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Szymaszek P, Tyszka-Czochara M, Ortyl J. Iridium(III) complexes as novel theranostic small molecules for medical diagnostics, precise imaging at a single cell level and targeted anticancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116648. [PMID: 38968786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Medical applications of iridium (III) complexes include their use as state-of-the-art theranostic agents - molecules that combine therapeutic and diagnostic functions into a single entity. These complexes offer a promising avenue in medical diagnostics, precision imaging at single-cell resolution and targeted anticancer therapy due to their unique properties. In this review we report a short summary of their application in medical diagnostics, imaging at single-cell level and targeted anticancer therapy. The exceptional photophysical properties of Iridium (III) complexes, including their brightness and photostability, make them excellent candidates for bioimaging. They can be used to image cellular processes and the microenvironment within single cells with unprecedented clarity, aiding in the understanding of disease mechanisms at the molecular level. Moreover the iridium (III) complexes can be designed to selectively target cancer cells,. Upon targeting, these complexes can act as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation to induce cell death. The integration of diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in Iridium (III) complexes offers the potential for a holistic approach to cancer treatment, enabling not only the precise eradication of cancer cells but also the real-time monitoring of treatment efficacy and disease progression. This aligns with the goals of personalized medicine, offering hope for more effective and less invasive cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Szymaszek
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Kraków, Poland; Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348, Kraków, Poland; Photo4Chem ltd., Juliusza Lea 114/416A-B, 31-133, Kraków, Poland.
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2
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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3
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Wilson S, Panagabko C, Laleye T, Robinson M, Jagas S, Bowman D, Atkinson J. Synthesis of a photocleavable bola-phosphatidylcholine. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117465. [PMID: 37688997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and are involved in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction. Sec14 is a yeast PITP that has been shown to transfer phosphatidylinositol (PI) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. It is now believed that Sec14 may play a greater role than just shuttling PI and PC throughout the cell. Genetic evidence suggests that retrieval of membrane-bound PI by Sec14 also manages to present PI to the phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase, Pik1, to generate phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, PI(4)P. To test this hypothetical model, we designed a photocleavable bolalipid to span the entire membrane, having one phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylinositol headgroup on each leaflet connected by a photocleavable diacid. Sec14 should not be able to present the bola-PI to Pik1 for phosphorylation as the head group will be difficult to lift from the bilayer as it is tethered on the opposite leaflet. After photocleavage the two halves would behave as a normal phospholipid, thus phosphorylation by Pik1 would resume. We report here the synthesis of a photocleavable bola-PC, a precursor to the desired bola-PI. The mono-photocleavable bola-PC lipid was designed to contain two glycerol molecules with choline head groups connected through a phosphodiester bond at the sn3 position. Each glycerol was acylated with palmitic acid at the sn1 position. These two glycerol moieties were then connected through their respective sn2 hydroxyls via a photocleavable dicarboxylic acid containing a nitrophenyl ethyl photolabile protecting group. The bola-PC and its precursors were found to undergo efficient photocleavage when irradiated in solution or in vesicles with 365 nm light for two minutes. Treatment of the bola-PC with a mutant phospholipase D and myo-inositol produced a mono-inositol bola-PC-PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tayo Laleye
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Samuel Jagas
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Bowman
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
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Hua L, Zhang KY, Liu HW, Chan KS, Lo KKW. Luminescent iridium(III) porphyrin complexes as near-infrared-emissive biological probes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12444-12453. [PMID: 37594412 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the design, synthesis and characterisation of a series of luminescent iridium(III) porphyrin complexes [Ir(ttp)(CH2CH2OH)] (H2ttp = 5,10,15,20-tetra-4-tolylporphyrin) (1), [Ir(tpp-Ph-NO2)(CO)Cl] (H2tpp-Ph-NO2 = 5-(4-((4-nitrophenoxy)carbonyloxymethyl)phenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin) (2), [Ir(tpp-COOMe)(Py)2](Cl) (H2tpp-COOMe = 5-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin; Py = pyridine) (3) and [Ir(tpp-COOH)(Py)2](Cl) (H2tpp-COOH = 5-(4-carboxylphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin) (4). All the complexes displayed long-lived near-infrared (NIR) emission attributed to an excited state of mixed triplet intraligand (3IL) (π → π*) (porphyrin) and triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) (dπ(Ir) → π*(porphyrin)) character. The cytotoxicity of the complexes toward HeLa cells was examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cationic complexes 3 and 4 exhibited higher cytotoxic activity toward HeLa cells than their neutral counterparts 1 and 2. Cellular uptake studies by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) indicated that complexes 3 and 4 showed higher cellular uptake efficiencies than complexes 1 and 2 due to their cationic charge, and they were enriched in the perinuclear region of the cells with negligible nuclear uptake. Additionally, the carboxyl complex 4 was used to label a model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) via an amidation reaction. The resultant luminescent protein conjugate 4-BSA displayed similar photophysical properties and intracellular localisation behaviour to its parent complex. The results of this work will contribute to the development of luminescent iridium(III) porphyrin complexes and related bioconjugates as NIR-emissive probes for bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical College, Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kin-Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimetre Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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5
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Zhong M, He J, Zhang B, Liu Q, Fang J. Mitochondria-targeted iridium-based photosensitizers enhancing photodynamic therapy effect by disturbing cellular redox balance. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:121-131. [PMID: 36581057 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive, light-activated treatment approach that has been broadly employed in cancer. Cyclometallic iridium (Ш) complexes are candidates for ideal photosensitizers due to their unique photophysical and photochemical features, such as high quantum yield, large Stokes shift, strong resistance to photobleaching, and high cellular permeability. We evaluated a panel of iridium complexes and identified PC9 as a powerful photosensitizer to kill cancer cells. PC9 shows an 8-fold increase of cytotoxicity to HeLa cells under light irradiation. Further investigation discloses that PC9 has a strong mitochondrial-targeting ability and can inhibit the antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin reductase, which contributes to improving PDT efficacy. Our data indicate that iridium complexes are efficient photosensitizers with distinct physicochemical properties and cellular actions, and deserve further development as promising agents for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhong
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jian He
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, School of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Jianguo Fang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China.
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6
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Amarsy I, Papot S, Gasser G. Stimuli‐Responsive Metal Complexes for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205900. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Amarsy
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP) Université de Poitiers, CNRS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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Lyu J, Liu D, Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhang X. Halogen-bridged binuclear iridium(III) complexes with enhanced photodynamic therapeutic effects in mitochondria. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6307-6314. [PMID: 35916051 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-performance photosensitizers is the top priority in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Iridium complexes are widely used because of their many advantages such as high photostability, long T1 lifetime, high yield of singlet oxygen generation, and so on. Halogen-bridged binuclear complexes are often used as intermediates in the synthesis of photosensitizers but ignored in PDT applications. Here we found that halogen-bridged binuclear iridium complexes showed excellent performance in 1O2 generation. It was also confirmed that these complexes kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. Through molecular design and modification, we studied the effect of the bridging halogen atoms and intracellular localization on the performance of PDT. The results show that replacing the bridging halogen with heavier atoms and targeting the complex in mitochondria can effectively enhance the efficiency of PDT. Among them, the bromine bridged binuclear iridium complex located in mitochondria reported in this paper can achieve an IC50 value of 75 nM for MCF-7 cells. This work also provides inspiration for the exploration of complex-based photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiao Lyu
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China. .,School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chunfei Wang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China. .,MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Luminescent and Photofunctional Transition Metal Complexes: From Molecular Design to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14420-14440. [PMID: 35925792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been emerging interest in the exploitation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of transition metal complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Perspective, we highlight the major recent advances in the development of luminescent and photofunctional transition metal complexes, in particular, those of rhenium(I), ruthenium(II), osmium(II), iridium(III), and platinum(II), as bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutic agents, with a focus on the molecular design strategies that harness and modulate the interesting photophysical and photochemical behavior of the complexes. We also discuss the current challenges and future outlook of transition metal complexes for both fundamental research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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9
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Amarsy I, Papot S, Gasser G. Stimuli‐Responsive Metal Complexes for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Amarsy
- Chimie ParisTech - PSL: Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Paris PSL University FRANCE
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Université de Poitiers: Universite de Poitiers Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP) FRANCE
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Universite PSL Chimie ParisTech 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris FRANCE
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10
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Lu N, Deng Z, Gao J, Liang C, Xia H, Zhang P. An osmium-peroxo complex for photoactive therapy of hypoxic tumors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2245. [PMID: 35473926 PMCID: PMC9042834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited therapeutic effect on hypoxic and refractory solid tumors has hindered the practical application of photodynamic therapy. Herein, we report our investigation of an osmium-peroxo complex (Os2), which is inactive in the dark, but can release a peroxo ligand O2•− upon light irradiation even in the absence of oxygen, and is transformed into a cytotoxic osmium complex (Os1). Os1 is cytotoxic in the presence or absence of irradiation in hypoxic tumors, behaving as a chemotherapeutic drug. At the same time, the light-activated Os2 induces photocatalytic oxidation of endogenous 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in living cancer cells, leading to ferroptosis, which is mediated by glutathione degradation, lipid peroxide accumulation and down-regulation of glutathione peroxidase 4. In vivo studies have confirmed that the Os2 can effectively inhibit the growth of solid hypoxic tumors in mice. A promising strategy is proposed for the treatment of hypoxic tumors with metal-based drugs. Photodynamic therapy has been a promising technique for the treatment of tumours. In this manuscript, the authors report on the photoactivation of the osmium peroxo complex and its potential use for chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy under blue light irradiation against tumours in their hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nong Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Zhu JH, Xu GX, Shum J, Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Tuning the organelle specificity and cytotoxicity of iridium(III) photosensitisers for enhanced phototheranostic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12008-12011. [PMID: 34709253 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04982h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes with a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) unit were designed as efficient theranostic agents that displayed tuneable organelle-targeting properties, minimal dark cytotoxicity and substantial photocytotoxicity even under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Guang-Xi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Justin Shum
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimetre Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Centre of Functional Photonics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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12
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Gou Y, Huang G, Li J, Yang F, Liang H. Versatile delivery systems for non-platinum metal-based anticancer therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Peng HL, Li Y, Chen XY, Li LP, Ke Z, Ye BH. Visible-Light-Induced Amination of Quinoline at the C8 Position via a Postcoordinated Interligand-Coupling Strategy under Mild Conditions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:908-918. [PMID: 33393292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The postcoordinated interligand-coupling strategy provides a useful and complementary protocol for synthesizing polydentate ligands. Herein, diastereoselective photoreactions of Λ-[Ir(pq)2(d-AA)] (Λ-d) and Λ-[Ir(pq)2(l-AA)] (Λ-l, where pq is 2-phenylquinoline and AA is an amino acid) are reported in the presence of O2 under mild conditions. Diastereomer Λ-d is dehydrogenatively oxidized into an imino acid complex, while diastereomer Λ-l mainly occurs via interligand C-N cross-dehydrogenative coupling between quinoline at the C8 position and AA ligands at room temperature, affording Λ-[Ir(pq)(l-pq-AA)]. Furthermore, the photoreaction of diastereomer Λ-l is temperature-dependent. Mechanistic experiments reveal the ligand-radical intermediates may be involved in the reaction. Density functional theory calculations were used to eluciate the origin of diastereoselectivity and temperature dependence. This will provide a new protocol for the amination of quinoline at the C8 position via the postcoordinated interligand C-N cross-coupling strategy under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Long Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinwu Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing-Yang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
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14
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Xu GX, Mak ECL, Lo KKW. Photofunctional transition metal complexes as cellular probes, bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutics. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This critical review summarises the recent biological applications of transition metal complexes as cellular probes, bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Eunice Chiu-Lam Mak
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimetre Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Centre of Functional Photonics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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15
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Photoswitchable CAR-T Cell Function In Vitro and In Vivo via a Cleavable Mediator. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 28:60-69.e7. [PMID: 33113407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-based therapeutics are a breakthrough in cancer treatment; however, they are hampered by constitutive activation, which leads to worrisome side effects. Engineering CAR-T cells to be as tightly controllable as possible remains a topic of ongoing investigation. Here, we report a photoswitchable approach that uses a mediator for the at-will regulation of CAR-T cells. This mediator carries dual folate and fluorescein isothiocyanate moieties tethered by an ortho-nitrobenzyl ester photocleavable linker. CAR-T cells were shown to be highly cytotoxic to targeted cells only in the presence of the mediator and acted in a dose-dependent manner. The toxicity of CAR-T cells can be rapidly terminated by cleavage of the mediator, and the effects of CAR-T cells can be activated again by resupplementation with the mediator without compromising tumor therapy. The approach described here provides a direction for enhancing the controllability of CAR-T cells and can likely be applied in other immunotherapies.
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Shen W, Zheng J, Zhou Z, Zhang D. Approaches for the synthesis of o-nitrobenzyl and coumarin linkers for use in photocleavable biomaterials and bioconjugates and their biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:75-91. [PMID: 32853806 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photocleavable biomaterials and bioconjugates are particularly interesting because light sources are easy to obtain and the responsiveness of materials is convenient to control. In recent years, various photocleavable biomaterials and bioconjugates have been synthesized for the control of payload release, regulation of biomolecule activity, 3D cell culture, and investigation of molecular mechanisms. Photocleavable linkers are crucial components of photocleavable biomaterials, which significantly influence the photoresponsive capabilities of materials. Photosensitive molecules, such as o-nitrobenzyls and coumarins, have been extensively developed as photocleavable linkers. In the present review, we provide comprehensive knowledge regarding the synthetic strategies of o-nitrobenzyl and coumarin derived linkers with various functional groups and their applications for the construction of photocleavable biomaterials and bioconjugates. Finally, the biomedical applications of o-nitrobenzyl and coumarin-based photocleavable biomaterials and bioconjugates will be summarized and discussed.
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17
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Luengo A, Marzo I, Reback M, Daubit IM, Fernández‐Moreira V, Metzler‐Nolte N, Gimeno MC. Luminescent Bimetallic Ir III /Au I Peptide Bioconjugates as Potential Theranostic Agents. Chemistry 2020; 26:12158-12167. [PMID: 32542887 PMCID: PMC7540463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diverse iridium peptide bioconjugates and the corresponding iridium/gold bimetallic complexes have been synthesized starting from a cyclometallated carboxylic acid substituted IrIII complex [Ir(ppy)2 (Phen-5-COO)] by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The selected peptide sequences were an enkephalin derivative Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu together with the propargyl-substituted species Tyr-Gly-Pgl-Phe-Leu to allow gold coordination (Pgl: propyrgyl-glycine, HC≡C-Gly), and a specific short peptide, Ala-Cys-Ala-Phen, containing a cysteine residue. Introduction of the gold center has been achieved via a click reaction with the alkynyl group leading to an organometallic Au-C(triazole) species, or by direct coordination to the sulfur atom of the cysteine. The photophysical properties of these species revealed predominantly an emission originating from the Ir complex, using mixed metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states of triplet multiplicity. The formation of the peptide bioconjugates caused a systematic redshift of the emission profiles. Lysosomal accumulation was observed for all the complexes, in contrast to the expected mitochondrial accumulation triggered by the gold complexes. Only the cysteine-containing Ir/Au bioconjugate displayed cytotoxic activity. The absence of activity may be related to the lack of endosomal/lysosomal escape for the cationic peptide conjugates. Interestingly, the different coordination sphere of the gold atom may play a crucial role, as the Au-S(cysteine) bond may be more readily cleaved in a biological environment than the Au-C(triazole) bond, and thus the Au fragment could be released from or trapped in the lysosomes, respectively. This work represents a starting point in the development of bimetallic peptide bioconjugates as theranostics and in the knowledge of factors that contribute to anti-proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Luengo
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología CelularUniversidad de Zaragoza-CSIC50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Matthew Reback
- Inorganic Chemistry I—Bioinorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Isabelle M. Daubit
- Inorganic Chemistry I—Bioinorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Vanesa Fernández‐Moreira
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Nils Metzler‐Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I—Bioinorganic ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza50009ZaragozaSpain
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Lu H, Jiang X, Chen Y, Peng K, Huang Y, Zhao H, Chen Q, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S, Ma Y. Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complex nanoparticles for mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14061-14067. [PMID: 32582896 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03398g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes, with a long triplet state lifetime and good photophysical properties, are good candidates for simultaneous imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we synthesize a cyclometalated Ir(iii) complex, Ir(tiq)2ppy, whose triplet excited state lifetime is 2.9 μs and singlet oxygen generation quantum yield is approximately 100% (compared to tetraphenylporphyrin). Ir(tiq)2ppy nanoparticles (Ir(tiq)2ppy NPs) are prepared to achieve water solubility and mitochondria-targeting ability by co-precipitating with polystyrene grafted with carboxyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PS-PEG). Ir(tiq)2ppy NPs have higher PDT efficiency than Ir(tiq)2ppy at concentrations as low as 1.6 μg mL-1 for MCF-7 breast cancer cells under white light irradiation at quite low light intensity (5 mW cm-2). Besides, it is worth noting that the emission quenching of Ir(tiq)2ppy in aqueous solution has been conquered by using Ir(tiq)2ppy NPs, thus the distribution of the therapeutic agents in mitochondria can be tracked by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The mechanism of killing cancer cells under irradiation is investigated, and the results indicate that cell death is caused by mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, which is induced by the ROS generated under light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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19
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Ho PY, Ho CL, Wong WY. Recent advances of iridium(III) metallophosphors for health-related applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Imberti C, Zhang P, Huang H, Sadler PJ. New Designs for Phototherapeutic Transition Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:61-73. [PMID: 31310436 PMCID: PMC6973108 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this Minireview, we highlight recent advances in the design of transition metal complexes for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), and discuss the challenges and opportunities for the translation of such agents into clinical use. New designs for light-activated transition metal complexes offer photoactivatable prodrugs with novel targeted mechanisms of action. Light irradiation can provide spatial and temporal control of drug activation, increasing selectivity and reducing side-effects. The photophysical and photochemical properties of transition metal complexes can be controlled by the appropriate choice of the metal, its oxidation state, the number and types of ligands, and the coordination geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen)Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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21
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Imberti C, Zhang P, Huang H, Sadler PJ. New Designs for Phototherapeutic Transition Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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22
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Li LP, Ye BH. Efficient Generation of Singlet Oxygen and Photooxidation of Sulfide into Sulfoxide via Tuning the Ancillary of Bicyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7775-7784. [PMID: 31185549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With 2-phenylquinoline (pq) as a cyclometalated ligand, a series of cationic Ir(III) complexes [Ir(pq)2(L1)2](PF6) (L1 is pyridine (1a), 4-methoxypyridine (1b), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1c), and 4-acetylpyridine (1d)) and [Ir(pq)2(L2)](PF6) (L2 is 2,2'-bipyridine (1e), 2,2'-bipyrimidyl (1f), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (1g), and 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine (1h)) were synthesized and characterized. The influence of the metal-based highest occupied molecular orbital on triplet-state lifetime, triplet-state quantum yield, and 1O2 generation quantum yield as well as aerobic photo-oxidation of sulfide into sulfoxide was evaluated via tuning the ancillary ligand of Ir(pq)2 complexes. The results revealed that 1h with chelate ancillary ligand bearing electron-donating group possesses a high 1O2 generation quantum yield (0.90) and photocatalytic activity for sulfide oxidation with high chemoselectivity and a low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %) under mild conditions. Moreover, one-pot two-step procedure for preparation of enantiopure sulfoxides, including aerobic photo-oxidation of sulfide using 1h as a photosensitizer and chiral resolution of sulfoxide via a chiral-at-metal strategy, was also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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23
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Development of photolabile protecting groups and their application to the optochemical control of cell signaling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:164-175. [PMID: 31132552 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many biological processes are naturally regulated with spatiotemporal control. In order to perturb and investigate them, optochemical tools have been developed that convey similar spatiotemporal precision. Pivotal to optochemical probes are photolabile protecting groups, so called caging groups, and recent developments have enabled new applications to cellular processes, including cell signaling. This review focuses on the advances made in the field of caging groups and their application in cell signaling through caged molecules such as neurotransmitters, lipids, secondary messengers, and proteins.
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24
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Yu Y, Xu Q, He S, Xiong H, Zhang Q, Xu W, Ricotta V, Bai L, Zhang Q, Yu Z, Ding J, Xiao H, Zhou D. Recent advances in delivery of photosensitive metal-based drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Background:
Since the serendipitous discovery of the antitumor activity of cisplatin
there has been a continuous surge in studies aimed at the development of new cytotoxic
metal complexes. While the majority of these complexes have been designed to interact with
nuclear DNA, other targets for anticancer metallodrugs attract increasing interest. In cancer
cells the mitochondrial metabolism is deregulated. Impaired apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth
signals and unlimited proliferation have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It
is therefore not surprising that mitochondria have emerged as a major target for cancer therapy.
Mitochondria-targeting agents are able to bypass resistance mechanisms and to (re-) activate
cell-death programs.
Methods:
Web-based literature searching tools such as SciFinder were used to search for reports
on cytotoxic metal complexes that are taken up by the mitochondria and interact with
mitochondrial DNA or mitochondrial proteins, disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential,
facilitate mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or activate mitochondria-dependent celldeath
signaling by unbalancing the cellular redox state. Included in the search were publications
investigating strategies to selectively accumulate metallodrugs in the mitochondria.
Results:
This review includes 241 references on antimitochondrial metal complexes, the use
of mitochondria-targeting carrier ligands and the formation of lipophilic cationic complexes.
Conclusion:
Recent developments in the design, cytotoxic potency, and mechanistic understanding
of antimitochondrial metal complexes, in particular of cyclometalated Au, Ru, Ir and
Pt complexes, Ru polypyridine complexes and Au-N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine
complexes are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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26
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Li SPY, Shum J, Lo KKW. Iridium(iii) polypyridine complexes with a disulfide linker as biological sensors and cytotoxic agents. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9692-9702. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of novel iridium(iii) polypyridine complexes as thiol-sensing probes and cytotoxic agents are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Po-Yam Li
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Justin Shum
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves
- City University of Hong Kong
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27
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Bright lights down under: Metal ion complexes turning the spotlight on metabolic processes at the cellular level. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Huang H, Banerjee S, Sadler PJ. Recent Advances in the Design of Targeted Iridium(III) Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1574-1589. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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29
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30
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Mitochondrial dynamics tracking with iridium(III) complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 43:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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32
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Yip AMH, Lo KKW. Luminescent rhenium(I), ruthenium(II), and iridium(III) polypyridine complexes containing a poly(ethylene glycol) pendant or bioorthogonal reaction group as biological probes and photocytotoxic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Xiang H, Chen H, Tham HP, Phua SZF, Liu JG, Zhao Y. Cyclometalated Iridium(III)-Complex-Based Micelles for Glutathione-Responsive Targeted Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27553-27562. [PMID: 28749655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The integration of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a single delivery system is highly desirable for enhancing anticancer therapeutic efficacy. Herein, two cyclometalated Ir(III) complex-constructed micelles FIr-1 and FIr-2 were demonstrated for glutathione (GSH) activated targeted chemotherapy and PDT. The cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes were prepared by conjugating phosphorescent Ir(III) compounds with chemotherapeutic drug camptothecin (CPT) through GSH responsive disulfide bond linkages, and the Ir(III) complexes were then assembled with amphiphilic surfactant pluronic F127 via noncovalent encapsulation to afford micelles. The surfaces of the micelles were further decorated with folic acid as a targeting group. The micelles showed intense fluorescence that renders them with excellent real-time imaging capability. The release of free anticancer drug CPT from the micelles was realized through GSH-activated disulfide bond cleavage in tumor cells. In addition, the micelles were capable of generating singlet oxygen used for PDT upon visible light irradiation. On account of having folic acid targeting ligand, the micelles displayed greater cellular accumulation in folate receptor (FR) overexpressed HeLa cells than FR low-expressed MCF-7 cells, leading to selective cancer cell killing effect. As compared with solo therapeutic systems, the micelles with targeted combinational chemotherapy and PDT presented superior potency and efficacy in killing tumor cells at a low dosage. On the basis of these findings, the multifunctional micelles could serve as a versatile theranostic nanoplatform for cancer cell targeted imaging and combinational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Hongzhong Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Huijun Phoebe Tham
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Soo Zeng Fiona Phua
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jin-Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Caporale C, Bader CA, Sorvina A, MaGee KDM, Skelton BW, Gillam TA, Wright PJ, Raiteri P, Stagni S, Morrison JL, Plush SE, Brooks DA, Massi M. Investigating Intracellular Localisation and Cytotoxicity Trends for Neutral and Cationic Iridium Tetrazolato Complexes in Live Cells. Chemistry 2017; 23:15666-15679. [PMID: 28782852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A family of five neutral cyclometalated iridium(III) tetrazolato complexes and their methylated cationic analogues have been synthesised and characterised. The complexes are distinguished by variations of the substituents or degree of π conjugation on either the phenylpyridine or tetrazolato ligands. The photophysical properties of these species have been evaluated in organic and aqueous media, revealing predominantly a solvatochromic emission originating from mixed metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited states of triplet multiplicity. These emissions are characterised by typically long excited-state lifetimes (∼hundreds of ns), and quantum yields around 5-10 % in aqueous media. Methylation of the complexes caused a systematic red-shift of the emission profiles. The behaviour and the effects of the different complexes were then examined in cells. The neutral species localised mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets, whereas the majority of the cationic complexes localised in the mitochondria. The amount of complexes found within cells does not depend on lipophilicity, which potentially suggests diverse uptake mechanisms. Methylated analogues were found to be more cytotoxic compared to the neutral species, a behaviour that might to be linked to a combination of uptake and intracellular localisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Caporale
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Christie A Bader
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alexandra Sorvina
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen D M MaGee
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Brian W Skelton
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Todd A Gillam
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Phillip J Wright
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Curtin Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari"-, University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sally E Plush
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Douglas A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 WA, Australia
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Novohradsky V, Zamora A, Gandioso A, Brabec V, Ruiz J, Marchán V. Somatostatin receptor-targeted organometallic iridium(iii) complexes as novel theranostic agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5523-5526. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01946g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel somatostatin receptor-targeted anticancer agent based on the conjugation of a cyclometalated Ir(iii) complex to octreotide with potential for targeted theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Novohradsky
- Institute of Biophysics
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- v.v.i. Kralovopolska 135
- 612 65 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Ana Zamora
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Secció de Química Orgànica
- IBUB
- Universitat de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
| | - Albert Gandioso
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Secció de Química Orgànica
- IBUB
- Universitat de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- v.v.i. Kralovopolska 135
- 612 65 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Murcia
- and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca)
- E-30071 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica
- Secció de Química Orgànica
- IBUB
- Universitat de Barcelona
- E-08028 Barcelona
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36
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Wu Y, Wu R, Li H, Zeng H, Li Y, Wang Q, Shi M, Fan X. A near-infrared phosphorescent iridium(iii) complex for imaging of cysteine and homocysteine in living cells and in vivo. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel NIR-emitting iridium(iii) complex was developed to detect Cys/Hcy levels in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Renmiao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Huifang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanyan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Mei Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou
- P. R. China
| |
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