1
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Tubau À, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Font-Bardía M, Vicente R. Dinuclear enantiopure Ln 3+ complexes with ( S-) and ( R-) 2-phenylbutyrate ligands. Luminescence, CPL and magnetic properties. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39078094 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of Ln(NO3)2·6H2O (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm and Yb) with the respective enantiopure (R)-(-)-2-phenylbutyric or (S)-(+)-2-phenylbutyric acid (R/S-2-HPhBut) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen) allows the isolation of chiral dinuclear compounds of the formula [Ln2(μ-R/S-2-PhBut)4(R/S-2PhBut)2(Bphen)2] where Ln = Nd3+ (R/S-Nd-a), Sm3+ (R/S-Sm-a), Eu3+ (R/S-Eu-a), Tb3+ (R/S-Tb-a and R/S-Tb-b), Dy3+ (R/S-Dy-a and R/S-Dy-b), Tm3+ (R/S-Tm-b) and Yb3+ (R/S-Yb-b). Single crystal X-ray diffraction was performed for compounds S-Eu-a and S-Tm-b. Powder crystal X-ray diffraction was performed for all complexes. From the crystallographic data two different structural motifs were found which are referred to as structure type a and structure type b. In structure type a, the Ln3+ atoms are bridged through four R or S-2-PhBut ligands with two different kinds of coordination modes whereas in structure type b the two Ln3+ atoms are bridged through four R or S-2-PhBut ligands showing only one kind of coordination mode. For those lanthanide ions exhibiting both structure types, Tb3+ and Dy3+, a difference in the luminescence and magnetism behavior is observed. All compounds (except R/S-Tm-b) exhibit sensitized luminescence, notably the Eu3+ and Tb3+ analogues. Circular Dichroism (CD) and Circular Polarized Luminescence (CPL) in the solid state and in 1 mM dichloromethane (DCM) solutions are reported, leading to improved chiroptical properties for the DCM solutions. The asymmetry factor (glum) in 1 mM DCM is ±0.02 (+ for R-Eu-a) for the magnetically allowed transition 5D0 → 7F1 and ±0.03 (+ for R-Tb-a and R-Tb-b) for the 5D4 → 7F5 transition. Magnetic properties of all compounds were studied and the Dy3+ compound with the structural motif b (R-Dy-b) shows Single Molecular Magnet (SMM) behavior under a 0 T magnetic field. However, R-Dy-a is a field-induced SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ànnia Tubau
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, I 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, I 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mercè Font-Bardía
- Departament de Mineralogia, Cristal·lografia i Dipòsits Minerals and Unitat de Difracció de Raigs X, Centres Científics i Tecnològics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabarís 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Vicente
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Ceccon L, Cavalli E, Ruggieri S, Bettinelli M, Piccinelli F. Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Pure and Eu-Doped Trigonal TbPO 4· nH 2O Nanocrystals. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13636-13643. [PMID: 38984766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution, we describe the preparation, by means of a precipitation reaction from aqueous solution at 40 °C, and the structural characterization of nanocrystalline powders of trigonal Tb1-xEuxPO4·nH2O (with x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1; n tentatively assigned as 0.67) which crystallize in the two possible P3121 or P3221 enantiomorphic space groups. While the volume of the crystal lattice is not significantly affected by the Tb3+/Eu3+ substitution, the average crystallite size seems to depend on the Eu3+ dopant concentration and ranges from 13 to 30 nm. The desired handedness of the crystals has been induced by using, during the synthesis, one of the two possible enantiomers of tartaric acid (l or d). The analysis of the luminescence excitation and emission spectra, together with the decay kinetics of the 5D4 Tb3+ excited state, suggests the presence of a very efficient Tb3+ → Eu3+ energy transfer process in the Eu3+-doped orthophosphates. Upon excitation of Tb3+ ions at 368 nm, the enantiomorphic powders grown with l- or d-tartaric acid (i.e., l-TbPO4·0.67H2O/d-TbPO4·0.67H2O, l-Tb0.995Eu0.005PO4·0.67H2O/d-Tb0.995Eu0.005PO4·0.67H2O, and l-Tb0.9Eu0.1PO4·0.67H2O/d-Tb0.9Eu0.1PO4·0.67H2O) exhibited mirror circularly polarized luminescence signals in the visible spectral region (in the green and/or in the red).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ceccon
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Enrico Cavalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Silvia Ruggieri
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Marco Bettinelli
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Fabio Piccinelli
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
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3
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Willis O, Petri F, De Rosa DF, Mandoli A, Pal R, Zinna F, Di Bari L. Two-Photon Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Chiral Eu Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25170-25176. [PMID: 37937987 PMCID: PMC10683000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of chiral lanthanide complexes with extended π conjugation for efficient circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) via two-photon excitation (2PE). The pyridine bis-oxazoline (PyBox) core provides the chiral Ln3+ environment, while the extension of the conjugated backbone through the pyridine 4-position with a phenylacetylene unit increases the two-photon absorption cross section. This work presents an important step toward the development of chiral systems displaying enhanced nonlinear optical properties, with potential applications in imaging and sensing, as well as in photodynamic therapy due to the selective excitation of molecules within a specific focal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
G. Willis
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Petri
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide F. De Rosa
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Alessandro Mandoli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Robert Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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4
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Albano G, Taddeucci A, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Spatially Resolved Chiroptical Spectroscopies Emphasizing Recent Applications to Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301982. [PMID: 37515814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Instrumental techniques able to identify and structurally characterize the aggregation states in thin films of chiral organic π-conjugated materials, from the first-order supramolecular arrangement up to the microscopic and mesoscopic scale, are very helpful for clarifying structure-property relationships. Chiroptical imaging is currently gaining a central role, for its ability of mapping local supramolecular structures in thin films. The present review gives an overview of electronic circular dichroism imaging (ECDi), circularly polarized luminescence imaging (CPLi), and vibrational circular dichroism imaging (VCDi), with a focus on their applications on thin films of chiral organic dyes as case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Kitzmann WR, Freudenthal J, Reponen APM, VanOrman ZA, Feldmann S. Fundamentals, Advances, and Artifacts in Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302279. [PMID: 37658497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Objects are chiral when they cannot be superimposed with their mirror image. Materials can emit chiral light with an excess of right- or left-handed circular polarization. This circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is key to promising future applications, such as highly efficient displays, holography, sensing, enantiospecific discrimination, synthesis of drugs, quantum computing, and cryptography. Here, a practical guide to CPL spectroscopy is provided. First, the fundamentals of the technique are laid out and a detailed account of recent experimental advances to achieve highly sensitive and accurate measurements is given, including all corrections required to obtain reliable results. Then the most common artifacts and pitfalls are discussed, especially for the study of thin films, for example, based on molecules, polymers, or halide perovskites, as opposed to dilute solutions of emitters. To facilitate the adoption by others, custom operating software is made publicly available, equipping the reader with the tools needed for successful and accurate CPL determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55122, Mainz, Germany
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - John Freudenthal
- Hinds Instruments Inc., 7245 NE Evergreen Parkway, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zachary A VanOrman
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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6
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Taddeucci A, Zinna F, Siligardi G, Di Bari L. Circularly Polarized Microscopy of Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:471-478. [PMID: 37655166 PMCID: PMC10467535 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an optical microscopy technique, circularly polarized microscopy or CPM, able to afford spatially resolved electronic circular dichroism (ECD) of thin films of chiral organic semiconductors through a commercial microscope equipped with a camera and inexpensive optics. Provided the dichroic ratio is sufficiently large, the spatial resolution is on the order of the μm and is only limited by the magnification optics integrated in the microscope. We apply CPM to thin films of small chiral π-conjugated molecules, which gave rise to ordered aggregates in the thin layer. Primarily, conventional ECD can reveal and characterize chiral supramolecular structures and possible interferences between anisotropic properties of solid samples; however, it cannot generally account for the spatial distribution of such properties. CPM offers a characterization of supramolecular chirality and of commingling polarization anisotropies of the material, describing their local distribution. To validate CPM, we demonstrated that it can be adopted to quantify the local ECD of samples characterized by intense signals, virtually on any standard optical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Ruggieri S, Mizzoni S, Nardon C, Cavalli E, Sissa C, Anselmi M, Cozzi PG, Gualandi A, Sanadar M, Melchior A, Zinna F, Willis OG, Di Bari L, Piccinelli F. Circularly Polarized Luminescence from New Heteroleptic Eu(III) and Tb(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The complexes [Eu(bpcd)(tta)], [Eu(bpcd)(Coum)], and [Tb(bpcd)(Coum)] [tta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetyl-acetonate, Coum = 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-coumarin, and bpcd = N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N'-diacetate] have been synthesized and characterized from photophysical and thermodynamic points of view. The optical and chiroptical properties of these complexes, such as the total luminescence, decay curves of the Ln(III) luminescence, electronic circular dichroism, and circularly polarized luminescence, have been investigated. Interestingly, the number of coordinated solvent (methanol) molecules is sensitive to the nature of the metal ion. This number, estimated by spectroscopy, is >1 for Eu(III)-based complexes and <1 for Tb(III)-based complexes. A possible explanation for this behavior is provided via the study of the minimum energy structure obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the model complexes of the diamagnetic Y(III) and La(III) counterparts [Y(bpcd)(tta)], [Y(bpcd)(Coum)], and [La(bpcd)(Coum)]. By time-dependent DFT calculations, estimation of donor-acceptor (D-A) distances and of the energy position of the S1 and T1 ligand excited states involved in the antenna effect was possible. These data are useful for rationalizing the different sensitization efficiencies (ηsens) of the antennae toward Eu(III) and Tb(III). The tta ligand is an optimal antenna for sensitizing Eu(III) luminescence, while the Coum ligand sensitizes better Tb(III) luminescence {ϕovl = 55%; ηsens ≥ 55% for the [Tb(bpcd)(Coum)] complex}. Finally, for the [Eu(bpcd)(tta)] complex, a sizable value of glum (0.26) and a good quantum yield (26%) were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ruggieri
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Mizzoni
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Cavalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parma University, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parma University, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Anselmi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Sanadar
- Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Laboratorio di Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Melchior
- Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Laboratorio di Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Oliver G Willis
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Piccinelli
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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8
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Gálico DA, Murugesu M. Boosting the sensitivity with time-gated luminescence thermometry using a nanosized molecular cluster aggregate. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5778-5785. [PMID: 36857687 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence thermometry with trivalent lanthanide ions is a promising avenue for contactless temperature probing. The area has been growing exponentially for the last two decades, and its viability has been successfully demonstrated in various research domains. However, moving from laboratory equipment to real-life applications remains a challenging task. One of the reasons is the possibility of a background luminescence from the probing device or probed environment. To tackle this issue, we elegantly incorporate a rarely explored thermometric approach called time-gated luminescence thermometry (TGLT). Furthermore, we demonstrate an enhanced relative sensitivity through this innovative approach and a path to move toward practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Alves Gálico
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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9
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De Rosa DF, Stachelek P, Black DJ, Pal R. Rapid handheld time-resolved circularly polarised luminescence photography camera for life and material sciences. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1537. [PMID: 36941271 PMCID: PMC10027819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) is gaining a rapidly increasing following and finding new applications in both life and material sciences. Spurred by recent instrumental advancements, the development of CPL active chiral emitters is going through a renaissance, especially the design and synthesis of CPL active luminescent lanthanide complexes owing to their unique and robust photophysical properties. They possess superior circularly polarised brightness (CPB) and can encode vital chiral molecular fingerprints in their long-lived emission spectrum. However, their application as embedded CPL emitters in intelligent security inks has not yet been fully exploited. This major bottleneck is purely hardware related: there is currently no suitable compact CPL instrumentation available, and handheld CPL photography remains an uncharted territory. Here we present a solution: an all solid-state small footprint CPL camera with no moving parts to facilitate ad hoc time-resolved enantioselective differential chiral contrast (EDCC) based one-shot CPL photography (CPLP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide F De Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Patrycja Stachelek
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Dominic J Black
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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10
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Baguenard B, Bensalah-Ledoux A, Guy L, Riobé F, Maury O, Guy S. Theoretical and experimental analysis of circularly polarized luminescence spectrophotometers for artifact-free measurements using a single CCD camera. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1065. [PMID: 36828836 PMCID: PMC9958114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is a fast growing research field as a complementary chiroptical spectroscopy alternative to the conventional circular dichroism or in the quest of devices producing circularly polarized light for different applications. Because chiroptical signals are generally lower than 0.1%, conventional chiral spectroscopies rely on polarization time modulation requiring step-by-step wavelength scanning and a long acquisition time. High throughput controls motivated the development of CPL spectrophotometers using cameras as detectors and space polarization splitting. However, CPL measurements imposes careful precautions to minimize the numerous artifacts arising from experimental imperfections. Some previous work used complex calibration procedure to this end. Here we present a rigorous Mueller analysis of an instrument based on polarizations space splitting. We show that by using one camera and combining spatial and temporal separation through two switchable circular polarization encoding arms we can record accurate CPL spectra without the need of any calibration. The measurements robustness and their fast acquisition times are exemplified on different chiral emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Baguenard
- grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Amina Bensalah-Ledoux
- grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Guy
- grid.15140.310000 0001 2175 9188Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - François Riobé
- grid.15140.310000 0001 2175 9188Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- grid.15140.310000 0001 2175 9188Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphan Guy
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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11
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Tubau À, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Font-Bardía M, Vicente R. Luminescence, CPL and magnetic properties of 1D enantiopure Ln 3+ complexes with ( S-) and ( R-) α-methoxyphenylacetate ligand. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1122-1132. [PMID: 36606358 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03356a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Ln(NO3)2·6H2O (Ln = Eu, Tb, Dy and Sm) with (R)-(-)-α-methoxyphenylacetic acid (R-HMPA) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in EtOH/H2O allows the isolation of 1D chiral compounds of formula [Ln(μ-R-MPA)(R-MPA)2(phen)]n in which Ln = Eu (R-Eu), Tb (R-Tb), Dy (R-Dy) and Sm (R-Sm). The same synthesis by using (S)-(+)-α-methoxyphenylacetic acid (S-HMPA) instead of (R)-(-)-α-methoxyphenylacetic acid allows the isolation of the enantiomeric compounds with formula [Ln(μ-S-MPA)(S-MPA)2(phen)]n where Ln = Eu (S-Eu), Tb (S-Tb), Dy (S-Dy) and Sm (S-Sm). Single crystal X-Ray diffraction measurements were performed for compounds R/S-Eu, R/S-Tb, S-Dy and S-Sm. The luminescence and the circular dichroism measured in the solid state are reported. All compounds show sensitized luminescence, notably the Eu3+ and Tb3+ ones, whose emission color can be perceived by the naked eye. For the Eu3+ and Tb3+ derivatives the quantum yield and the circular polarized luminescence have been measured. For the magnetic allowed transition 5D0 → 7F1 of the Eu3+ compound, the anisotropy factor glum is ±0.013 (+for S-Eu). Also, magnetic properties of all compounds were studied with the Dy3+ analogue showing slow relaxation of the magnetization under a direct current magnetic field of 1000 Oe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ànnia Tubau
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, I 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, I 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mercè Font-Bardía
- Departament de Mineralogia, Cristal lografia i Dipòsits Minerals and Unitat de Difracció de Raigs X. Centres Científics i Tecnològics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB). Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabarís 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Vicente
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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13
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Willis OG, Petri F, Pescitelli G, Pucci A, Cavalli E, Mandoli A, Zinna F, Di Bari L. Efficient 1400–1600 nm Circularly Polarized Luminescence from a Tuned Chiral Erbium Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208326. [PMID: 35754002 PMCID: PMC9545264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel chiral Er complexes based on both enantiomers of extended iPrPyBox (2,6‐Bis[4‐isopropyl‐4,5‐dihydrooxazol‐2‐yl)]pyridine) show strong near‐infrared circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) within the 1400 to 1600 nm spectral region under 450 nm irradiation. CPL activity in this region, despite being particularly rare, would open the way to potential applications in the domain, e.g., of fiber‐optic telecommunications and free‐space long‐distance optical communications employing circularly polarized light. Moreover, the long wavelength excitation is advantageous for applications in the field of (circularly polarized) microscopy and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G. Willis
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa via Moruzzi, 13 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Filippo Petri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa via Moruzzi, 13 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa via Moruzzi, 13 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa via Moruzzi, 13 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Enrico Cavalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences Life and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alessandro Mandoli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa via Moruzzi, 13 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa via Moruzzi, 13 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa via Moruzzi, 13 56126 Pisa Italy
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14
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Willis OG, Petri F, Pescitelli G, Pucci A, Cavalli E, Mandoli A, Zinna F, Di Bari L. Efficient 1400‐1600 nm Circularly Polarized Luminescence from a Tuned Chiral Erbium Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver George Willis
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Filippo Petri
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Enrico Cavalli
- University of Parma: Universita degli Studi di Parma Department of Chemical Sciences, Life and Environmental Sustainability ITALY
| | - Alessandro Mandoli
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Chimica e Chimica Industriale ITALY
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa ITALY
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15
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Wu T. A Raman optical activity spectrometer can sensitively detect lanthanide circularly polarized luminescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15672-15686. [PMID: 35735101 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, many studies have appeared in which the Raman optical activity (ROA) instrument was found to be convenient for measuring circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Typically, weak lanthanide luminescence including circular polarization could be detected. The new detection scheme is referred to as ROA-CPL spectroscopy. It is particularly useful when also the vibrational (ROA) itself is detectable as the molecule structure can be examined more reliably. In this review, development of this chiroptical approach and its applications in structural studies of biomolecules are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic.
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16
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Stachelek P, MacKenzie L, Parker D, Pal R. Circularly polarised luminescence laser scanning confocal microscopy to study live cell chiral molecular interactions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:553. [PMID: 35087047 PMCID: PMC8795401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular machinery of life is founded on chiral building blocks, but no experimental technique is currently available to distinguish or monitor chiral systems in live cell bio-imaging studies. Luminescent chiral molecules encode a unique optical fingerprint within emitted circularly polarized light (CPL) carrying information about the molecular environment, conformation, and binding state. Here, we present a CPL Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (CPL-LSCM) capable of simultaneous chiroptical contrast based live-cell imaging of endogenous and engineered CPL-active cellular probes. Further, we demonstrate that CPL-active probes can be activated using two-photon excitation, with complete CPL spectrum recovery. The combination of these two milestone results empowers the multidisciplinary imaging community, allowing the study of chiral interactions on a sub-cellular level in a new (chiral) light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Stachelek
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Lewis MacKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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17
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Gao H, Cui D, Kou J, Zhao H, Sun C, Wang X, Su Z. Single crystal X-ray structure determination and enantiomeric recognition of chiral dinuclear europium (III) complexes towards BINOL. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Arrico L, Benetti C, Di Bari L. Combining Lanthanides with PyBox Ligands: A Simple Route to Circularly Polarized Light Emitters**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Arrico
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Costanza Benetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
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19
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Jiménez J, Díaz-Norambuena C, Serrano S, Ma SC, Moreno F, Maroto BL, Bañuelos J, Muller G, de la Moya S. BINOLated aminostyryl BODIPYs: a workable organic molecular platform for NIR circularly polarized luminescence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5750-5753. [PMID: 34013923 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01255j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The accessible at-boron-BINOLated 3,5-bis(4-aminostyryl)ated BODIPY scaffold is highlighted as a workable platform for developing enantiopure small organic molecules exhibiting CPL in the NIR region, even in water solution, the latter being key for CPL-based bioapplications. Synthetic simplicity, noticeable chiroptical efficiency in the NIR and the possibility to access water-soluble emitters pave the way for advancing CPL tools based on organic emitters and NIR radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Carolina Díaz-Norambuena
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Shing Cho Ma
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA
| | - Florencio Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Beatriz L Maroto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Gilles Muller
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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20
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Parker D, Fradgley JD, Wong KL. The design of responsive luminescent lanthanide probes and sensors. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8193-8213. [PMID: 34075982 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The principles of the design of responsive luminescent probes and sensors based on lanthanide emission are summarised, based on a mechanistic understanding of their mode of action. Competing kinetic pathways for deactivation of the excited states that occur are described, highlighting the need to consider each of the salient quenching processes. Such an analysis dictates the choice of both the ligand and its integral sensitising moiety for the particular application. The key aspects of quenching involving electron transfer and vibrational and electronic energy transfer are highlighted and exemplified. Responsive systems for pH, pM, pX and pO2 and selected biochemical analytes are distinguished, according to the nature of the optical signal observed. Signal changes include both simple and ratiometric intensity measurements, emission lifetime variations and the unique features associated with the observation of circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) for chiral systems. A classification of responsive lanthanide probes is introduced. Examples of the operation of probes for reactive oxygen species, citrate, bicarbonate, α1-AGP and pH are used to illustrate reversible and irreversible transformations of the ligand constitution, as well as the reversible changes to the metal primary and secondary coordination sphere that sensitively perturb the ligand field. Finally, systems that function by modulation of dynamic quenching of the ligand or metal excited states are described, including real time observation of endosomal acidification in living cells, rapid urate analysis in serum, accurate temperature assessment in confined compartments and high throughput screening of drug binding to G-protein coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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21
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Fradgley JD, Frawley AT, Pal R, Parker D. Striking solvent dependence of total emission and circularly polarised luminescence in coordinatively saturated chiral europium complexes: solvation significantly perturbs the ligand field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11479-11487. [PMID: 33959741 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01686e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Examination of total emission and circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) spectra of three 9-coordinate Eu(iii) complexes with well-defined speciation shows that the ligand fields of these C3 symmetric complexes are extremely sensitive to solvent polarity, even when solvent is not present in the first coordination sphere. The energies, intensities, and (for CPL) the sign of some transitions vary with solvent polarity. These observations are rationalised by analysis of the factors that control total and circularly polarised emission, and have important implications for design of responsive luminescent Ln(iii) probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Fradgley
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Andrew T Frawley
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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22
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Sahoo J, Wu T, Klepetářová B, Valenta J, Bouř P. Binuclear Lanthanide(III) Complexes with Chiral Ligands: Dynamic Equilibria in Solution and Binding with Nucleotides Studied by Spectroscopic Methods. Chempluschem 2021; 85:694-700. [PMID: 32253836 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Binuclear lanthanide complexes of Eu(III) and Sm(III) were obtained in the presence of chiral ligand 1,2-(R,R+S,S)-N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethylene),2-diamine. An unusual structure of the Eu(III) compound with two lanthanide atoms connected through two chlorines was determined by X-ray crystallography. In solution, the dimer coexists with a monomeric complex, and the stability of the binuclear form depends on the solvent and concentration. The dimer-monomer equilibrium was monitored by circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) measured on a Raman optical activity (ROA) spectrometer, where both forms provided large CPL anisotropic ratios of up to 5.6×10-2 . Monomer formation was favored in water, whereas the dimer was stabilized in methanol. When mixed with adenosine phosphates, AMP gave much smaller CPL than ADP and ATP, indicating a high affinity of the Eu (III) complex for the phosphate group, which in connection with the ROA/CPL technique can be developed into a bioanalytical probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashobanta Sahoo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Klepetářová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Valenta
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bouř
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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24
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Zhang J, Dai L, Webster AM, Chan WTK, Mackenzie LE, Pal R, Cobb SL, Law G. Unusual Magnetic Field Responsive Circularly Polarized Luminescence Probes with Highly Emissive Chiral Europium(III) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1004-1010. [PMID: 32959961 PMCID: PMC7821146 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous within biological systems where many of the roles and functions are still undetermined. Given this, there is a clear need to design and develop sensitive chiral optical probes that can function within a biological setting. Here we report the design and synthesis of magnetically responsive Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) complexes displaying exceptional photophysical properties (quantum yield up to 31 % and |glum | up to 0.240) by introducing chiral substituents onto the macrocyclic scaffolds. Magnetic CPL responses are observed in these chiral EuIII complexes, promoting an exciting development to the field of magneto-optics. The |glum | of the 5 D0 → 7 F1 transition increases by 20 % from 0.222 (0 T) to 0.266 (1.4 T) displaying a linear relationship between the Δglum and the magnetic field strength. These EuIII complexes with magnetic CPL responses, provides potential development to be used in CPL imaging applications due to improved sensitivity and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyState Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong SARChina
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000P. R. China
| | - Lixiong Dai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyState Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong SARChina
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000P. R. China
| | | | - Wesley Ting Kwok Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyState Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong SARChina
| | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Steven L. Cobb
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Ga‐Lai Law
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyState Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom, Hong Kong SARChina
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000P. R. China
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25
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Gendron F, Di Pietro S, Abad Galán L, Riobé F, Placide V, Guy L, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Bensalah-Ledoux A, Guyot Y, Pilet G, Pointillart F, Baguenard B, Guy S, Cador O, Maury O, Le Guennic B. Luminescence, chiroptical, magnetic and ab initio crystal-field characterizations of an enantiopure helicoidal Yb(iii) complex. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of a chiral Yb(iii)-based complex is fully determined by taking advantage of experimental magnetic, luminescence, and chiroptical (NIR-ECD and CPL) characterizations in combination with ab initio wavefunction calculations.
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26
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Jiménez J, Moreno F, Arbeloa T, Cabreros TA, Muller G, Bañuelos J, García-Moreno I, Maroto BL, de la Moya S. Isopinocampheyl-based C-BODIPYs: a model strategy to construct cost-effective boron-chelate emitters of circularly polarized light. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00717c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Use of building blocks coming from Nature (Chiral Pool) as a new strategy towards cheap and efficient CPL emitters based on boron chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florencio Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Arbeloa
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Trevor A. Cabreros
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA
| | - Gilles Muller
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García-Moreno
- Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química Física “Rocasolano”, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz L. Maroto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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27
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MacKenzie LE, Pal R. Circularly polarized lanthanide luminescence for advanced security inks. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 5:109-124. [PMID: 37117607 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Authenticating products and documents with security inks is vital to global commerce, security and health. Lanthanide complexes are widely used in luminescent security inks owing to their unique and robust photophysical properties. Lanthanide complexes can also be engineered to undergo circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), which encodes chiral molecular fingerprints in luminescence spectra that cannot be decoded by conventional optical measurements. However, chiral CPL signals have not yet been exploited as an extra security layer in advanced security inks. This Review introduces CPL and related concepts that are necessary to appreciate the challenges and potential of lanthanide-based, CPL-active security inks. We describe recent advances in CPL analysis and read-out technologies that have expedited CPL-active security ink applications. Further, we provide a systematic meta-analysis of strongly CPL-active Euiii, Tbiii, Smiii, Ybiii, Cmiii, Dyiii and Criii complexes, discussing the suitability of their photophysical properties and highlighting promising candidates. We conclude by providing key recommendations for the development and advancement of the field.
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28
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Arrico L, Di Bari L, Zinna F. Quantifying the Overall Efficiency of Circularly Polarized Emitters. Chemistry 2020; 27:2920-2934. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Arrico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università di Pisa Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università di Pisa Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università di Pisa Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
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29
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Deng M, Schley ND, Ung G. High circularly polarized luminescence brightness from analogues of Shibasaki's lanthanide complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14813-14816. [PMID: 33140754 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To reach the promising potential of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) emitters, high CPL brightness must be achieved. We describe the synthesis of analogues of the C3-symmetrical Shibasaki's lanthanide complexes (Sm, Tb, Dy) supported by enantiopure 5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (H8-Binol). The complexes exhibit visible luminescence in solution with exceptionally high quantum yields for Sm (4%) and Dy (17%), and strong circularly polarized luminescence for Sm, Tb, and Dy (|glum| up to 0.44, 0.32, 0.33, respectively). Altogether, these complexes possess amongst the strongest CPL brightness reported to date in lanthanide molecular complexes (up to 782 M-1 cm-1 for Tb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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30
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Zhang J, Dai L, Webster AM, Chan WTK, Mackenzie LE, Pal R, Cobb SL, Law G. Unusual Magnetic Field Responsive Circularly Polarized Luminescence Probes with Highly Emissive Chiral Europium(III) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 P. R. China
| | - Lixiong Dai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 P. R. China
| | | | - Wesley Ting Kwok Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Steven L. Cobb
- Department of Chemistry Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Ga‐Lai Law
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 P. R. China
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31
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Bruce JI, O’Connell PJ, Taylor PG, Smith DP, Adkin RC, Pearson VK. Synthesis of Organosilicon Ligands for Europium (III) and Gadolinium (III) as Potential Imaging Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184253. [PMID: 32947960 PMCID: PMC7570700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relaxivity of MRI contrast agents can be increased by increasing the size of the contrast agent and by increasing concentration of the bound gadolinium. Large multi-site ligands able to coordinate several metal centres show increased relaxivity as a result. In this paper, an “aza-type Michael” reaction is used to prepare cyclen derivatives that can be attached to organosilicon frameworks via hydrosilylation reactions. A range of organosilicon frameworks were tested including silsesquioxane cages and dimethylsilylbenzene derivatives. Michael donors with strong electron withdrawing groups could be used to alkylate cyclen on three amine centres in a single step. Hydrosilylation successfully attached these to mono-, di-, and tri-dimethylsilyl-substituted benzene derivatives. The europium and gadolinium complexes were formed and studied using luminescence spectroscopy and relaxometry. This showed the complexes to contain two bound water moles per lanthanide centre and T1 relaxation time measurements demonstrated an increase in relaxivity had been achieved, in particular for the trisubstituted scaffold 1,3,5-tris((pentane-sDO3A)dimethylsilyl)benzene-Gd3. This showed a marked increase in the relaxivity (13.1 r1p/mM−1s−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Bruce
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (P.J.O.); (P.G.T.); (D.P.T.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrick J. O’Connell
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (P.J.O.); (P.G.T.); (D.P.T.S.)
| | - Peter G. Taylor
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (P.J.O.); (P.G.T.); (D.P.T.S.)
| | - David P.T. Smith
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (P.J.O.); (P.G.T.); (D.P.T.S.)
| | - Roy C. Adkin
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (R.C.A.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Victoria K. Pearson
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (R.C.A.); (V.K.P.)
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32
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Dee C, Zinna F, Kreidt E, Arrico L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Platas-Iglesias C, Di Bari L, Seitz M. Circularly polarized luminescence of enantiopure carboline-based europium cryptates under visible light excitation. J RARE EARTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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MacKenzie LE, Pålsson LO, Parker D, Beeby A, Pal R. Rapid time-resolved Circular Polarization Luminescence (CPL) emission spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1676. [PMID: 32245991 PMCID: PMC7125171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular polarisation luminescence (CPL) emission spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing the fundamental chiroptical features of optically emissive chiral molecular systems. However, uptake of CPL spectroscopy has been impeded by the limitations of conventional scanning monochromator (SM) CPL spectrometers, which are costly to acquire and maintain, and typically require tens of minutes to acquire a typical CPL spectrum. Here, we demonstrate a design of CPL spectrometer which uses rapid readout solid state (SS) spectrometer detectors and a dual channel optical layout to acquire CPL spectra in as little as 10 milliseconds. We validate and demonstrate equivalent CPL measurement by measuring CPL spectra of two reference europium(III) complexes. Further, we demonstrate time-gated CPL acquisition, enabling long-lived CPL luminescence to be distinguished from short-lived emission of other fluorescent species. We anticipate that SS-CPL spectrometers will enable flexible, rapid, and relatively low-cost CPL spectroscopy for diverse applications. Circular polarization luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy is a tool to study chiroptical systems, but the measurement process is generally very slow. The authors introduce a CPL technique with much faster acquisition, demonstrating meaningful time-dependent measurements and enabling new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis E MacKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Lars-Olof Pålsson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Beeby
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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34
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Arrico L, De Rosa C, Di Bari L, Melchior A, Piccinelli F. Effect of the Counterion on Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Europium(III) and Samarium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5050-5062. [PMID: 32186182 PMCID: PMC7997384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Each enantiopure
europium(III) and samarium(III) nitrate and triflate
complex of the ligand L, with L = N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethylidene)-1,2-(R,R + S,S)-cyclohexanediamine ([LnL(tta)2]·NO3 and [LnL(tta)2(H2O)]·CF3SO3, where tta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetylacetonate)
has been synthesized and characterized from a spectroscopic point
of view, using a chiroptical technique such as electronic circular
dichroism (ECD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). In all
cases, both ligands are capable of sensitizing the luminescence of
both metal ions upon absorption of light around 280 and 350 nm. Despite
small differences in the total luminescence (TL) and ECD spectra,
the CPL activity of the complexes is strongly influenced by a concurrent
effect of the solvent and counterion. This particularly applies to
europium(III) complexes where the CPL spectra in acetonitrile can
be described as a weighed linear combination of the CPL spectra in
dichloromethane and methanol, which show nearly opposite signatures
when their ligand stereochemistries are the same. This phenomenon
could be related to the presence of equilibria interconverting solvated,
anion-coordinated complexes and isomers differing by the relative
orientation of the tta ligands. The difference between some bond lengths
(M–N bonds, in particular) in the different species could be
at the basis of such an unusual CPL activity. Triflate ([EuL(tta)2(H2O)]·CF3SO3) and nitrate ([EuL(tta)2]·NO3) complexes, with L = N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethylidene)-1,2-(R,R or S,S)-cyclohexanediamine, where tta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetylacetonate,
show nearly opposite circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signatures
when dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) or methanol (MeOH), even though
their ligand stereochemistries remain unchanged. The presence (in
DCM) and absence (in MeOH) of the counterion in the inner coordination
sphere determine a strong change of the CPL activity of the relative
europium(III) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Arrico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara De Rosa
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, Università di Verona, and INSTM, University of Verona Research Unit, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Melchior
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie Chimiche, Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Piccinelli
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, Università di Verona, and INSTM, University of Verona Research Unit, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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35
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Kitagawa Y, Tsurui M, Hasegawa Y. Steric and Electronic Control of Chiral Eu(III) Complexes for Effective Circularly Polarized Luminescence. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:3786-3791. [PMID: 32149204 PMCID: PMC7057317 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is characterized by the differential emission of right and left circularly polarized light by a chiral molecule. This mini-review describes the recent developments in chiral trivalent europium (Eu(III)) complexes with effective CPL. CPL has many potential applications in security tags, lasers, and three-dimensional organic electroluminescence devices, which is one of the most intensely investigated topics in molecular luminophores. Eu(III) complexes have attracted considerable attention as effective CPL luminophores for the above-mentioned applications. In this review, recent studies on the Eu(III) CPL, including the steric (dimer, tetramer, aggregates, and coordination polymers) and electronic control (mononuclear) of Eu(III) complexes for the construction of a luminophore with effective CPL, are discussed. The characteristic CPL applications employing the chiral mononuclear Eu(III) complexes are also described. Chiral Eu(III) complexes with well-designed organic ligands can result in the establishment of new research areas in the fields of photochemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty
of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design
and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- E-mail:
| | - Makoto Tsurui
- Faculty
of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty
of Engineering and Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design
and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- E-mail:
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36
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37
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Meng T, Liu T, Qin QP, Chen ZL, Zou HH, Wang K, Liang FP. Mitochondria-localizing dicarbohydrazide Ln complexes and their mechanism of in vitro anticancer activity. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:4404-4415. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00210k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dicarbohydrazide Ln complexes trigger SK-OV-3/DDP cell apoptosis via a mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Meng
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Zi-Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Hua-Hong Zou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Fu-Pei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
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38
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Wong HY, Lo WS, Yim KH, Law GL. Chirality and Chiroptics of Lanthanide Molecular and Supramolecular Assemblies. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Jin X, Sang Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Zhu X, Duan P, Liu M. Optically Active Upconverting Nanoparticles with Induced Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Enantioselectively Triggered Photopolymerization. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2804-2811. [PMID: 30688444 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) showing upconverted circularly polarized luminescence were demonstrated in an organic-inorganic co-assembled system. Achiral UCNPs (NaYF4:Yb/Er or NaYF4:Yb/Tm) can be encapsulated into chiral helical nanotubes through the procedure of co-gelation. These co-gel systems display intense upconverted circularly polarized luminescence (UC-CPL) ranging from ultraviolet (UV, 300 nm) to near-infrared (NIR, 850 nm) wavelength. In addition, the UV part of UC-CPL can be used to initiate the enantioselective polymerization of diacetylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication Division of Nanophotonics , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface, and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xi'an University of Science and Technology , No. 58, Yanta Road , Xi'an 710054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuangang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xi'an University of Science and Technology , No. 58, Yanta Road , Xi'an 710054 , P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface, and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication Division of Nanophotonics , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication Division of Nanophotonics , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface, and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiJie , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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40
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Guillou A, Lima LMP, Esteban-Gómez D, Le Poul N, Bartholomä MD, Platas-Iglesias C, Delgado R, Patinec V, Tripier R. Methylthiazolyl Tacn Ligands for Copper Complexation and Their Bifunctional Chelating Agent Derivatives for Bioconjugation and Copper-64 Radiolabeling: An Example with Bombesin. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:2669-2685. [PMID: 30689368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present here the synthesis of two new bifunctionalized azachelators, no2th-EtBzNCS and Hno2th1tha, as bioconjugable analogues of two previously described di- and trimethylthiazolyl 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tacn) ligands, no2th and no3th, for potential uses in copper-64 (64Cu) positron emission tomography imaging. The first one bears an isothiocyanate group on the remaining free nitrogen atom of the tacn framework, while the second one presents an additional carboxylic function on one of the three heterocyclic pendants. Their syntheses required regiospecific N-functionalization of the macrocycles. In order to investigate their suitability for in vivo applications, a complete study of their copper(II) chelation was performed. The acid-base properties of the ligands and their thermodynamic stability constants with copper(II) and zinc(II) cations were determined using potentiometric techniques. Structural studies were conducted in both solution and the solid state, consolidated by theoretical calculations. The kinetic inertness in an acidic medium of both copper(II) complexes was determined by spectrophotometry, while cyclic voltammetry experiments were performed to evaluate the stability at the copper(I) redox state. UV-vis, NMR (of the zinc complexes), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory studies showed excellent agreement between the solution structures of the complexes and their crystallographic data. These investigations unambiguously prove that these bifunctional derivatives display similar coordination properties as their no2th and no3th counterparts, opening the door to targeted bioapplications. The no2th-EtBzNCS and Hno2th1tha ligands were then conjugated to a bombesin antagonist peptide for targeting the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr). To highlight the potential of the two chelators for radiopharmaceutical development, the 64Cu-radiolabeling properties, in vitro stability, and binding affinity to GRPr of the corresponding bioconjugates were determined. Altogether, the results of this work warrant the further development of 64Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals comprising our novel bifunctional chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Guillou
- UFR des Sciences et Techniques , UMR-CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 , 29238 Brest Cedex 3 , France
| | - Luís M P Lima
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Avenida da República , 2780-157 Oeiras , Portugal
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas , Universidade da Coruña , 15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Nicolas Le Poul
- UFR des Sciences et Techniques , UMR-CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 , 29238 Brest Cedex 3 , France
| | - Mark D Bartholomä
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Saarland University-Medical Center , Kirrbergerstrasse , 66421 Homburg , Germany
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas , Universidade da Coruña , 15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Rita Delgado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Avenida da República , 2780-157 Oeiras , Portugal
| | - Véronique Patinec
- UFR des Sciences et Techniques , UMR-CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 , 29238 Brest Cedex 3 , France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- UFR des Sciences et Techniques , UMR-CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837 , 29238 Brest Cedex 3 , France
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41
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Junker AKR, Sørensen TJ. Illuminating the Intermolecular vs. Intramolecular Excited State Energy Transfer Quenching by Europium(III) Ions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrine R. Junker
- Nano‐Science Center & Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano‐Science Center & Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
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42
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Merlet E, Moreno K, Tron A, McClenaghan N, Kauffmann B, Ferrand Y, Olivier C. Aromatic oligoamide foldamers as versatile scaffolds for induced circularly polarized luminescence at adjustable wavelengths. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9825-9828. [PMID: 31360956 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline oligoamide foldamers appended with non-chiral fluorophores and derivatized with a camphanyl chiral inducer display strong chiroptical properties at tunable wavelengths as proved by CD and CPL spectroscopies. Induced CPL activity with high luminescence dissymmetry factors was observed in the visible range at wavelengths specific to the fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Merlet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600, Pessac, France.
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43
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Nonat A, Esteban-Gómez D, Valencia L, Pérez-Lourido P, Barriada JL, Charbonnière LJ, Platas-Iglesias C. The role of ligand to metal charge-transfer states on the luminescence of Europium complexes with 18-membered macrocyclic ligands. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4035-4045. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05005h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The stabilization of a divalent Europium provides an efficient pathway for the quenching of the luminescence in ten-coordinate macrocyclic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Nonat
- Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA)
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC
- UMR 7178
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg)
- ECPM
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Universidade da Coruña
- Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10
- 15008 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Laura Valencia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Pontevedra
- Spain
| | - Paulo Pérez-Lourido
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Pontevedra
- Spain
| | - José Luis Barriada
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Universidade da Coruña
- Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10
- 15008 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Loïc J. Charbonnière
- Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA)
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC
- UMR 7178
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg)
- ECPM
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Universidade da Coruña
- Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10
- 15008 A Coruña
- Spain
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44
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Kreidt E, Arrico L, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Seitz M. Circularly Polarised Luminescence in Enantiopure Samarium and Europium Cryptates. Chemistry 2018; 24:13556-13564. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kreidt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Lorenzo Arrico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; 30 quai Ernest Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Michael Seitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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45
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Ge B, Zhou R, Takiguchi Y, Yaqoob Z, So PTC. Single-Shot Optical Anisotropy Imaging with Quantitative Polarization Interference Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2018; 12:1800070. [PMID: 30899335 PMCID: PMC6424346 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201800070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical anisotropy measurement is essential for material characterization and biological imaging. In order to achieve single-shot mapping of the birefringence parameters of anisotropic samples, a novel polarized light imaging concept is proposed, namely quantitative polarization interference microscopy (QPIM). QPIM can be realized through designing a compact polarization-resolved interference microscopy system that captures interferograms bearing sample's linear birefringence information. To extract the retardance and the orientation angle maps from a single-shot measurement, a mathematical model for QPIM is further developed. The QPIM system is validated by measuring a calibrated quarter-wave plate, whose fast-axis orientation angle and retardance are determined with great accuracies. The single-shot nature of QPIM further allows to measure the transient dynamics of birefringence changes in material containing anisotropic structures. This application is demonstrated by capturing transient retardance changes in a custom-designed parallel-aligned nematic liquid crystal-based device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoliang Ge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Laser Biomedical Research Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China,
| | - Yu Takiguchi
- Central Research Laboratory Hamamatsu Photonics K.K Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-8601, Japan
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Laser Biomedical Research Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,
| | - Peter T C So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Laser Biomedical Research Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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46
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Liu D, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Chen P, Sun W, Gao T, Yan P. Chiral BINAPO-Controlled Diastereoselective Self-Assembly and Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Triple-Stranded Europium(III) Podates. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8332-8337. [PMID: 29943980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chiral lanthanide helical architectures have received intense attentions in recent years because of their potential applications as chiral probes and sensors and as circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials. However, stereoselectivity control in the self-assembly of lanthanide helicate is challenging due to the poor stereochemical preference and variable coordination numbers of Ln(III) ions. Herein, we reported the employing chiral ancillary ligand R/S-BINAPO to induce achiral tripodal ligand to form a pair of homochiral lanthanide triple-helical podates [Eu(TTEA)((R/S)-BINAPO); R/S-1] {(R/S)-BINAPO = ( R/ S)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)-1,1'-binaphthyl; TTEA = tris[(4-(4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-dioxobutyl)-benzamido)ethyl]amine}. X-ray crystallographic analysis for rac-1 reveals that the chirality of BINAPO is transferred during the self-assembly process to give either P or M helical architectures in podates. The 1H and 31P NMR and circular dichroism measurements confirm the diastereopurity of the assemblies in solution. A detailed optical and chiroptical characterization reveals that the luminescent enantiopure podates not only exhibit intense CPL with | glum| values reaching 0.072 but also show high luminescence quantum yields of 32.8%. Our results provide a feasible strategy for designing homochiral helical lanthanide supramolecular architecture and synthesizing excellent CPL materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Hongfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , P. R. China
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47
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Górecki M, Carpita L, Arrico L, Zinna F, Di Bari L. Chiroptical methods in a wide wavelength range for obtaining Ln 3+ complexes with circularly polarized luminescence of practical interest. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7166-7177. [PMID: 29774898 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00865e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied enantiopure chiral trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+ = La3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tm3+, and Yb3+) complexes with two fluorinated achiral tris(β-diketonate) ligands (HFA = hexafluoroacetylacetonate and TTA = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate), incorporating a chiral bis(oxazolinyl)pyridine (PyBox) unit as a neutral ancillary ligand, by the combined use of optical and chiroptical methods, ranging from UV to IR both in absorption and circular dichroism (CD), and including circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Ultimately, all the spectroscopic information is integrated into a total and a chiroptical super-spectrum, which allows one to characterize a multidimensional chemical space, spanned by the different Ln3+ ions, the acidity and steric demand of the diketone and the chirality of the PyBox ligand. In all cases, the Ln3+ ions endow the systems with peculiar chiroptical properties, either allied to f-f transitions or induced by the metal onto the ligand. In more detail, we found that Sm3+ complexes display interesting CPL features, which partly superimpose and partly integrate the more common Eu3+ properties. Especially, in the context of security tags, the pair Sm/Eu may be a winning choice for chiroptical barcoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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48
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Le Fur M, Molnár E, Beyler M, Fougère O, Esteban-Gómez D, Rousseaux O, Tripier R, Tircsó G, Platas-Iglesias C. Expanding the Family of Pyclen-Based Ligands Bearing Pendant Picolinate Arms for Lanthanide Complexation. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6932-6945. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Le Fur
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, IBSAM, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Enikő Molnár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Maryline Beyler
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, IBSAM, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Olivier Fougère
- Groupe Guerbet,
Centre de Recherche d’Aulnay-sous-Bois, BP 57400, 95943 Roissy CdG Cedex, France
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Olivier Rousseaux
- Groupe Guerbet,
Centre de Recherche d’Aulnay-sous-Bois, BP 57400, 95943 Roissy CdG Cedex, France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, IBSAM, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Gyula Tircsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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49
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Shuvaev S, Fox MA, Parker D. Monitoring of the ADP/ATP Ratio by Induced Circularly Polarised Europium Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7488-7492. [PMID: 29601124 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of three europium complexes bearing picolyl amine moieties was found to possess differing binding affinities towards Zn2+ and three nucleotides: AMP, ADP, and ATP. A large increase in the total emission intensity was observed upon binding Zn2+ , followed by signal amplification upon the addition of nucleotides. The resulting adducts possessed strong induced circularly polarised emission, with ADP and ATP signals of opposite sign. Model DFT geometries of the adducts suggest the Δ diastereoisomer is preferred for ATP and the Λ isomer for ADP/AMP. This change in sign allows the ADP/ATP (or AMP/ATP) ratio to be assessed by monitoring changes in the emission dissymmetry factor, gem .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shuvaev
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mark A Fox
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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50
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Shuvaev S, Fox MA, Parker D. Monitoring of the ADP/ATP Ratio by Induced Circularly Polarised Europium Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shuvaev
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Mark A. Fox
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
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