1
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Ishiwata A, Tanaka K, Ito Y, Cai H, Ding F. Recent Progress in 1,2- cis glycosylation for Glucan Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:5644. [PMID: 37570614 PMCID: PMC10420028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the stereoselectivity of 1,2-cis glycosylation is one of the most challenging tasks in the chemical synthesis of glycans. There are various 1,2-cis glycosides in nature, such as α-glucoside and β-mannoside in glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, microbial polysaccharides, and bioactive natural products. In the structure of polysaccharides such as α-glucan, 1,2-cis α-glucosides were found to be the major linkage between the glucopyranosides. Various regioisomeric linkages, 1→3, 1→4, and 1→6 for the backbone structure, and 1→2/3/4/6 for branching in the polysaccharide as well as in the oligosaccharides were identified. To achieve highly stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation, including α-glucosylation, a number of strategies using inter- and intra-molecular methodologies have been explored. Recently, Zn salt-mediated cis glycosylation has been developed and applied to the synthesis of various 1,2-cis linkages, such as α-glucoside and β-mannoside, via the 1,2-cis glycosylation pathway and β-galactoside 1,4/6-cis induction. Furthermore, the synthesis of various structures of α-glucans has been achieved using the recent progressive stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation reactions. In this review, recent advances in stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation, particularly focused on α-glucosylation, and their applications in the construction of linear and branched α-glucans are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- RIKEN, Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN, Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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2
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Asano T, Udagawa T, Komura N, Imamura A, Ishida H, Ando H, Tanaka HN. Unprecedented neighboring group participation of C2 N-imidoxy functionalities for 1,2-trans-selective glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2023; 527:108808. [PMID: 37068315 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective glycosylation reactions are important in carbohydrate chemistry. The most used method for 1,2-trans(β)-selective glycosylation involves the neighboring group participation (NGP) of the 2-O-acyl protecting group; nevertheless, an alternative stereoselective method independent of classical NGP would contribute to carbohydrate chemistry, despite being challenging to achieve. Herein, a β-selective glycosylation reaction employing unprecedented NGP of the C2 N-succinimidoxy and phthalimidoxy functionalities is reported. The C2 functionalities provided the glycosylated products in high yields with β-selectivity. The participation of the functionalities from the α face of the glycosyl oxocarbenium ions gives stable six-membered intermediates and is supported by density functional theory calculations. The applicability of the phthalimidoxy functionality for hydroxyl protection is also demonstrated. This work expands the scope of functionalities tolerated in carbohydrate chemistry to include O-N moieties.
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3
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Ishiwata A, Tanaka K, Ao J, Ding F, Ito Y. Recent advances in stereoselective 1,2-cis-O-glycosylations. Front Chem 2022; 10:972429. [PMID: 36059876 PMCID: PMC9437320 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.972429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For the stereoselective assembly of bioactive glycans with various functions, 1,2-cis-O-glycosylation is one of the most essential issues in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The cis-configured O-glycosidic linkages to the substituents at two positions of the non-reducing side residue of the glycosides such as α-glucopyranoside, α-galactopyranoside, β-mannopyranoside, β-arabinofuranoside, and other rather rare glycosides are found in natural glycans, including glycoconjugate (glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and microbial polysaccharides) and glycoside natural products. The way to 1,2-trans isomers is well sophisticated by using the effect of neighboring group participation from the most effective and kinetically favored C-2 substituent such as an acyl group, although high stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-cis glycosides without formation of 1,2-trans isomers is far less straightforward. Although the key factors that control the stereoselectivity of glycosylation are largely understood since chemical glycosylation was considered to be one of the useful methods to obtain glycosidic linkages as the alternative way of isolation from natural sources, strictly controlled formation of these 1,2-cis glycosides is generally difficult. This minireview introduces some of the recent advances in the development of 1,2-cis selective glycosylations, including the quite recent developments in glycosyl donor modification, reaction conditions, and methods for activation of intermolecular glycosylation, including the bimodal glycosylation strategy for 1,2-cis and 1,2-trans glycosides, as well as intramolecular glycosylations, including recent applications of NAP-ether-mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akihiro Ishiwata, ; Feiqing Ding, ; Yukishige Ito,
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiaming Ao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Akihiro Ishiwata, ; Feiqing Ding, ; Yukishige Ito,
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akihiro Ishiwata, ; Feiqing Ding, ; Yukishige Ito,
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4
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Qiao Z, Wang P, Ni J, Li D, Sun Y, Li T, Li M. Triflic Imide‐Catalyzed Glycosylation of Disarmed Glycosyl
ortho
‐Isopropenylphenylacetates and
ortho
‐Isopropenylbenzyl Thioglycosides. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qiao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine Chinese Ministry of Education Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine Chinese Ministry of Education Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 P. R. China
| | - Jingxuan Ni
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine Chinese Ministry of Education Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine Chinese Ministry of Education Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 P. R. China
| | - Yao Sun
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine Chinese Ministry of Education Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine Chinese Ministry of Education Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine Chinese Ministry of Education Ocean University of China 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
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5
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Yang F, Hou W, Zhu D, Tang Y, Yu B. A Stereoselective Glycosylation Approach to the Construction of 1,2-trans-β-d-Glycosidic Linkages and Convergent Synthesis of Saponins. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104002. [PMID: 34859514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventional syntheses of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages rely mainly on neighboring group participation in the glycosylation reactions. The requirement for a neighboring participation group (NPG) excludes direct glycosylation with (1→2)-linked glycan donors, thus only allowing stepwise assembly of glycans and glycoconjugates containing this type of common motif. Here, a robust glycosylation protocol for the synthesis of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages without resorting to NPG is disclosed; it employs an optimal combination of glycosyl N-phenyltrifluroacetimidates as donors, FeCl3 as promoter, and CH2 Cl2 /nitrile as solvent. A broad substrate scope has been demonstrated by glycosylations with 12 (1→2)-linked di- and trisaccharide donors and 13 alcoholic acceptors including eight complex triterpene derivatives. Most of the glycosylation reactions are high yielding and exclusively 1,2-trans selective. Ten representative, naturally occurring triterpene saponins were thus synthesized in a convergent manner after deprotection of the coupled glycosides. Intensive mechanistic studies indicated that this glycosylation proceeds by SN 2-type substitution of the glycosyl α-nitrilium intermediates. Importantly, FeCl3 dissociates and coordinates with nitrile into [Fe(RCN)n Cl2 ]+ and [FeCl4 ]- , and the ferric cationic species coordinates with the alcoholic acceptor to provide a protic species that activates the imidate, meanwhile the poor nucleophilicity of [FeCl4 ]- ensures an uninterruptive role for the glycosidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Wu Hou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
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6
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Abstract
With a view to reducing the notorious complexity and irreproducibility of glycosylation reactions, 12 guidelines for the choice of concentration, temperature, and counterions are adumbrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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7
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Santana AG, Montalvillo‐Jiménez L, Díaz‐Casado L, Mann E, Jiménez‐Barbero J, Gómez AM, Asensio JL. Single‐Step Glycosylations with
13
C‐Labelled Sulfoxide Donors: A Low‐Temperature NMR Cartography of the Distinguishing Mechanistic Intermediates. Chemistry 2020; 27:2030-2042. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G. Santana
- Glycochemistry and Molecular Recognition group, Dpt. Bio-Organic Chemistry Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3. 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Montalvillo‐Jiménez
- Glycochemistry and Molecular Recognition group, Dpt. Bio-Organic Chemistry Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3. 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Díaz‐Casado
- Glycochemistry and Molecular Recognition group, Dpt. Bio-Organic Chemistry Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3. 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Enrique Mann
- Glycochemistry and Molecular Recognition group, Dpt. Bio-Organic Chemistry Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3. 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC-bioGUNE) 48160 Derio Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science 48013 Bilbao Spain
| | - Ana M. Gómez
- Oligosaccharide and Glycosystems group Dpt. Bio-Organic Chemistry Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3. 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Luis Asensio
- Glycochemistry and Molecular Recognition group, Dpt. Bio-Organic Chemistry Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3. 28006 Madrid Spain
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8
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Kowalska K, Pedersen CM. α-Selective glycosylations using glycosyl N-(ortho-methoxyphenyl)trifluoroacetimidates. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1918-1925. [PMID: 32101221 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Six N-(o-methoxyphenyl)trifluoroacetimidate glycosyl donors have been synthesized and their role as glycosyl donors has been investigated. The donors were synthesized with complete β-selectivity, except in one case, and were found to be stable. When Bi(OTf)3, Fe(OTf)2, and Zn(OTf)2 were employed as catalysts, the glycosylations were found to be highly α-selective in Et2O. The selectivity and reaction rate changed with a change in the acceptor reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Christian Marcus Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Schroeder S, Strauch C, Gaelings N, Niggemann M. Vinyl Triflimides-A Case of Assisted Vinyl Cation Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5119-5123. [PMID: 30694004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new concept for selectivity control in carbocation-driven reactions has been identified which allows for the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective addition of nucleophiles to alkynes-assisted vinyl cation formation-enabled by a Li+ -based supramolecular framework. Mechanistic analysis of a model complex (Li2 NTf2 + ⋅3 H2 O) confirms that solely the formation of a complex between the incoming nucleophile and the transition state of the alkyne protonation is responsible for the resulting selective N addition to the vinyl cation. Into the bargain, a general, operationally simple synthetic procedure to previously inaccessible vinyl triflimides is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schroeder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Strauch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas Gaelings
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Meike Niggemann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Schroeder S, Strauch C, Gaelings N, Niggemann M. Vinyltriflimide – ein Fall von assistierter Vinylkationenbildung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schroeder
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christina Strauch
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Niklas Gaelings
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Meike Niggemann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Deutschland
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11
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Sletten ET, Tu YJ, Schlegel HB, Nguyen HM. Are Brønsted Acids the True Promoter of Metal-Triflate-Catalyzed Glycosylations? A Mechanistic Probe into 1,2- cis-Aminoglycoside Formation by Nickel Triflate. ACS Catal 2019; 9:2110-2123. [PMID: 31819822 PMCID: PMC6900934 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal triflates have been utilized to catalytically facilitate numerous glycosylation reactions under mild conditions. In some methods, the metal triflate system provides stereocontrol during the glycosylation, rather than the nature of protecting groups on the substrate. Despite these advances, the true activating nature of metal triflates remains unclear. Our findings indicated that the in situ generation of trace amounts of triflic acid from metal triflates can be the active catalyst species in the glycosylation. This fact has been mentioned previously in metal triflate-catalyzed glycosylation reactions; however, a thorough study on the subject and its implications on stereoselectivity has yet to be performed. Experimental evidence from control reactions and 19F NMR spectroscopy have been obtained to confirm and quantify the triflic acid released from nickel triflate, for which it is of paramount importance in achieving a stereoselective 1,2-cis-2-amino glycosidic bond formation via a transient anomeric triflate. A putative intermediate resembling that of a glycosyl triflate has been detected using variable temperature NMR (1H and 13C) experiments. These observations, together with density functional theory calculations and a kinetic study, corroborate a mechanism involving triflic acid-catalyzed stereoselective glycosylation with N-substituted trifluoromethylbenzylideneamino protected electrophiles. Specifically, triflic acid facilitates formation of a glycosyl triflate intermediate which then undergoes isomerization from the stable α-anomer to the more reactive β-anomer. Subsequent SN2-like displacement of the reactive anomer by a nucleophile is highly favorable for the production of 1,2-cis-2-aminoglycosides. Although there is a previously reported work regarding glycosyl triflates, none of these reports have been confirmed to come from the counter ion of the metal center. Our work provides supporting evidence for the induction of a glycosyl triflate through the role of triflic acid in metal triflate-catalyzed glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Sletten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United Sates
| | - Yi-Jung Tu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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12
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Zheng Z, Zhang L. Gold-catalyzed synthesis of α-D-glucosides using an o-ethynylphenyl β-D-1-thioglucoside donor. Carbohydr Res 2018; 471:56-63. [PMID: 30439547 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A gold-catalyzed glucosylation method using an o-ethynylphenyl β-D-1-thioglucoside as donor is described. The reaction proceeds in a mostly SN2 pathway. A series of α-D-glucosides are obtained in good yields and with up to 19:1 α-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, United States
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, United States.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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14
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Chatterjee S, Moon S, Hentschel F, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. An Empirical Understanding of the Glycosylation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11942-11953. [PMID: 30125122 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reliable glycosylation reactions that allow for the stereo- and regioselective installation of glycosidic linkages are paramount to the chemical synthesis of glycan chains. The stereoselectivity of glycosylations is exceedingly difficult to control due to the reaction's high degree of sensitivity and its shifting, simultaneous mechanistic pathways that are controlled by variables of unknown degree of influence, dominance, or interdependency. An automated platform was devised to quickly, reproducibly, and systematically screen glycosylations and thereby address this fundamental problem. Thirteen variables were investigated in as isolated a manner as possible, to identify and quantify inherent preferences of electrophilic glycosylating agents (glycosyl donors) and nucleophiles (glycosyl acceptors). Ways to enhance, suppress, or even override these preferences using judicious environmental conditions were discovered. Glycosylations involving two specific partners can be tuned to produce either 11:1 selectivity of one stereoisomer or 9:1 of the other by merely changing the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Sooyeon Moon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Felix Hentschel
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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15
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Adero PO, Amarasekara H, Wen P, Bohé L, Crich D. The Experimental Evidence in Support of Glycosylation Mechanisms at the S N1-S N2 Interface. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8242-8284. [PMID: 29846062 PMCID: PMC6135681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A critical review of the state-of-the-art evidence in support of the mechanisms of glycosylation reactions is provided. Factors affecting the stability of putative oxocarbenium ions as intermediates at the SN1 end of the mechanistic continuum are first surveyed before the evidence, spectroscopic and indirect, for the existence of such species on the time scale of glycosylation reactions is presented. Current models for diastereoselectivity in nucleophilic attack on oxocarbenium ions are then described. Evidence in support of the intermediacy of activated covalent glycosyl donors is reviewed, before the influences of the structure of the nucleophile, of the solvent, of temperature, and of donor-acceptor hydrogen bonding on the mechanism of glycosylation reactions are surveyed. Studies on the kinetics of glycosylation reactions and the use of kinetic isotope effects for the determination of transition-state structure are presented, before computational models are finally surveyed. The review concludes with a critical appraisal of the state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ouma Adero
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Harsha Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Peng Wen
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Luis Bohé
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 , Université Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay , 1 avenue de la Terrasse , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
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16
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Ding F, Ishiwata A, Ito Y. Bimodal Glycosyl Donors Protected by 2- O-( ortho-Tosylamido)benzyl Group. Org Lett 2018; 20:4384-4388. [PMID: 29985002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A glucosyl donor equipped with C2- o-TsNHbenzyl ether was shown to provide both α- and β-glycosides stereoselectivity, by changing the reaction conditions. Namely, β-glycosides were selectively obtained when the trichloroacetimidate was activated by Tf2NH. On the other hand, activation by TfOH in Et2O provided α-glycosides as major products. This "single donor" approach was employed to assemble naturally occurring trisaccharide α-d-Glc-(1→2)-α-d-Glc-(1→6)-d-Glc and its anomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Mishra KB, Singh AK, Kandasamy J. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-Promoted Stereoselective Glycosylation with Glycosyl Trichloroacetimidates under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunj Bihari Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Adesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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19
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Abstract
Previously, we communicated 3,3-difluoroxindole (HOFox)-mediated glycosylations wherein 3,3-difluoro-3H-indol-2-yl (OFox) imidates were found to be key intermediates. Both the in situ synthesis from the corresponding glycosyl bromides and activation of the OFox imidates could be conducted in a regenerative fashion. Herein, we extend this study to the synthesis of various glycosidic linkages using different sugar series. The main outcome of this study relates to enhanced yields and/or reduced reaction times of glycosylations. The effect of HOFox-mediated reactions is particularly pronounced in case of unreactive glycosyl donors and/or glycosyl acceptors. A multistep regenerative synthesis of oligosaccharides is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashapal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Scott A. Geringer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri—St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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20
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Abstract
Although the triflate ion is not generally perceived as a nucleophile, many examples of its behavior as such exist in the literature. This Synopsis presents an overview of such reactions, in which triflate may be either a stoichiometric or catalytic nucleophile, leading to the suggestion that nucleophilic catalysis by triflate may be more common than generally accepted, albeit hidden by the typical reactivity of organic triflates which complicates their observation as intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Luis Bohé
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Sud , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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