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Moreno-Tortolero RO, Luo Y, Parmeggiani F, Skaer N, Walker R, Serpell LC, Holland C, Davis SA. Molecular organization of fibroin heavy chain and mechanism of fibre formation in Bombyx mori. Commun Biol 2024; 7:786. [PMID: 38951579 PMCID: PMC11217467 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroins' transition from liquid to solid is fundamental to spinning and underpins the impressive native properties of silk. Herein, we establish a fibroin heavy chain fold for the Silk-I polymorph, which could be relevant for other similar proteins, and explains mechanistically the liquid-to-solid transition of this silk, driven by pH reduction and flow stress. Combining spectroscopy and modelling we propose that the liquid Silk-I fibroin heavy chain (FibH) from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, adopts a newly reported β-solenoid structure. Similarly, using rheology we propose that FibH N-terminal domain (NTD) templates reversible higher-order oligomerization driven by pH reduction. Our integrated approach bridges the gap in understanding FibH structure and provides insight into the spatial and temporal hierarchical self-assembly across length scales. Our findings elucidate the complex rheological behaviour of Silk-I, solutions and gels, and the observed liquid crystalline textures within the silk gland. We also find that the NTD undergoes hydrolysis during standard regeneration, explaining key differences between native and regenerated silk feedstocks. In general, in this study we emphasize the unique characteristics of native and native-like silks, offering a fresh perspective on our fundamental understanding of silk-fibre production and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael O Moreno-Tortolero
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Yijie Luo
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Nick Skaer
- Orthox Ltd, Milton Park, 66 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Orthox Ltd, Milton Park, 66 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Sean A Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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2
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Massive production of fibroin nano-fibrous biomaterial by turbulent co-flow. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21924. [PMID: 36536025 PMCID: PMC9763433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the different polymers (proteins, polysaccharides, etc.) that make up natural fibers, fibroin is a protein produced by silk spinning animals, which have developed an optimized system for the conversion of a highly concentrated solution of this protein into high-performance solid fibers. This protein undergoes a self-assembly process in the silk glands that result from chemical gradients and by the application of mechanical stresses during the last step of the process. In the quest for a process that could mimic natural spinning at massive scales, we have discovered that turbulence offers a novel and promising solution: a turbulent liquid jet can be formed by a chemically green and simple coagulating liquid (a diluted solution of acetic acid in etanol) co-flowing with a concentrated solution of fibroin in water by the use of a Flow Blurring nebulizer. In this system, (a) the co-flowing coagulant liquid extracts water from the original protein solution and, simultaneously, (b) the self-assembled proteins are subjected to mechanical actions, including splitting and stretching. Given the non-negligible produced content with the size and appearance of natural silk, the stochastic distribution of those effects in our process should contain the range of natural ones found in animals. The resulting easily functionalizable and tunable one-step material is 100% biocompatible, and our method a perfect candidate to large-scale, low-cost, green and sustainable processing of fibroin for fibres and textiles.
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3
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Aznar-Cervantes SD, Cenis JL, Lozano-Picazo P, Bruno AL, Pagán A, Ruiz-León Y, Candel MJ, González-Nieto D, Rojo FJ, Elices M, Guinea GV, Pérez-Rigueiro J. Unexpected high toughness of Samia cynthia ricini silk gut. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4973-4982. [PMID: 35748816 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00340f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silk gut fibers were produced from the silkworm Samia cynthia ricini silk glands by the usual procedure of immersion in a mildly acidic solution and subsequent stretching. The morphology of the silk guts was assessed by scanning electron microscopy, and their microstructure was assessed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found that both naturally spun and Samia silk guts share a common semicrystalline microstructure. The mechanical characterization of the silk guts revealed that these fibers show an elastomeric behavior when tested in water, and exhibit a genuine ground state to which the fiber may revert independently of its previous loading history. In spite of its large cross-sectional area compared with naturally spun silk fibers, Samia silk guts show values of work to fracture up to 160 MJ m-3, much larger than those of most of their natural counterparts, and establish a new record value for this parameter in silk guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador D Aznar-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Luis Cenis
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paloma Lozano-Picazo
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Augusto Luis Bruno
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pagán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Ruiz-León
- Research Support Unit, Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Candel
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), 30150, La Alberca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Daniel González-Nieto
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Rojo
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle Prof. Martín Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Elices
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Víctor Guinea
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle Prof. Martín Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle Prof. Martín Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Yazawa K, Mizukami S, Aoki M, Tamada Y. Electrospinning of spider silk‐based nanofibers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Yazawa
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda Nagano Japan
- Division of Biological and Medical Fiber, Institute for Fiber Engineering Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Ueda Nagano Japan
| | - Saeka Mizukami
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda Nagano Japan
| | - Masaaki Aoki
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda Nagano Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamada
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda Nagano Japan
- Division of Biological and Medical Fiber, Institute for Fiber Engineering Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Ueda Nagano Japan
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5
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Aznar-Cervantes SD, Pagán A, Candel MJ, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Cenis JL. Silkworm Gut Fibres from Silk Glands of Samia cynthia ricini-Potential Use as a Scaffold in Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073888. [PMID: 35409245 PMCID: PMC8998787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance fibroin fibres are ideal candidates for the manufacture of scaffolds with applications in tissue engineering due to the excellent mechanical properties and optimal biocompatibility of this protein. In this work, the manufacture of high-strength fibres made from the silk glands of Samia cynthia ricini is explored. The glands were subjected to soaking in aqueous dissolutions of acetic acid and stretched to manufacture the fibres. The materials produced were widely characterized, in terms of morphology, mechanical properties, crystallinity and content of secondary structures, comparing them with those produced by the standard procedure published for Bombyx mori. In addition, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of a braided scaffold produced from these fibres was evaluated. The results obtained show that the fibres from B. mori present a higher degree of crystallinity than those from S. c. ricini, which is reflected in higher values of elastic modulus and lower values of strain at break. Moreover, a decrease in the elongation values of the fibres from S. c. ricini was observed as the concentration of acetic acid was increased during the manufacture. On the other hand, the study of the braided scaffolds showed higher values of tensile strength and strain at break in the case of S. c. ricini materials and similar values of elastic modulus, compared to those of B. mori, displaying both scaffolds optimal biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador D. Aznar-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Ana Pagán
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968366719
| | - María J. Candel
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Cenis
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (S.D.A.-C.); (M.J.C.); (J.L.C.)
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6
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Frydrych M, Greenhalgh A, Vollrath F. Artificial spinning of natural silk threads. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15428. [PMID: 31659185 PMCID: PMC6817873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk producing arthropods spin solid fibres from an aqueous protein feedstock apparently relying on the complex structure of the silk protein and its controlled aggregation by shear forces, alongside biochemical changes. This flow-induced phase-transition of the stored native silk molecules is irreversible, environmentally sound and remarkably energy efficient. The process seemingly relies on a self-assembling, fibrillation process. Here we test this hypothesis by biomimetically spinning a native-based silk feedstock, extracted by custom processes, into silk fibres that equal their natural models' mechanical properties. Importantly, these filaments, which featured cross-section morphologies ranged from large crescent-like to small ribbon-like shapes, also had the slender cross-sectional areas of native fibres and their hierarchical nanofibrillar structures. The modulation of the post-draw conditions directly affected mechanical properties, correlated with the extent of fibre crystallinity, i.e. degree of molecular order. We believe our study contributes significantly to the understanding and development of artificial silks by demonstrating successful biomimetic spinning relies on appropriately designed feedstock properties. In addition, our study provides inspiration for low-energy routes to novel synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frydrych
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Greenhalgh
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.
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7
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Aznar-Cervantes SD, Pagan A, Monteagudo Santesteban B, Cenis JL. Effect of different cocoon stifling methods on the properties of silk fibroin biomaterials. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6703. [PMID: 31040313 PMCID: PMC6491555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stifling treatments are applied to silk cocoons in order to kill the pupae, preventing the emergence of moths and allowing to preserve the silk during long periods of time. All of them involve the application of aggressive steps, such as sun exposure, hot steam from boiling water or hot air, during hours or even days. None of the scientific articles related to silk fibroin biomaterials has previously taken into account this fact in its section of materials and methods. In this work, the consequences of the stifling treatments most commonly used by the silk producing countries and companies are explored in depth, using fibroin films as biomaterial model. The protein degradation (visualised by SDS-PAGE) was dramatically increased in all the fibroin dissolutions produced from stifled cocoons; heavy and light chains of fibroin were specially degraded, reducing their presence along the lanes of the gel compared to the negative control (untreated fresh cocoons). Structural changes are also described for annealed silk fibroin films. The β-sheet content, analysed by means of infrared spectroscopy, was significantly higher when stifling was performed at higher temperature (70 °C and 85 °C). It is also exposed the impact of the stifling on the mechanical properties of the materials. Tensile strength and strain at break values were detected as significantly lower when this procedure was carried out by means of dry heat (85 °C) and sun exposure. On the other hand, and contrary to expectations, the proliferation of fibroblasts growing on the materials was improved by all the different stifling methods, compared to negative control, being this improvement, especially accentuated, on the films produced with fibroin purified from cocoons treated with dry heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador D Aznar-Cervantes
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Pagan
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Monteagudo Santesteban
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - José L Cenis
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain
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8
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Aznar-Cervantes SD, Pagan A, Monteagudo Santesteban B, Cenis JL. Effect of different cocoon stifling methods on the properties of silk fibroin biomaterials. Sci Rep 2019. [PMID: 31040313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐019‐43134‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stifling treatments are applied to silk cocoons in order to kill the pupae, preventing the emergence of moths and allowing to preserve the silk during long periods of time. All of them involve the application of aggressive steps, such as sun exposure, hot steam from boiling water or hot air, during hours or even days. None of the scientific articles related to silk fibroin biomaterials has previously taken into account this fact in its section of materials and methods. In this work, the consequences of the stifling treatments most commonly used by the silk producing countries and companies are explored in depth, using fibroin films as biomaterial model. The protein degradation (visualised by SDS-PAGE) was dramatically increased in all the fibroin dissolutions produced from stifled cocoons; heavy and light chains of fibroin were specially degraded, reducing their presence along the lanes of the gel compared to the negative control (untreated fresh cocoons). Structural changes are also described for annealed silk fibroin films. The β-sheet content, analysed by means of infrared spectroscopy, was significantly higher when stifling was performed at higher temperature (70 °C and 85 °C). It is also exposed the impact of the stifling on the mechanical properties of the materials. Tensile strength and strain at break values were detected as significantly lower when this procedure was carried out by means of dry heat (85 °C) and sun exposure. On the other hand, and contrary to expectations, the proliferation of fibroblasts growing on the materials was improved by all the different stifling methods, compared to negative control, being this improvement, especially accentuated, on the films produced with fibroin purified from cocoons treated with dry heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador D Aznar-Cervantes
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Pagan
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Monteagudo Santesteban
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - José L Cenis
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Department of Biotechnology. La Alberca (Murcia), E-30150, Murcia, Spain
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9
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Ruiz V, Jiang P, Müller C, Jorge I, Vázquez J, Ridruejo Á, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Cenis JL, Messeguer-Olmo L, Elices M, Guinea GV, Pérez-Rigueiro J. Preparation and characterization of Nephila clavipes tubuliform silk gut. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2960-2970. [PMID: 30901019 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tubuliform silk glands were dissected from Nephila clavipes spiders, and silk gut fibers were produced by immersing the glands in a mild acid solution and subsequent stretching. The tensile properties of the as produced fibers were obtained through tensile tests, and the stress-strain curves were compared with those of naturally spun tubuliform silk fibers. The influence on the mechanical properties of the fibers after immersion in water and drying was also discerned. The microstructure of the silk guts was obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the stress-strain curves of the stretched tubuliform silk guts concur with those of their natural counterparts (tubuliform silk fibers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Ruiz
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Pagán A, Aznar‐Cervantes SD, Pérez‐Rigueiro J, Meseguer‐Olmo L, Cenis JL. Potential use of silkworm gut fiber braids as scaffolds for tendon and ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2209-2215. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pagán
- Department of BiotechnologyInstituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA) Murcia Spain
| | - Salvador D. Aznar‐Cervantes
- Department of BiotechnologyInstituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA) Murcia Spain
| | - José Pérez‐Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología BiomédicaUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de MaterialesETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Meseguer‐Olmo
- Grupo de Regeneración y Reparacion de TejidosUniversidad Católica de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Jose L. Cenis
- Department of BiotechnologyInstituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA) Murcia Spain
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11
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Xu H, Yi W, Li D, Zhang P, Yoo S, Bai L, Hou J, Hou X. Obtaining high mechanical performance silk fibers by feeding purified carbon nanotube/lignosulfonate composite to silkworms. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3558-3569. [PMID: 35518113 PMCID: PMC9060236 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09934k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworm fibers have attracted widespread attention for their superb glossy texture and promising mechanical performance. The mechanical properties can be reinforced with carbon nanofillers, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), depending on the CNT content in the silk fibers. In order to increase the CNT content, lignosulfonate (LGS) was used as a surfactant to ameliorate the CNT solubility, dispersibility, and biocompatibility. The resulting CNT/LGS nano-composite was further processed through an additional purification method to remove excess surfactant and enhance the CNT/LGS ratio. Then the purified biocompatible single and multiple-walled CNTs were fed to silkworms, leading to a large CNT content in the resulting silk fibers. Reinforced silk fibers were produced with a mechanical strength as high as 1.07 GPa and a strain of 16.8%. The toughness modulus is 1.69 times than that of the unpurified group. The CNT-embedded silk fibers were characterized via Raman spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), demonstrating that the CNT content in the silk fibers increased 1.5-fold in comparison to the unpurified group. The increased CNT content not only contributed to the self-assembly into buffering knots of silk fibers, but it also enhanced the conductivity of graphitized silk. Our coating and purification strategies provide a potential facile way to obtain natural silk fibers with high mechanical performance. Silkworm fibers have attracted widespread attention for their superb glossy texture and promising mechanical performance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Wenhui Yi
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Dongfan Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710054
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Sweejiang Yoo
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Lei Bai
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Jin Hou
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Xi'an Medical University
- Xi'an 710021
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Information Photonic Technology of Shaanxi Province
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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12
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Pérez-Rigueiro J, Madurga R, Gañán-Calvo AM, Plaza GR, Elices M, López PA, Daza R, González-Nieto D, Guinea GV. Straining Flow Spinning of Artificial Silk Fibers: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018; 3:E29. [PMID: 31105251 PMCID: PMC6352662 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics3040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work summarizes the main principles and some of the most significant results of straining flow spinning (SFS), a technology developed originally by the authors of this work. The principles on which the technology is based, inspired by the natural spinning system of silkworms and spiders, are presented, as well as some of the main achievements of the technique. Among these achievements, spinning under environmentally friendly conditions, obtaining high-performance fibers, and imparting the fibers with emerging properties such as supercontraction are discussed. Consequently, SFS appears as an efficient process that may represent one of the first realizations of a biomimetic technology with a significant impact at the production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Madurga
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Gustavo R Plaza
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Elices
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia A López
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Daza
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel González-Nieto
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Madurga R, Guinea GV, Elices M, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Gañán-Calvo AM. Straining flow spinning: Simplified model of a bioinspired process to mass produce regenerated silk fibers controllably. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Wang X, Li Y, Liu Q, Chen Q, Xia Q, Zhao P. In vivo effects of metal ions on conformation and mechanical performance of silkworm silks. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:567-576. [PMID: 27865996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of silk fiber formation is of particular interest. Although in vitro evidence has shown that metal ions affect conformational transitions of silks, the in vivo effects of metal ions on silk conformations and mechanical performance are still unclear. METHODS This study explored the effects of metal ions on silk conformations and mechanical properties of silk fibers by adding K+ and Cu2+ into the silk fibroin solutions or injecting them into the silkworms. Aimed by CD analysis, FTIR analysis, and mechanical testing, the conformational and mechanical changes of the silks were estimated. By using BION Web Server, the interactions of K+ and N-terminal of silk fibroin were also simulated. RESULTS We presented that K+ and Cu2+ induced the conformational transitions of silk fibroin by forming β-sheet structures. Moreover, the mechanical parameters of silk fibers, such as strength, toughness and Young's modulus, were also improved after K+ or Cu2+ injection. Using BION Web Server, we found that potassium ions may have strong electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged residues. CONCLUSION We suggest that K+ and Cu2+ play crucial roles in the conformation and mechanical performances of silks and they are involved in the silk fiber formation in vivo. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results are helpful for clarifying the mechanism of silk fiber formation, and provide insights for modifying the mechanical properties of silk fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Quanmei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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15
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Cenis JL, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Lozano-Pérez AA, Rojo M, Muñoz J, Meseguer-Olmo L, Arenas A. Silkworm Gut Fiber of Bombyx mori as an Implantable and Biocompatible Light-Diffusing Fiber. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071142. [PMID: 27438824 PMCID: PMC4964515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes a new approach to the delivery of light in deeper tissues, through a silk filament that is implantable, biocompatible, and biodegradable. In the present work, silkworm gut fibers (SGFs) of Bombyx mori L., are made by stretching the silk glands. Morphological, structural, and optical properties of the fibers have been characterized and the stimulatory effect of red laser light diffused from the fiber was assayed in fibroblast cultures. SGFs are formed by silk fibroin (SF) mainly in a β-sheet conformation, a stable and non-soluble state in water or biological fluids. The fibers showed a high degree of transparency to visible and infrared radiation. Using a red laser (λ = 650 nm) as source, the light was efficiently diffused along the fiber wall, promoting a significant increment in the cell metabolism 5 h after the irradiation. SGFs have shown their excellent properties as light-diffusing optical fibers with a stimulatory effect on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Cenis
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Murcia 30150, Spain.
| | - Salvador D Aznar-Cervantes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Murcia 30150, Spain.
| | - Antonio Abel Lozano-Pérez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Murcia 30150, Spain.
| | - Marta Rojo
- Departamento de Electromagnetismo y Electrónica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain.
| | - Juan Muñoz
- Departamento de Electromagnetismo y Electrónica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain.
| | - Luis Meseguer-Olmo
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Unit & Orthopedic Surgery Service, V. Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia 30120, Spain.
- Department of Health Sciences, UCAM-Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia 30107, Spain.
| | - Aurelio Arenas
- Departamento de Electromagnetismo y Electrónica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain.
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