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Mao YM, Amreen K, Goel S. Benchmarking Power Generation From Multiple Wastewater Electrolytes in Microbial Fuel Cells With 3D Printed Disk-Electrodes. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2024; 23:491-498. [PMID: 38587943 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2024.3385739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) have recently gained attention, as they are inexpensive, green in nature, and sustainable. As per the report, by Allied Market Research the global market size of MFCs will increase from $ 264.8 million in 2021 to $ 452.2 million in 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.5%. The present work is a comparative study of various types of electrolytes that can be used in MFCs. The working electrodes were printed using conducting graphene-based Polylactic Acid (PLA) filaments with the help of a 3D printer under the principle of the fused deposition method. Simulated electrolytes and natural environmental microbial electrolytes were used here. Also, electrolytes of pure E. coli culture were studied. Lake water reported the highest power density of 8.259 mW/cm2 while Stale E. Coli reported the lowest around 0.184 mW/cm2. The study comprehensively lists potential wastewaters that can fuel the MFCs. With the pioneering of various comparative studies of electrolytes, one can insight into the recruitment of electrolytes with high-performance benchmarks for miniaturized energy storage and other microelectronics applications.
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2
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Romo AIB, Bello L, Pudar S, Ibrahim N, Wang Y, Baran MJ, Wu Q, Ewoldt RH, Helms BA, Sing C, Rodríguez-López J. Controlling Charge Percolation in Solutions of Metal Redox Active Polymers: Implications of Microscopic Polyelectrolyte Dynamics on Macroscopic Energy Storage. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17474-17486. [PMID: 38860830 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Soluble redox-active polymers (RAPs) enable size-exclusion nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NaRFBs) which promise high energy density. Pendants along the RAPs not only store charge but also engage in electron transfer to varying extents based on their designs. Here, we explore these phenomena in Metal-containing Redox Active Polymers (M-RAPs, M = Ru, Fe, Co). We assess by using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry with ultramicroelectrodes the current response to electrolyte concentration spanning 3 orders of magnitude. Currents scaled as Ru-RAP > Fe-RAP ≫ Co-RAP, consistent with electron self-exchange trends in the small molecule analogues of the MII/III redox pair. Varying the ionic strength of the electrolyte also revealed nonmonotonic behavior, evidencing the impact of polyelectrolytic dynamics on M-RAP redox response. We developed a model to account for the behavior by combining kinetic Monte Carlo and Brownian dynamics near a boundary representing an electrode. While 1D pendant-to-pendant charge transfer along the chain is not a strong function of electrolyte concentration, the microstructure of the RAP at different electrolyte concentrations is decisively impacted, yielding qualitative trends to those observed experimentally. M-RAP size-exclusion NaRFBs using a poly viologen as negolyte varied in average potential with ∼1.54 V for Ru-RAP, ∼1.37 V for Fe-RAP, and ∼0.52 V for Co-RAP. Comparison of batteries at their optimal and suboptimal solution conditions as gauged from analytical experiments showed clear correlations in performance. This work provides a blueprint for understanding the factors underpinning charge transfer in solutions of RAPs for batteries and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo I B Romo
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Liliana Bello
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sanja Pudar
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Yilin Wang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Miranda J Baran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brett A Helms
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles Sing
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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3
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Moghaddam M, Godeffroy L, Jasielec JJ, Kostopoulos N, Noël JM, Piquemal JY, Lemineur JF, Peljo P, Kanoufi F. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Meets Optical Microscopy: Probing the Local Paths of Charge Transfer Operando in Booster-Microparticles for Flow Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2309607. [PMID: 38757541 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the oxidation/reduction dynamics of secondary microparticles formed from agglomerated nanoscale primary particles is crucial for advancing electrochemical energy storage technologies. In this study, the behavior of individual copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) microparticles is explored at both global and local scales combining scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), for electrochemical interrogation of a single, but global-scale microparticle, and optical microscopy monitoring to obtain a higher resolution dynamic image of the local electrochemistry within the same particle. Chronoamperometric experiments unveil a multistep oxidation/reduction process with varying dynamics. On the one hand, the global SECM analysis enables quantifying the charge transfer as well as its dynamics at the single microparticle level during the oxidation/reduction cycles by a redox mediator in solution. These conditions allow mimicking the charge storage processes in these particles when they are used as solid boosters in redox flow batteries. On the other hand, optical imaging with sub-particle resolution allows the mapping of local conversion rates and state-of-charge within individual CuHCF particles. These maps reveal that regions of different material loadings exhibit varying charge storage capacities and conversion rates. The findings highlight the significance of porous nanostructures and provide valuable insights for designing more efficient energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Moghaddam
- Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, 20014, Finland
| | | | - Jerzy J Jasielec
- Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, 20014, Finland
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Modelling, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków, 30-059, Poland
| | | | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, Paris, F-75013, France
| | | | | | - Pekka Peljo
- Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, 20014, Finland
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4
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Strange L, Li X, Wornyo E, Ashaduzzaman M, Pan S. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Chemical Imaging and Understanding Redox Activities of Battery Materials. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:110-120. [PMID: 37235187 PMCID: PMC10208357 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Improving the charge storage capacity and lifetime and charging/discharging efficiency of battery systems is essential for large-scale applications such as long-term grid storage and long-range automobiles. While there have been substantial improvements over the past decades, further fundamental research would help provide insights into improving the cost effectiveness of such systems. For example, it is critical to understand the redox activities of cathode and anode electrode materials and stability and the formation mechanism and roles of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) that forms at the electrode surface upon an external potential bias. The SEI plays a critical role in preventing electrolyte decay while still allowing charges to flow through the system while serving as a charge transfer barrier. While surface analytical techniques such as X-ray photoelectron (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provide invaluable information on anode chemical composition, crystalline structure, and morphology, they are often performed ex situ, which can induce changes to the SEI layer after it is removed from the electrolyte. While there have been efforts to combine these techniques using pseudo-in situ approaches via vacuum-compatible devices and inert atmosphere chambers connected to glove boxes, there is still a need for true in situ techniques to obtain results with improved accuracy and precision. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an in situ scanning probe technique that can be combined with optical spectroscopy techniques such as Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy methods to gain insights into the electronic changes of a material as a function of applied bias. This Review will highlight the potential of SECM and recent reports on combining spectroscopic measurements with SECM to gain insights into the SEI layer formation and redox activities of other battery electrode materials. These insights provide invaluable information for improving the performance of charge storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndi
E. Strange
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States of America
| | - Xiao Li
- The
University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, 250
Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 99354, United
States of America
| | - Eric Wornyo
- The
University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, 250
Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 99354, United
States of America
| | - Md Ashaduzzaman
- The
University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, 250
Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 99354, United
States of America
| | - Shanlin Pan
- The
University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, 250
Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 99354, United
States of America
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5
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Ma T, Li CH, Thakur RM, Tabor DP, Lutkenhaus JL. The role of the electrolyte in non-conjugated radical polymers for metal-free aqueous energy storage electrodes. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:495-502. [PMID: 36973544 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free aqueous batteries can potentially address the projected shortages of strategic metals and safety issues found in lithium-ion batteries. More specifically, redox-active non-conjugated radical polymers are promising candidates for metal-free aqueous batteries because of the polymers' high discharge voltage and fast redox kinetics. However, little is known regarding the energy storage mechanism of these polymers in an aqueous environment. The reaction itself is complex and difficult to resolve because of the simultaneous transfer of electrons, ions and water molecules. Here we demonstrate the nature of the redox reaction for poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl acrylamide) by examining aqueous electrolytes of varying chao-/kosmotropic character using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring at a range of timescales. Surprisingly, the capacity can vary by as much as 1,000% depending on the electrolyte, in which certain ions enable better kinetics, higher capacity and higher cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel P Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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6
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Preparation and electrochemical sensor application of tetra aniline/graphene oxide/gold nanoparticle composites`. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Yang F, Zheng Y, Tian X, Liu Y, Li J, Shao Z, Zhao F. Redox cycling of manganese by Bacillus horikoshii biET1 via oxygen switch. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Gossage ZT, Hui J, Zeng Y, Flores-Zuleta H, Rodríguez-López J. Probing the reversibility and kinetics of Li + during SEI formation and (de)intercalation on edge plane graphite using ion-sensitive scanning electrochemical microscopy. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10749-10754. [PMID: 32055381 PMCID: PMC6993605 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions at battery interfaces participate in both the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and the subsequent energy storage mechanism. However, few in situ methods can directly track interfacial Li+ dynamics. Herein, we report on scanning electrochemical microscopy with Li+ sensitive probes for its in situ, localized tracking during SEI formation and intercalation. We followed the potential-dependent reactivity of edge plane graphite influenced by the interfacial consumption of Li+ by competing processes. Cycling in the SEI formation region revealed reversible ionic processes ascribed to surface redox, as well as irreversible SEI formation. Cycling at more negative potentials activated reversible (de)intercalation. Modeling the ion-sensitive probe response yielded Li+ intercalation rate constants between 10-4 to 10-5 cm s-1. Our studies allow decoupling of charge-transfer steps at complex battery interfaces and create opportunities for interrogating reactivity at individual sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Gossage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Jingshu Hui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Yunxiong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Heriberto Flores-Zuleta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
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9
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Hui J, Gossage ZT, Sarbapalli D, Hernández-Burgos K, Rodríguez-López J. Advanced Electrochemical Analysis for Energy Storage Interfaces. Anal Chem 2018; 91:60-83. [PMID: 30428255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Zachary T Gossage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Dipobrato Sarbapalli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Kenneth Hernández-Burgos
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , 405 North Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , 405 North Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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10
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Burgess M, Hernández-Burgos K, Schuh JK, Davila J, Montoto EC, Ewoldt RH, Rodríguez-López J. Modulation of the Electrochemical Reactivity of Solubilized Redox Active Polymers via Polyelectrolyte Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2093-2104. [PMID: 29369622 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Redox active polymers (RAPs) are electrochemically versatile materials that find key applications in energy storage, sensing, and surface modification. In spite of the ubiquity of RAP-modified electrodes, a critical knowledge gap exists in the understanding of the electrochemistry of soluble RAPs and their relation to polyelectrolyte dynamics. Here, we explore for the first time the intersection between polyelectrolyte behavior and the electrochemical response that highly soluble and highly substituted RAPs with viologen, ferrocene, and nitrostyrene moieties elicit at electrodes. This comprehensive study of RAP electrolytes over several orders of magnitude in concentration and ionic strength reveals distinct signatures consistent with surface confined, colloidal, and bulk-like electrochemical behavior. These differences emerge across polyelectrolyte packing regimes and are strongly modulated by changes in RAP coil size and electrostatic interactions with the electrode. We found that, unlike monomer motifs, simple changes in the ionic strength caused variations over 1 order of magnitude in the current measured at the electrode. In addition, the thermodynamics of adsorbed RAP films were also affected, giving rise to standard reduction potential shifts leading to redox kinetic effects as a result of the mediating nature of the RAP film in equilibrium with the solution. Full electrochemical characterization via transient and steady-state techniques, including the use of ultramicroelectrodes and the rotating disk electrode, were correlated to dynamic light scattering, ellipsometry, and viscometric analysis. These methods helped elucidate the relationship between electrochemical behavior and RAP coil size, film thickness, and polyelectrolyte packing regime. This study underscores the role of electrostatics in modulating the reactivity of redox polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Burgess
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Jonathon K Schuh
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Elena C Montoto
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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11
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Anderson MJ, Crooks RM. Microfluidic Surface Titrations of Electroactive Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7053-7061. [PMID: 28665618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of microfluidic surface titrations (MSTs) for studying electroactive self-assembled monolayers (eSAMs) and other thin films. The technique of MST utilizes a microfluidic generation-collection dual channel electrode (DCE) configuration to quantify the charge associated with electroactive thin films that might or might not be in direct contact with an electrode surface. This technique allows for quantitative measurement of surface coverages, Γ, as low as 30 pmol cm-2 for electrodeposited Cu thin films. Additionally, we show that it is possible to quantify Γ for ferrocene (Fc)-terminated alkylthiols in mixed-monolayer eSAMs. Interestingly, MSTs sometimes reveal a two-fold higher eSAM concentration compared to direct electrochemical measurements. This finding suggests that in these instances not all the constituent Fc-moieties of the eSAM are in sufficiently close proximity to the surface to be addressable via direct electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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12
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13
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Barton ZJ, Rodríguez-López J. Cyclic Voltammetry Probe Approach Curves with Alkali Amalgams at Mercury Sphere-Cap Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Probes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2708-2715. [PMID: 28230350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a method of precisely positioning a Hg-based ultramicroelectrode (UME) for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) investigations of any substrate. Hg-based probes are capable of performing amalgamation reactions with metal cations, which avoid unwanted side reactions and positive feedback mechanisms that can prove problematic for traditional probe positioning methods. However, prolonged collection of ions eventually leads to saturation of the amalgam accompanied by irreversible loss of Hg. In order to obtain negative feedback positioning control without risking damage to the SECM probe, we implement cyclic voltammetry probe approach surfaces (CV-PASs), consisting of CVs performed between incremental motor movements. The amalgamation current, peak stripping current, and integrated stripping charge extracted from a shared CV-PAS give three distinct probe approach curves (CV-PACs), which can be used to determine the tip-substrate gap to within 1% of the probe radius. Using finite element simulations, we establish a new protocol for fitting any CV-PAC and demonstrate its validity with experimental results for sodium and potassium ions in propylene carbonate by obtaining over 3 orders of magnitude greater accuracy and more than 20-fold greater precision than existing methods. Considering the timescales of diffusion and amalgam saturation, we also present limiting conditions for obtaining and fitting CV-PAC data. The ion-specific signals isolated in CV-PACs allow precise and accurate positioning of Hg-based SECM probes over any sample and enable the deployment of CV-PAS SECM as an analytical tool for traditionally challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Barton ZJ, Rodríguez-López J. Fabrication and Demonstration of Mercury Disc-Well Probes for Stripping-Based Cyclic Voltammetry Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2716-2723. [PMID: 28230351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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15
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Korzekwa J, Scheurer A, Heinemann FW, Meyer K. Synthesis and characterization of uranium(iv) tetrachloro complexes in bis-pyrazolylpyridine ligand environments. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:13811-13823. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02947k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The most intriguing feature in structures2a–2dis the out-of-plane shift of the U ion from the chelate's three coordinating N atoms (grey background: molecular plane), as exemplarily shown for2band2d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Korzekwa
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Scheurer
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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16
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Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Matsue T. Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:342-357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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17
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Burgess M, Moore JS, Rodríguez-López J. Redox Active Polymers as Soluble Nanomaterials for Energy Storage. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2649-2657. [PMID: 27673336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It is an exciting time for exploring the synergism between the chemical and dimensional properties of redox nanomaterials for addressing the manifold performance demands faced by energy storage technologies. The call for widespread adoption of alternative energy sources requires the combination of emerging chemical concepts with redesigned battery formats. Our groups are interested in the development and implementation of a new strategy for nonaqueous flow batteries (NRFBs) for grid energy storage. Our motivation is to solve major challenges in NRFBs, such as the lack of membranes that simultaneously allow fast ion transport while minimizing redox active species crossover between anolyte (negative electrolyte) and catholyte (positive electrolyte) compartments. This pervasive crossover leads to deleterious capacity fade and materials underutilization. In this Account, we highlight redox active polymers (RAPs) and related polymer colloids as soluble nanoscopic energy storing units that enable the simple but powerful size-exclusion concept for NRFBs. Crossover of the redox component is suppressed by matching high molecular weight RAPs with simple and inexpensive nanoporous commercial separators. In contrast to the vast literature on the redox chemistry of electrode-confined polymer films, studies on the electrochemistry of solubilized RAPs are incipient. This is due in part to challenges in finding suitable solvents that enable systematic studies on high polymers. Here, viologen-, ferrocene- and nitrostyrene-based polymers in various formats exhibit properties that make amenable their electrochemical exploration as solution-phase redox couples. A main finding is that RAP solutions store energy efficiently and reversibly while offering chemical modularity and size versatility. Beyond the practicality toward their use in NRFBs, the fundamental electrochemistry exhibited by RAPs is fascinating, showing clear distinctions in behavior from that of small molecules. Whereas RAPs conveniently translate the redox properties of small molecules into a nanostructure, they give rise to charge transfer mechanisms and electrolyte interactions that elicit distinct electrochemical responses. To understand how the electrochemical characteristics of RAPs depend on molecular features, including redox moiety, macromolecular size, and backbone structure, a range of techniques has been employed by our groups, including voltammetry at macro- and microelectrodes, rotating disk electrode voltammetry, bulk electrolysis, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. RAPs rely on three-dimensional charge transfer within their inner bulk, which is an efficient process and allows quantitative electrolysis of particles of up to ∼800 nm in radius. Interestingly, we find that interactions between neighboring pendants create unique opportunities for fine-tuning their electrochemical reactivity. Furthermore, RAP interrogation toward the single particle limit promises to shed light on fundamental charge storage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Burgess
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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