqueous two phase systems with polyelectrolytes and nanoparticles for compound all water emulsion bodies (AWE-somes). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23825-23831. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Compound AWE-somes with tunable shells generated by aqueous interfacial complexation of a polycation with a polyanion and anionic nanoparticle mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Hann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Kathleen J. Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
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22
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Monteillet H, Kleijn JM, Sprakel J, Leermakers FAM. Complex coacervates formed across liquid interfaces: A self-consistent field analysis. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 239:17-30. [PMID: 27530711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Scheutjens-Fleer self-consistent field (SF-SCF) theory is used to study complexation between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes across an interface formed by two solvents, here called oil and water. The focus is on the composition and the lateral stability of such interfacial coacervate. One polyelectrolyte is chosen to be oil soluble and the other one prefers water, whereas the counter and salt ions are taken to distribute ideally over all phases. There exists an electrostatic associative driving force for the formation of the coacervate phase which increases with decreasing ionic strength and may be assisted by some specific affinity between the associating units and an effective poor solvency for the coacervate. As with respect to the lateral stability an unusual wetting scenario, called pseudo-partial wetting, presents itself, which results from interactions on two different length scales. On the segmental length the screening of oil-water contacts promotes the wetting by the coacervate: a pre-wetting jump-like transition takes place off-coexistence from a microscopically thin to a mesoscopically thin film. Usually this implies complete wetting. However, the mesoscopically thin film is exposed to long-ranged attractive electrostatic interactions and therefore cannot grow to macroscopic dimensions upon approach towards coexistence. Hence the system remains partial wet. The bulk correlation length controls the thickness of the mesoscopically thin film and as a result the wetting transition occurs extremely close to the bulk critical point. We therefore expect that a thick coacervate film typically is laterally inhomogeneous: there are drops on top of a mesoscopically thin coacervate film. This conclusion qualitatively explains the experimental observation that such a coacervate film scatters visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Monteillet
- Wageningen University, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - J M Kleijn
- Wageningen University, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - J Sprakel
- Wageningen University, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - F A M Leermakers
- Wageningen University, Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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23
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Feng Y, Lee Y. Microfluidic fabrication of hollow protein microcapsules for rate-controlled release. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an internal phase separation method to direct protein self-assembly and control the formation of microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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24
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Richardson JJ, Cui J, Björnmalm M, Braunger JA, Ejima H, Caruso F. Innovation in Layer-by-Layer Assembly. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14828-14867. [PMID: 27960272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods for depositing thin films are important in generating functional materials for diverse applications in a wide variety of fields. Over the last half-century, the layer-by-layer assembly of nanoscale films has received intense and growing interest. This has been fueled by innovation in the available materials and assembly technologies, as well as the film-characterization techniques. In this Review, we explore, discuss, and detail innovation in layer-by-layer assembly in terms of past and present developments, and we highlight how these might guide future advances. A particular focus is on conventional and early developments that have only recently regained interest in the layer-by-layer assembly field. We then review unconventional assemblies and approaches that have been gaining popularity, which include inorganic/organic hybrid materials, cells and tissues, and the use of stereocomplexation, patterning, and dip-pen lithography, to name a few. A relatively recent development is the use of layer-by-layer assembly materials and techniques to assemble films in a single continuous step. We name this "quasi"-layer-by-layer assembly and discuss the impacts and innovations surrounding this approach. Finally, the application of characterization methods to monitor and evaluate layer-by-layer assembly is discussed, as innovation in this area is often overlooked but is essential for development of the field. While we intend for this Review to be easily accessible and act as a guide to researchers new to layer-by-layer assembly, we also believe it will provide insight to current researchers in the field and help guide future developments and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Manufacturing, CSIRO , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mattias Björnmalm
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Julia A Braunger
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hirotaka Ejima
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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25
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Hann SD, Niepa THR, Stebe KJ, Lee D. One-Step Generation of Cell-Encapsulating Compartments via Polyelectrolyte Complexation in an Aqueous Two Phase System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25603-11. [PMID: 27580225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diverse fields including drug and gene delivery and live cell encapsulation require biologically compatible encapsulation systems. One widely adopted means of forming capsules exploits cargo-filled microdroplets in an external, immiscible liquid phase that are encapsulated by a membrane that forms by trapping of molecules or particles at the drop surface, facilitated by the interfacial tension. To eliminate the potentially deleterious oil phase often present in such processes, we exploit the aqueous two phase system of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran. We form capsules by placing dextran-rich microdroplets in an external PEG-rich phase. Strong polyelectrolytes present in either phase form complexes at the drop interface, thereby forming a membrane encapsulating the fluid interior. This process requires considerable finesse as both polyelectrolytes are soluble in either the drop or external phase, and the extremely low interfacial tension is too weak to provide a strong adsorption site for these molecules. The key to obtaining microcapsules is to tune the relative fluxes of the two polyelectrolytes so that they meet and complex at the interface. We identify conditions for which complexation can occur inside or outside of the drop phase, resulting in microparticles or poor encapsulation, respectively, or when properly balanced, at the interface, resulting in microcapsules. The resulting microcapsules respond to the stimuli of added salts or changes in osmotic pressure, allowing perturbation of capsule permeability or triggered release of capsule contents. We demonstrate that living cells can be sequestered and interrogated by encapsulating Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and using a Live/Dead assay to assess their viability. This method paves the way to the formation of a broad variety of versatile functional membranes around all aqueous capsules; by tuning the fluxes of complexing species to interact at the interface, membranes comprising other complexing functional moieties can be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Hann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tagbo H R Niepa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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26
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Cappelli S, de Jong AM, Baudry J, Prins MWJ. Interfacial rheometry of polymer at a water-oil interface by intra-pair magnetophoresis. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5551-5562. [PMID: 27253322 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe an interfacial rheometry technique based on pairs of micrometer-sized magnetic particles at a fluid-fluid interface. The particles are repeatedly attracted and repelled by well-controlled magnetic dipole-dipole forces, so-called interfacial rheometry by intra-pair magnetophoresis (IPM). From the forces (∼pN), displacements (∼μm) and velocities (∼μm s(-1)) of the particles we are able to quantify the interfacial drag coefficient of particles within a few seconds and over very long timescales. The use of local dipole-dipole forces makes the system insensitive to fluid flow and suited for simultaneously recording many particles in parallel over a long period of time. We apply IPM to study the time-dependent adsorption of an oil-soluble amino-modified silicone polymer at a water-oil interface using carboxylated magnetic particles. At low polymer concentration the carboxylated particles remain on the water side of the water-oil interface, while at high polymer concentrations the particles transit into the oil phase. Both conditions show a drag coefficient that does not depend on time. However, at intermediate polymer concentrations data show an increase of the interfacial drag coefficient as a function of time, with an increase over more than three orders of magnitude (10(-7) to 10(-4) N s m(-1)), pointing to a strong polymer-polymer interaction at the interface. The time-dependence of the interfacial drag appears to be highly sensitive to the polymer concentration and to the ionic strength of the aqueous phase. We foresee that IPM will be a very convenient technique to study fluid-fluid interfaces for a broad range of materials systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cappelli
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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