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Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives are ubiquitous in bio-organisms and are associated with proteins that play important biological roles, such as oxygen transport, photosynthesis, and catalysis. Porphyrins are very fascinating research objects for chemists, physicists, and biologists owing to their versatile chemical and physical properties. Porphyrin derivatives are actively used in various fields, such as molecular recognition, energy conversion, sensors, biomedicine, and catalysts. Porphyrin derivatives can be used as building blocks for supramolecular polymers because their primitive structures have C4 symmetry, which allows for the symmetrical introduction of self-assembling motifs. This review describes the fabrication of porphyrin-based supramolecular polymers and novel discoveries in supramolecular polymer growth. First, we summarise the (i) design concepts, (ii) growth mechanism and (iii) analytical methods of porphyrin-based supramolecular polymers. Then, the examples of porphyrin-based supramolecular polymers formed by (iv) hydrogen bonding, (v) metal coordination-based interaction, (vi) host-guest complex formation, and (vii) others are summarised. Finally, (viii) applications and perspectives are discussed. Although supramolecular polymers, in a broad sense, can include either two-dimensional (2D) networks or three-dimensional (3D) porous polymer structures; this review mainly focuses on one-dimensional (1D) fibrous supramolecular polymer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosoowi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Pappalardo A, Gangemi CM, Testa C, Sfrazzetto GT. Supramolecular Assemblies for Photodynamic Therapy. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210122094010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, supramolecular systems for nano-medicine, and in particular for
photodynamic therapy, have gained great attention for their uses as smart and engineered
therapeutic agents. We proposed a collection of very recent articles on supramolecular complexes
for photodynamic therapy based on different photosensitizers assembled with cyclodextrins,
cucurbiturils, calixarenes, pillararenes, or involved in nanobox and tweezer structures,
nanoparticles, aggregates and micelles, that are dynamic assemblies inspired to biological
systems. Despite the advantages of traditional Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a
non-invasive, reliable and highly selective clinical treatment for several pathological conditions,
different drawbacks are still smothering the applicability of this clinical treatment. In
this contest, a new supramolecular approach is emerging, in fact, the reversible formation of
these supramolecular assemblies, combined with the possibility to modify their dimensions and shapes in the presence
of a guest make them similar to biological macromolecules, such as proteins and enzymes. Furthermore, due to
the relatively weak and dynamic nature of supramolecular assemblies, they can undergo assembly and disassembly
very fast as well as responses to external stimuli, such as biological (e.g. enzyme activation), chemical (e.g. redox
potential or pH), and physical (e.g. temperature, light or magnetic fields). Therefore, the responsiveness of these supramolecular
assemblies represents a highly promising approach to obtain potentially personalized PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
| | - Chiara M.A. Gangemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
| | - Caterina Testa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania,Italy
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3
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Spitaleri L, Gangemi CMA, Purrello R, Nicotra G, Trusso Sfrazzetto G, Casella G, Casarin M, Gulino A. Covalently Conjugated Gold-Porphyrin Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091644. [PMID: 32825720 PMCID: PMC7558707 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles show important electronic and optical properties, owing to their size, shape, and electronic structures. Indeed, gold nanoparticles containing no more than 30–40 atoms are only luminescent, while nanometer-sized gold nanoparticles only show surface plasmon resonance. Therefore, it appears that gold nanoparticles can alternatively be luminescent or plasmonic and this represents a severe restriction for their use as optical material. The aim of our study was the fabrication of nanoscale assembly of Au nanoparticles with bi-functional porphyrin molecules that work as bridges between different gold nanoparticles. This functional architecture not only exhibits a strong surface plasmon, due to the Au nanoparticles, but also a strong luminescence signal due to porphyrin molecules, thus, behaving as an artificial organized plasmonic and fluorescent network. Mutual Au nanoparticles–porphyrin interactions tune the Au network size whose dimension can easily be read out, being the position of the surface plasmon resonance strongly indicative of this size. The present system can be used for all the applications requiring plasmonic and luminescent emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Spitaleri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara M. A. Gangemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberto Purrello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicotra
- National Research Council—Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII, 5, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-095-7385067 (A.G.); Fax: +39-095-580138 (A.G.)
| | - Girolamo Casella
- Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Antonino Gulino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-095-7385067 (A.G.); Fax: +39-095-580138 (A.G.)
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Wang F, Meng XG, Wu YY, Huang H, Lv J, Yu WW. A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst of Bimetal-Organic Frameworks for the Epoxidation of Olefin with H 2O 2. Molecules 2020; 25:E2389. [PMID: 32455583 PMCID: PMC7287932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bimetel organic framework MnxCu1-x-MOF were prepared. The MOFs was characterized and analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic activity of the developed catalyst was tested on various olefins by H2O2 as oxidant. The MOFs catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the epoxidations of various aromatic and cyclic olefins. Particularly, Mn0.1Cu0.9-MOF can achieve 90.2% conversion of styrene with 94.3% selectivity of styrene oxide at 0 °C after reaction 6 h. The MOF exhibited the catalytic activity of inverse temperature effect on epoxidation of styrene. The introduction of copper component can stabilize H2O2 and inhibit its decomposition to a certain extent. The catalyst can be reused at least five cycles without significant loss in activity towards epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang-Guang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (F.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (W.-W.Y.)
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Gangemi CM, Randazzo R, Gaeta M, Fortuna CG, Fragalà ME, Purrello R, D’Urso A. Synthesis and characterization of 5-(4-carboxyphenylspermine)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We synthetized and characterized a mono spermine porphyrin derivative by NMR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The photophysical properties and the protonation equilibria of 5-(4-carboxyphenylspermine)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin have been investigated, showing that porphyrin does not aggregate in acidic solutions, differently from what occurs as soon as the core of the porphyrin is deprotonated. These aggregation processes have been detected by the rising of new fluorescence band and a significant splitting of the Soret band.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosalba Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
| | - Cosimo G. Fortuna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
| | - Maria E. Fragalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Purrello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro D’Urso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
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Gaeta M, Sortino G, Randazzo R, Pisagatti I, Notti A, Fragalà ME, Parisi MF, D'Urso A, Purrello R. Long-Range Chiral Induction by a Fully Noncovalent Approach in Supramolecular Porphyrin-Calixarene Assemblies. Chemistry 2020; 26:3515-3518. [PMID: 31990096 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hierarchical assembly, in aqueous solution, of a new multi-metalloporphyrin/calixarene aggregate has been accomplished. In this supramolecular system transfer of chirality, from the outermost components to the central porphyrin reporter, takes place as a result of favorable and fully noncovalent long-range electronic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pisagatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Notti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Fragalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Melchiorre F Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Urso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Purrello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Li-Destri G, Fichera L, Zammataro A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G, Tuccitto N. Self-assembled carbon nanoparticles as messengers for artificial chemical communication. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14203-14209. [PMID: 31271403 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04461b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, supramolecular carbon nanoparticle aggregates were obtained via covalent functionalization of the shell of nanoparticles with triazine and subsequent hydrogen bonding reticulation upon the addition of naphthalene diimide. The resulting reticulated nanoparticles maintained the optical properties required for artificial chemical communication but exhibited a reduced diffusion coefficient, enabling sharper and more intense molecular bit capabilities when employed as chemical messengers. As a result, they are ideal candidates for the transport of information along extended fluid paths. We believe that our results represent a further step towards the understanding and optimization of all the experimental parameters affecting the information transfer efficiency in artificial chemical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Li-Destri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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A New Mn–Salen Micellar Nanoreactor for Enantioselective Epoxidation of Alkenes in Water. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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