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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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3
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Li C, Zhang C, Liu R, Wang L, Zhang X, Li G. Heterogeneously supported active Pd(0) complex on silica mediated by PEG as efficient dimerization catalyst for the production of high energy density fuel. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Palani V, Perea MA, Sarpong R. Site-Selective Cross-Coupling of Polyhalogenated Arenes and Heteroarenes with Identical Halogen Groups. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10126-10169. [PMID: 34402611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Methods to functionalize arenes and heteroarenes in a site-selective manner are highly sought after for rapidly constructing value-added molecules of medicinal, agrochemical, and materials interest. One effective approach is the site-selective cross-coupling of polyhalogenated arenes bearing multiple, but identical, halogen groups. Such cross-coupling reactions have proven to be incredibly effective for site-selective functionalization. However, they also present formidable challenges due to the inherent similarities in the reactivities of the halogen substituents. In this Review, we discuss strategies for site-selective cross-couplings of polyhalogenated arenes and heteroarenes bearing identical halogens, beginning first with an overview of the reaction types that are more traditional in nature, such as electronically, sterically, and directing-group-controlled processes. Following these examples is a description of emerging strategies, which includes ligand- and additive/solvent-controlled reactions as well as photochemically initiated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Palani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Melecio A Perea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Kostyukovich AY, Burykina JV, Eremin DB, Ananikov VP. Detection and Structural Investigation of Elusive Palladium Hydride Intermediates Formed from Simple Metal Salts. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7128-7142. [PMID: 33949864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Mizoroki-Heck reaction is one of the most known and best studied catalytic transformations and has provided an outstanding driving force for the development of catalysis and synthetic applications. Three out of four classical Mizoroki-Heck catalytic cycle intermediates contain Pd-C bonds and are well known and studied in detail. However, a simple palladium hydride (which is formed after the product-releasing β-H-elimination step) is a kind of elusive intermediate in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction. In the present study, we performed a combined theoretical and mass spectrometry (MS) study of palladium hydride complexes [PdX2H]- (X = Cl, Br, and I), which are reactive intermediates in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction. Static and molecular dynamic calculations revealed that these species have a T-shaped structure with a trans-arrangement of halogen atoms. Other isomers of [PdX2H]- are unstable and easily rearrange into the T-shaped form or decompose. These palladium hydride intermediates were detected by MS in precatalyst activation using NaBH4, Et3N, and a solvent molecule as reducing agents. Online MS monitoring allowed the detection of [PdX2H]- species in the course of the Mizoroki-Heck reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Eremin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.,The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Tagne Kuate AC, Lalancette RA, Bockfeld D, Tamm M, Jäkle F. Palladium(0) complexes of diferrocenylmercury diphosphines: synthesis, X-ray structure analyses, catalytic isomerization, and C-Cl bond activation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4512-4518. [PMID: 33687041 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00641j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palladium(0) phosphine complexes are of great importance as catalysts in numerous bond formation reactions that involve oxidative addition of substrates. Highly active catalysts with labile ligands are of particular interest but can be challenging to isolate and structurally characterize. We investigate here the synthesis and chemical reactivity of Pd0 complexes that contain geometrically adaptable diferrocenylmercury-bridged diphosphine chelate ligands (L) in combination with a labile dibenzylideneacetone (dba) ligand. The diastereomeric diphosphines 1a (pSpR, meso-isomer) and 1b (pSpS-isomer) differ in the orientation of the ferrocene moieties relative to the central Ph2PC5H3-Hg-C5H3PPh2 bridging entity. The structurally distinct trigonal LPd0(dba) complexes 2a (meso) and 2b (pSpS) are obtained upon treatment with Pd(dba)2. A competition reaction reveals that 1b reacts faster than 1a with Pd(dba)2. Unexpectedly, catalytic interconversion of 1a (meso) into 1b (rac) is observed at room temperature in the presence of only catalytic amounts of Pd(dba)2. Both Pd0 complexes, 2a and 2b, readily undergo oxidative addition into the C-Cl bond of CH2Cl2 at moderate temperatures with formation of the square-planar trans-chelate complexes LPdIICl(CH2Cl) (3a, 3b). Kinetic studies reveal a significantly higher reaction rate for the meso-isomer 2a in comparison to (pSpS)-2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain C Tagne Kuate
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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7
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Eisele NF, Koszinowski K. Direct Detection of Free and Counterion-Bound Carbanions by Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3750-3757. [PMID: 33599503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose electrospray-ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry as a robust and powerful method for the in situ analysis of carbanions. ESI mass spectrometry selectively probes the charged components of the sampled solution and, thus, is ideally suited for the detection of free carbanions. We demonstrate the potential of this method by analyzing acetonitrile solutions of 15 different carbon acids AH, whose acidities cover a range of 11.1 ≤ pKa(DMSO) ≤ 29.5. After treatment with KOtBu as a strong base, all but the two least acidic compounds were successfully detected as free carbanions A- and/or as potassium-bound aggregates [Kn-1An]-. The association equilibria can be shifted toward smaller aggregates and free carbanions by the addition of the crown ether 18-crown-6, which facilitates the evaluation of the mass spectra. When KOtBu was replaced by other bases (LiOH, LiNiPr2, NaH, NaOH, KOH, NBu4OH) or when tetrahydrofuran or methanol was used as a solvent, carbanions were also successfully observed. For further demonstrating the utility of the proposed method, we applied it to the analysis of the Michael addition of deprotonated dimedone to butenone. ESI mass spectrometry allowed us to follow the decrease of the reactant carbanion and the buildup of the product carbanion in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas F Eisele
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Omari I, Yunker LPE, Penafiel J, Gitaari D, San Roman A, McIndoe JS. Dynamic Ion Speciation during the Hydrolysis of Aryltrifluoroborates*. Chemistry 2021; 27:3812-3816. [PMID: 33227160 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Organotrifluoroborates serve as coupling partners during transmetalation in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction but require hydrolysis prior to the coupling reaction. Their anionic nature allows study of their hydrolysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) through real-time monitoring, complemented by pH analysis. The induction period varied according to the borates employed, and a dynamic series of equilibria for numerous ions was observed during hydrolysis. We found that the induction periods and reaction rates were sensitive to the R group of the borates, the shape of the reaction vessel, and stir rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Omari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lars P E Yunker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Johanne Penafiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Darlene Gitaari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Atzin San Roman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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9
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Paul M, Laketic K, McIndoe JS. Disulfonated xantphos for mass spectrometric mechanistic analysis. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xantphos is a wide bite angle bisphosphine ligand that finds wide application in catalysis. Tracking its behavior during reactions under realistic reaction conditions can be difficult at low concentrations, and although electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is effective at real-time monitoring of catalytic reactions, it can only observe ions. Accordingly, we experimented with the dianionic disulfonated version of xantphos as a charged tag for mechanistic analysis. It proved to behave exactly as hoped, providing good intensity and enabled the direct study of both an initial binding event (to copper, very fast) and a subsequent transfer to another metal (palladium). Its dianionic nature makes it especially promising for the study of reactions in which metals change charge state, because a cationic metal complex with an anionic ligand is an invisible zwitterion, whereas a dianionic ligand would instead make the same cationic complex appear due to the overall charge of −1. As such, disulfonated xantphos holds genuine promise as a mechanistic probe in real time analysis using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Katarina Laketic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J. Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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10
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Roque JB, Kuroda Y, Jurczyk J, Xu LP, Ham JS, Göttemann LT, Roberts CA, Adpressa D, Saurí J, Joyce LA, Musaev DG, Yeung CS, Sarpong R. C─C Cleavage Approach to C─H Functionalization of Saturated Aza-Cycles. ACS Catal 2020; 10:2929-2941. [PMID: 33569242 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saturated cyclic amines (aza-cycles) are ubiquitous structural motifs found in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and bioactive natural products. Given their importance, methods that directly functionalize aza-cycles are in high demand. Herein, we disclose a fundamentally different approach to functionalizing cyclic amines which relies on C─C cleavage and attendant cross-coupling. The initial functionalization step is the generation of underexplored N-fused bicyclo α-hydroxy-β-lactams under mild, visible light conditions using a Norrish-Yang process to affect α-functionalization of saturated cyclic amines. This approach is complementary to previous methods for the C─H functionalization of aza-cycles and provides unique access to various cross-coupling adducts. In the course of these studies, we have also uncovered an orthogonal, base-promoted opening of the N-fused bicyclo α-hydroxy-β-lactams. Computational studies have provided insight into the origin of the complementary C─C cleavage processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose B. Roque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yusuke Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jin Su Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lucas T. Göttemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charis A. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donovon Adpressa
- Structure Elucidation Group, Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Company Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Josep Saurí
- Structure Elucidation Group, Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Company Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Leo A. Joyce
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Company Inc., 90 E. Scott Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Disruptive Chemistry Fellow, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Company Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Janot C, Chagnoleau JB, Halcovitch NR, Muir J, Aïssa C. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Carbonyl-α'-(hetero)aryl Sulfoxonium Ylides: Scope and Insight into the Mechanism. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1126-1137. [PMID: 31808694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, a general method for the synthesis of α-carbonyl-α'-(hetero)aryl sulfoxonium ylides is needed to benefit more greatly from the potential safety advantages offered by these compounds over the parent diazo compounds. Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl bromides and triflates with α-carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides. We also report the use of this method for the modification of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and for the synthesis of a key precursor of antagonists of the neurokinin-1 receptor. In addition, the mechanism of the reaction was inferred from several observations. Thus, the oxidative addition complex [(XPhos)PhPdBr] and its dimer were observed by 31P{1H} NMR, and these complexes were shown to be catalytically and kinetically competent. Moreover, a complex resulting from the transmetalation of [(XPhos)ArPdBr] (Ar = p-CF3-C6H4) with a model sulfoxonium ylide was observed by mass spectrometry. Finally, the partial rate law suggests that the transmetalation and the subsequent deprotonation are rate-determining in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Janot
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Chagnoleau
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Nathan R Halcovitch
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Bailrigg , Lancaster LA1 4YB , United Kingdom
| | - James Muir
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development , AstraZeneca Macclesfield Campus , Cheshire SK10 2NA , United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Aïssa
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
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12
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Eremin DB, Denisova EA, Yu Kostyukovich A, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J, Khrustalev VN, Chernyshev VM, Ananikov VP. Ionic Pd/NHC Catalytic System Enables Recoverable Homogeneous Catalysis: Mechanistic Study and Application in the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction. Chemistry 2019; 25:16564-16572. [PMID: 31461192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are ubiquitously utilized in catalysis. A common catalyst design model assumes strong M-NHC binding in this metal-ligand framework. In contrast to this common assumption, we demonstrate here that lability and controlled cleavage of the M-NHC bond (rather than its stabilization) could be more important for high-performance catalysis at low catalyst concentrations. The present study reveals a dynamic stabilization mechanism with labile metal-NHC binding and [PdX3 ]- [NHC-R]+ ion pair formation. Access to reactive anionic palladium intermediates formed by dissociation of the NHC ligands and plausible stabilization of the molecular catalyst in solution by interaction with the [NHC-R]+ azolium ion is of particular importance for an efficient and recyclable catalyst. These ionic Pd/NHC complexes allowed for the first time the recycling of the complex in a well-defined form with isolation at each cycle. Computational investigation of the reaction mechanism confirms a facile formation of NHC-free anionic Pd in polar media through either Ph-NHC coupling or reversible H-NHC coupling. The present study formulates novel ideas for M/NHC catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Eremin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Denisova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor N Khrustalev
- National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Acad. Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklay St. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Victor M Chernyshev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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13
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3D designed and printed chemical generators for on demand reagent synthesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5496. [PMID: 31792220 PMCID: PMC6889270 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern science has developed well-defined and versatile sets of chemicals to perform many specific tasks, yet the diversity of these reagents is so large that it can be impractical for any one lab to stock everything they might need. At the same time, isssues of stability or limited supply mean these chemicals can be very expensive to purchase from specialist retailers. Here, we address this problem by developing a cartridge -oriented approach to reactionware-based chemical generators which can easily and reliably produce specific reagents from low-cost precursors, requiring minimal expertise and time to operate, potentially in low infrastructure environments. We developed these chemical generators for four specific targets; transition metal catalyst precursor tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) [Pd2(dba)3], oxidising agent Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP), protein photolinking reagent succinimidyl 4,4’-azipentanoate (NHS-diazirine), and the polyoxometalate cluster {P8W48}. The cartridge synthesis of these materials provides high-quality target compounds in good yields which are suitable for subsequent utilization. Synthetic labs rely on a vast number of chemicals, which are often unstable with time and affected by price fluctuations. Here, the authors report ad hoc developed cartridge reactionware for the synthesis of four different targets in a time- and cost-saving manner.
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Thomas GT, Janusson E, Zijlstra HS, McIndoe JS. Step-by-step real time monitoring of a catalytic amination reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11727-11730. [PMID: 31512685 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The multiple reaction monitoring mode of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is used to examine the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction at 0.1% catalyst loading in real-time using sequential addition of reagents to probe the individual steps in the cycle. This is a powerful new method for probing reactions under realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilian T Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Eric Janusson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Harmen S Zijlstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. E-mail:
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. E-mail:
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15
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Hu L, Cai A, Wu Z, Kleij AW, Huang G. A Mechanistic Analysis of the Palladium‐Catalyzed Formation of Branched Allylic Amines Reveals the Origin of the Regio‐ and Enantioselectivity through a Unique Inner‐Sphere Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Aijie Cai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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16
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Hu L, Cai A, Wu Z, Kleij AW, Huang G. A Mechanistic Analysis of the Palladium‐Catalyzed Formation of Branched Allylic Amines Reveals the Origin of the Regio‐ and Enantioselectivity through a Unique Inner‐Sphere Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14694-14702. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Aijie Cai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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17
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Shaughnessy KH. Development of Palladium Precatalysts that Efficiently Generate LPd(0) Active Species. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0336 USA
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18
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Kreyenschmidt F, Meurer SE, Koszinowski K. Mechanisms of Cobalt/Phosphine-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:5912-5921. [PMID: 30734379 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
>The combination of CoCl2 with bidentate phosphines is known to catalyze challenging cross-coupling and Heck-type reactions, but the mechanisms of these valuable transformations have not been established. Here, we use electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry to intercept the species formed in these reactions. Our results indicate that a sequence of transmetalation, reductive elimination, and redox disproportionation convert the cobalt(II) precatalyst into low-valent cobalt complexes. These species readily transfer single electrons to alkyl bromides, which thereupon dissociate into alkyl radicals and Br- . In cross-coupling reactions, the alkyl radicals add to the cobalt catalyst to form observable heteroleptic complexes, which release the coupling products through reductive eliminations. In the Heck-type reactions, the low abundance of newly formed ionic species renders the analysis more difficult. Nonetheless, our results also point to the occurrence of single-electron transfer processes and the involvement of radicals in these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Kreyenschmidt
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Selim E Meurer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Kostyukovich AY, Tsedilin AM, Sushchenko ED, Eremin DB, Kashin AS, Topchiy MA, Asachenko AF, Nechaev MS, Ananikov VP. In situ transformations of Pd/NHC complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands of different nature into colloidal Pd nanoparticles. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qi01095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of Pd/NHC species undergoes R–NHC coupling reaction forming catalytically active NHC-free complexes and/or colloidal Pd nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey M. Tsedilin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | | | - Dmitry B. Eremin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Alexey S. Kashin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Maxim A. Topchiy
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Andrey F. Asachenko
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Mikhail S. Nechaev
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
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20
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Slack ED, Tancini PD, Colacot TJ. Process Economics and Atom Economy for Industrial Cross Coupling Applications via LnPd(0)-Based Catalysts. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Koszinowski K, Stephenson DS. Large Solvent Isotope Effect Associated with the Hydrolysis of Allylindium Iodide. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14314-14322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - David S. Stephenson
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany
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22
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Golding WA, Pearce-Higgins R, Phipps RJ. Site-Selective Cross-Coupling of Remote Chlorides Enabled by Electrostatically Directed Palladium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13570-13574. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William A. Golding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Pearce-Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Maddess
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chaomin Li
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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24
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Parchomyk T, Demeshko S, Meyer F, Koszinowski K. Oxidation States, Stability, and Reactivity of Organoferrate Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9709-9720. [PMID: 29991250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have applied a combination of electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, electrical conductivity measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy to identify and characterize the organoferrate species R nFe m- formed upon the transmetalation of iron precursors (Fe(acac)3, FeCl3, FeCl2, Fe(OAc)2) with Grignard reagents RMgX (R = Me, Et, Bu, Hex, Oct, Dec, Me3SiCH2, Bn, Ph, Mes, 3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3; X = Cl, Br) in tetrahydrofuran. The observed organoferrates show a large variety in their aggregation (1 ≤ m ≤ 8) and oxidation states (I to IV), which are chiefly determined by the nature of their organyl groups R. In numerous cases, the addition of a bidentate amine or phosphine changes the distributions of organoferrates and affects their stability. Besides undergoing efficient intermolecular exchange processes, several of the probed organoferrates react with organyl (pseudo)halides R'X (R' = Et, iPr, Bu, Ph, p-Tol; X = Cl, Br, I, OTf) to afford heteroleptic complexes of the type R3FeR'-. Gas-phase fragmentation of most of these complexes results in reductive eliminations of the coupling products RR' (or, alternatively, of R2). This finding indicates that iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions may proceed via such heteroleptic organoferrates R3FeR'- as intermediates. Gas-phase fragmentation of other organoferrate complexes leads to β-hydrogen eliminations, the loss of arenes, and the expulsion of organyl radicals. The operation of both one- and two-electron processes is consistent with previous observations and contributes to the formidable complexity of organoiron chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Parchomyk
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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25
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Yeung D, Penafiel J, Zijlstra HS, McIndoe JS. Oxidation of Titanocene(III): The Deceptive Simplicity of a Color Change. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:457-461. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darien Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Johanne Penafiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Harmen S. Zijlstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J. Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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26
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Kolter M, Böck K, Karaghiosoff K, Koszinowski K. Anionic Palladium(0) and Palladium(II) Ate Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13244-13248. [PMID: 28817225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Palladium ate complexes are frequently invoked as important intermediates in Heck and cross-coupling reactions, but so far have largely eluded characterization at the molecular level. Here, we use electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, electrical conductivity measurements, and NMR spectroscopy to show that the electron-poor catalyst [L3 Pd] (L=tris[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine) readily reacts with Br- ions to afford the anionic, zero-valent ate complex [L3 PdBr]- . In contrast, more-electron-rich Pd catalysts display lower tendencies toward the formation of ate complexes. Combining [L3 Pd] with LiI and an aryl iodide substrate (ArI) results in the observation of the PdII ate complex [L2 Pd(Ar)I2 ]- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Kolter
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Böck
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Kolter M, Böck K, Karaghiosoff K, Koszinowski K. Anionische Palladium(0)- und Palladium(II)-At-Komplexe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Kolter
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Katharina Böck
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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28
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Zvereva EE, Katsyuba SA, Dyson PJ, Aleksandrov AV. Leaching from Palladium Nanoparticles in an Ionic Liquid Leads to the Formation of Ionic Monometallic Species. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3452-3456. [PMID: 28692296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations and DFT calculations suggest that leaching of palladium species from Pd nanoparticles in ionic liquids does not involve "naked" Pd(0) atoms or neutral ArPdX species formed by oxidative addition of arylhalides. Instead, the ionic liquid contributes largely to leaching of ionic PdX- or PdAr+ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Zvereva
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences , Arbuzov street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Théorie-Modélisation-Simulation UMR CNRS UL 7565, Université de Lorraine , Boulevard des Aiguillettes 1, BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sergey A Katsyuba
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences , Arbuzov street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) , CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey V Aleksandrov
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, UMR 7654, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
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