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Xu X, Zuo Y, Chen S, Hatami A, Gu H. Advancements in Brain Research: The In Vivo/In Vitro Electrochemical Detection of Neurochemicals. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:125. [PMID: 38534232 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Neurochemicals, crucial for nervous system function, influence vital bodily processes and their fluctuations are linked to neurodegenerative diseases and mental health conditions. Monitoring these compounds is pivotal, yet the intricate nature of the central nervous system poses challenges. Researchers have devised methods, notably electrochemical sensing with micro-nanoscale electrodes, offering high-resolution monitoring despite low concentrations and rapid changes. Implantable sensors enable precise detection in brain tissues with minimal damage, while microdialysis-coupled platforms allow in vivo sampling and subsequent in vitro analysis, addressing the selectivity issues seen in other methods. While lacking temporal resolution, techniques like HPLC and CE complement electrochemical sensing's selectivity, particularly for structurally similar neurochemicals. This review covers essential neurochemicals and explores miniaturized electrochemical sensors for brain analysis, emphasizing microdialysis integration. It discusses the pros and cons of these techniques, forecasting electrochemical sensing's future in neuroscience research. Overall, this comprehensive review outlines the evolution, strengths, and potential applications of electrochemical sensing in the study of neurochemicals, offering insights into future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yimei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Amir Hatami
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Prof. Sobouti Boulevard, P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chen J, Ding X, Zhang D. Challenges and strategies faced in the electrochemical biosensing analysis of neurochemicals in vivo: A review. Talanta 2024; 266:124933. [PMID: 37506520 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Our brain is an intricate neuromodulatory network, and various neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gases, ions, and energy metabolites, play important roles in regulating normal brain function. Abnormal release or imbalance of these substances will lead to various diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, therefore, in situ and real-time analysis of neurochemical interactions in pathophysiological conditions is beneficial to facilitate our understanding of brain function. Implantable electrochemical biosensors are capable of monitoring neurochemical signals in real time in extracellular fluid of specific brain regions because they can provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution. However, in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis mainly faces the following challenges: First, foreign body reactions induced by microelectrode implantation, non-specific adsorption of proteins and redox products, and aggregation of glial cells, which will cause irreversible degradation of performance such as stability and sensitivity of the microsensor and eventually lead to signal loss; Second, various neurochemicals coexist in the complex brain environment, and electroactive substances with similar formal potentials interfere with each other. Therefore, it is a great challenge to design recognition molecules and tailor functional surfaces to develop in vivo electrochemical biosensors with high selectivity. Here, we take the above challenges as a starting point and detail the basic design principles for improving in vivo stability, selectivity and sensitivity of microsensors through some specific functionalized surface strategies as case studies. At the same time, we summarize surface modification strategies for in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis of some important neurochemicals for researchers' reference. In addition, we also focus on the electrochemical detection of low basal concentrations of neurochemicals in vivo via amperometric waveform techniques, as well as the stability and biocompatibility of reference electrodes during long-term sensing, and provide an outlook on the future direction of in vivo electrochemical neurosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiuting Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Song Q, Li Q, Yan J, Song Y. Echem methods and electrode types of the current in vivo electrochemical sensing. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17715-17739. [PMID: 35765338 PMCID: PMC9199085 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, people have been eager to realize continuous real-time online monitoring of biological compounds. Fortunately, in vivo electrochemical biosensor technology has greatly promoted the development of biological compound detection. This article summarizes the existing in vivo electrochemical detection technologies into two categories: microdialysis (MD) and microelectrode (ME). Then we summarized and discussed the electrode surface time, pollution resistance, linearity and the number of instances of simultaneous detection and analysis, the composition and characteristics of the sensor, and finally, we also predicted and prospected the development of electrochemical technology and sensors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuye Song
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600 Jiangsu People's Republic of China +86 791 87802135 +86 791 87802135
| | - Qianmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Jiadong Yan
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600 Jiangsu People's Republic of China +86 791 87802135 +86 791 87802135
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation, Health Commission of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Medical College 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China
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Zhang Y, Hou G, Ji W, Rao F, Zhou R, Gao S, Mao L, Zhou F. Persistent oppression and simple decompression both exacerbate spinal cord ascorbate levels. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1167-1176. [PMID: 32547312 PMCID: PMC7294922 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Surgical decompression after acute spinal cord injury has become the consensus of orthopaedic surgeons. However, the choice of surgical decompression time window after acute spinal cord injury has been one of the most controversial topics in orthopaedics. Objective: We apply an online electrochemical system (OECS) for continuously monitoring the ascorbate of the rats' spinal cord to determine the extent to which ascorbate levels were influenced by contusion or sustained compression. Methods: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=10) were instrumented for ascorbate concentration recording and received T11 drop spinal cord injury (SCI). The Group A (n=5) were treated with immediately decompression after SCI. The Group B (n=5) were contused and oppressed until 1 h after the injury to decompress. Results: The ascorbate level of spinal cord increased immediately by contusion injury and reached to 1.62 μmol/L ± 0.61 μmol/L (217.30% ± 95.09% of the basal level) at the time point of 60 min after the injury. Compared with the Group A, the ascorbate level in Group B increased more significantly at 1 h after the injury, reaching to 3.76 μmol/L ± 1.75 μmol/L (430.25% ± 101.30% of the basal level). Meanwhile, we also found that the decompression after 1 hour of continuous compression will cause delayed peaks of ascorbate reaching to 5.71 μmol/L ± 2.69 μmol/L (627.73% ± 188.11% of the basal level). Conclusion: Our study provides first-hand direct experimental evidence indicating ascorbate is directly involved in secondary spinal cord injury and exhibits the dynamic time course of microenvironment changes after continuous compression injury of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Guojin Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Feng Rao
- Trauma Medicine Centre, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rubing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Duan Q, Ma F, Zhang J. Salicylate increased ascorbic acid levels and neuronal activity in the rat auditory cortex. Pediatr Investig 2019; 3:146-152. [PMID: 32851309 PMCID: PMC7331419 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Clinical observations have implied a central origin for tinnitus and potential therapeutic effects of ascorbic acid (AA); however, the detailed mechanisms remain undetermined. OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in the AA levels and neural activity in the auditory cortex (AC) during salicylate-induced tinnitus. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) saline group, which received an intraperitoneal saline injection; (2) SS group, which received an intraperitoneal sodium salicylate (SS) injection (350 mg/kg); and (3) SS+Lido group, which received an intraperitoneal SS injection (350 mg/kg) and lidocaine delivered to the AC by microdialysis. For each group, we firstly used an in vivo microdialysis technique to investigate the concentrations of AA in the AC; and secondly, we recorded the neural activity in the AC using a single-unit recording technique. RESULTS The AA concentration in the SS group significantly increased after SS injection, whereas that of the saline group did not change. The AA concentration in the SS+Lido group also showed an increasing trend but was significantly lower than that in the SS group. In the electrophysiological study, the spontaneous firing rate of the SS group was significantly higher than that of the saline group. In addition, the proportion of short interval discharges was also higher in the SS group than in the saline group. Both differences were reversed by lidocaine treatment. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that the elevation of AA levels in the AC may be related to increased neuronal activity, which may represent the mechanism underlying salicylate-induced tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchuan Duan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryBeijing Children's HospitalNational Center for Children's HealthBeijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryBeijingChina
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryBeijing Children's HospitalNational Center for Children's HealthBeijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryBeijingChina
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Xiong S, Song Y, Liu J, Du Y, Ding Y, Wei H, Bryan K, Ma F, Mao L. Neuroprotective effects of MK-801 on auditory cortex in salicylate-induced tinnitus: Involvement of neural activity, glutamate and ascorbate. Hear Res 2019; 375:44-52. [PMID: 30795964 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tinnitus may cause anxiety, depression, insomnia, which impair the quality of life of millions worldwide. However, the mechanism of tinnitus remains to be understood, it has been previously hypothesized that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is involved in the tinnitus processes and blockade of the NMDA receptor is regarded as a therapeutic strategy for tinnitus treatment even if the rescue treatment is still proved invalid in some cases. To demonstrate the therapeutic effect of the NMDA receptor blocker on tinnitus, we examined here the spontaneous firing rate (SFR) and the neurochemical dynamics in the auditory cortex (AC) of rats after sodium salicylate (SS) injection, which is a widely used model for tinnitus research. We also recorded their responses to MK-801 treatment. Electrophysiological studies showed that MK-801 significantly suppresses SFR in AC of rats with SS-induced tinnitus. In addition, by using a technique that combining in vivo microdialysis with an online electrochemical system (OECS) and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we found that the levels of both glutamate and ascorbate in AC dramatically increased after SS injection and that MK-801 administration attenuated those response. Further studies found that MK-801 given at a time point of 30 min pre- or post-injection of SS were more effective than that given at a time point of 60 min post-SS injection, indicating that the time point of MK-801 intervention has a critical impact on the therapeutic effect. These findings suggest that MK-801 plays a neuroprotective role against hyperactivity during tinnitus induced by SS and that the therapeutic effect depends on the time point of MK-801 intervention, which would advance the studies on understanding of the therapeutic potential of NMDA receptor antagonist in tinnitus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junxiu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yali Du
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yujing Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kevin Bryan
- Junipero Serra High School, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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8
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Zhang Y, Li L, Li T, Xin Y, Liu J, Ma F, Mao L. In vivo measurement of the dynamics of norepinephrine in an olfactory bulb following ischemia-induced olfactory dysfunction and its responses to dexamethasone treatment. Analyst 2018; 143:5247-5254. [PMID: 30276380 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01300d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Information on the dynamics of molecules following olfactory dysfunction remains essential for understanding the molecular events involved in the pathological process of olfactory dysfunction. This study for the first time demonstrates a method based on the combination of in vivo microdialysis with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection (ECD) for the measurement of the dynamics of norepinephrine (NE) in the olfactory bulbs of Sprague-Dawley rats following olfactory dysfunction induced by brain ischemia and its responses toward dexamethasone treatment. The method possesses a high spatial resolution and benefits from in vivo microdialysis and high selectivity and is thus capable of measuring NE in the olfactory bulb of rats. With this method, the basal level of NE in the olfactory bulb was evaluated to be ca. 235 ± 25 nM (n = 6). This level was found to increase by 260 ± 90% at a time point of 240 min after brain ischemia with bilateral ligation of both common carotid arteries. The increase was found to be suppressed upon the treatment of the animals with 0.2% dexamethasone in the olfactory bulb. These results suggest that NE is involved in the pathological process of ischemia-induced olfactory dysfunction and this information is useful to further understand the molecular events involved in olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Junxiu Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Xin Y, Song Y, Xiao T, Zhang Y, Li L, Li T, Zhang K, Liu J, Ma F, Mao L. In Vivo Recording of Ascorbate and Neural Excitability in Medial Vestibular Nucleus and Hippocampus Following Ice Water Vestibular Stimulation in Rats. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Tongfang Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yinghong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Junxiu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Third Hospital of Peking University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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Xiao T, Wu F, Hao J, Zhang M, Yu P, Mao L. In Vivo Analysis with Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. Anal Chem 2016; 89:300-313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongfang Xiao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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