1
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Yang S, Wang X, Chu H, Liu W. Electrode-Supported Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Insights into the Confined Internal Dynamics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6836-6844. [PMID: 38567451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes show great promise as molecular-scale memory units due to their robust architecture and protective capability for encapsulated atoms. However, the flat potential-energy surface within the cage often results in a severe disorder of encapsulated atoms. Here, we focused on prototypical systems involving Li@C60 on metallic surfaces, emphasizing the electrode's confinement effect on caged dynamics. We demonstrated that the varying interfacial stabilities induced by Li motion predominantly depend on the synergetic effect of van der Waals forces and covalent bonds rather than the previously assumed electrostatic interactions. We unveiled that the repulsion effect between encapsulated atom and the metal electrode primarily arises from the antibonding states between the metal states below the Fermi level and the degenerated frontier orbitals from HOMO-4 to HOMO. By manipulating orbital interactions, we observed an ordered arrangement of the encapsulated atom on Rec-Pt(111) at room temperature. Furthermore, our findings underscore the disruptive influence of electric fields on the stability of distinct Li positions, a phenomenon closely tied to the dipole moment induced by Li motion. This research provides a new perspective on the confined internal dynamics of endohedral metallofullerenes by manipulating cage-electrode interactions, contributing to precisely controlled molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Han Chu
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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2
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Ando H, Nakao Y. Localization of nuclear wave functions of lithium in [Li +@C 60]PF 6-: molecular insights into two-site disorder-order transition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8446-8462. [PMID: 36917209 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Lithium endohedral fullerene, Li+@C60, is a porous system ideal for studying the quantized translational motion of the Li+ nucleus under subnanoscale confinement. The quantized nuclear motion strongly depends on the anharmonic and polarizable adsorbent potential within the C60 cage, which can be perturbed by cage distortion and/or exterior ions. In our recent paper, H. Ando and Y. Nakao, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 9785-9803, we focused on a [Li+@C60]PF6- salt and theoretically investigated how the Li+ ion in each C60 cage is simultaneously localized at two equivalent disordered sites in 24 K < T ≪ 100 K. At 24 K, the salt exhibits a disorder-order transition, whereby every Li+ ion becomes mostly localized at one of the two disordered sites below that temperature. Herein we discuss the origin of this transition with special attention to the local structural distortion and intermolecular interactions. Using the Fourier grid Hamiltonian method and a model function that fits a post-Hartree-Fock potential energy surface, we obtained hundreds of low-energy nuclear wave functions of Li+ confined within the cage. The weak distortions of the C60 cage and the PF6- coordination sphere below 24 K and concurrent inversion-symmetry breaking affect intermolecular interactions, thus making the wave functions of the nuclear ground state and several low-energy excited states localized around the experimental high-occupancy disordered site. This demonstrates that the distortions correlate closely with the two-site disorder-order transition. Finally, we reveal that two absorption peaks in the terahertz frequency range show substantial blueshifts upon cooling below 24 K, which serve as fingerprints of the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ando
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
| | - Yoshihide Nakao
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, 2-3-1 Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-8503, Japan
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3
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Kwon E, Matsukawa T, Hoshikawa A, Ishigaki T, Aoyagi S, Kawachi K, Kasama Y. Direct observation of nucleus of lithium in a C60 fullerene cage by neutron diffraction study. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Horii Y, Suzuki H, Miyazaki Y, Nakano M, Hasegawa S, Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Dynamics and magnetic properties of NO molecules encapsulated in open-cage fullerene derivatives evidenced by low temperature heat capacity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10251-10256. [PMID: 33899869 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00482d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature heat capacity analyses for an NO-encapsulated fullerene derivative revealed (i) low-energy motion and (ii) strong magnetic anisotropy of the NO molecule due to its orbital angular momentum. The low-energy motion was attributed to reorientational motions of the NO molecules, in which only a small number (n ∼ 0.04) of NO molecules were found to participate. The NO molecules were confirmed to be paramagnetic even at 1 K. Ab-initio calculation indicated that the magnetic properties of the NO unit strongly depended on its surroundings, allowing the conformation of the fullerene cage to be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Horii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hal Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyazaki
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shota Hasegawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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5
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Ando H, Nakao Y. Quantum states of the endohedral fullerene Li +@C 60 surrounded by anions: energy decomposition analysis of nuclear wave functions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9785-9803. [PMID: 33908486 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is the lightest metal element. To date, little is known about its quantized nuclear motion in nanoscale porous structures. Endohedral fullerene Li+@C60 is an ideal porous system for studying such a quantized motion. Recent studies suggest that the anions surrounding the C60 cage exterior and a slight cage distortion can alter the potential field in the cage interior and thus the nuclear wave function of Li+. It has yet to be clarified how the electronic state, particularly the flexible π electron cloud of the C60 cage, is associated with (de)localization of the Li+ wave function. Focusing on the [Li+@C60]PF6- crystal, we constructed a local structure model considering the PF6- coordination and the cage distortion. We developed model functions that fit the post-Hartree-Fock potential energy surface for the Li+ motion and its decomposed components, four interaction energy surfaces. The decomposition clarified the origins of the shell-like adsorbent potential and the potential wells therein. The Fourier grid Hamiltonian method allowed us to obtain low-energy Li+ wave functions. The ground state is nearly two-fold degenerate, and its wave functions are mostly localized underneath two C6 rings, near the disordered sites of Li+ in the X-ray crystal structure. By extending the energy decomposition analysis within the clamped-nuclei approximation to incorporate the delocalization of nuclear wave functions, we demonstrated that the ground state is stabilized by the polarization, dispersion, and electrostatic interactions. Beyond the common picture of Li+ moving in a classical electrostatic field, our approach will deepen the understanding of the flexible Li+ wave function confined in a polarizable porous structure by various intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ando
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
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6
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Iwami H, Xing J, Nakanishi R, Horii Y, Katoh K, Breedlove BK, Kawachi K, Kasama Y, Kwon E, Yamashita M. Cocrystals of Li + encapsulated fullerenes and Tb(iii) double-decker single molecule magnet in a quasi-kagome lattice. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12785-12788. [PMID: 32966411 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04349d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystallization of a lithium ion encapsulated fullerene Li+@C60 with a terbium(iii) phthalocyaninato porphyrinato double-decker single-molecule magnet [Tb(Pc)(OEP)] is reported. The cocrystal, containing PF6- as a counter anion, packs in a quasi-kagome lattice, which leads to intermolecular ferromagnetic interactions as well as the modulation of the single-molecule magnet (SMM) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Iwami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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7
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Suzuki H, Ishida M, Otani C, Kawachi K, Kasama Y, Kwon E, Miyazaki Y, Nakano M. The thermodynamic properties and molecular dynamics of [Li +@C 60](PF 6-) associated with structural phase transitions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16147-16153. [PMID: 31292592 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02849h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calorimetric and terahertz-far-infrared (THz-FIR) spectroscopic and infrared (IR) spectroscopic measurements were conducted for [Li+@C60](PF6-) at temperatures between 1.8 and 395 K. [Li+@C60](PF6-) underwent a structural phase transition at around 360 K accompanied by the orientational order-disorder transition of Li+@C60 and PF6-. The transition occurred in a step-wise manner. The total transition entropy (ΔtrsS) of 40.1 ± 0.4 J K-1 mol-1 was smaller than that of the orientational order-disorder transition in a pristine C60 crystal (ΔtrsS = 45.4 ± 0.5 J K-1 mol-1). Thus, the orientational disorder of Li+@C60 in the high-temperature phase of [Li+@C60](PF6-) was much less excited than that of the pristine C60 owing to the Coulombic interactions, which stabilized the ionic crystal lattice of [Li+@C60](PF6-). At T < 100 K, upon cooling, Li+ ions were trapped in two pockets on the inner surface of C60, and no phase transition was observed. Finally, the Li+ ions achieved a complete order at 24 K through antiferroelectric transition. The ΔtrsS value of 4.6 ± 0.4 J K-1 mol-1 was slightly smaller than R ln 2 = 5.76 J K-1 mol-1 expected for the two-site order-disorder transition. The extent of the Li+ motion in the C60 cage was related to the selection rule in the THz-FIR and IR spectroscopy of the C60 internal vibrations, because a C60 cage should be polarized by the Li+ ion. It is shown that the local symmetry of the caged molecule can be modified by the rotational or hopping motion of the encaged ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Misaki Ishida
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan and Terahertz Sensing and Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 519-1399 Aramaki-Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Chiko Otani
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan and Terahertz Sensing and Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 519-1399 Aramaki-Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | | | | | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyazaki
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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8
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Fujii S, Cho H, Hashikawa Y, Nishino T, Murata Y, Kiguchi M. Tuneable single-molecule electronic conductance of C 60 by encapsulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12606-12610. [PMID: 31150031 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02469g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the single-molecule transport properties of fullerene C60 can be modulated by encapsulating endohedral species, i.e. Li+ and H2O, which exhibit different degrees of van der Waals interactions with the C60 cage. Single-molecule junctions were prepared between the gaps of Au electrodes using a break junction technique. Encapsulation of H2O inside the cage caused a slight decrease in the electronic conductivity relative to that of pristine C60. This is in sharp contrast to Li+ encapsulation, which results in a twofold-to-fourfold increase in the conductivity. The electronic couplings between the C60 cage and the Au electrodes were weakly dependent on the endohedral species in the cage, though the molecular orbital energy levels were remarkably modulated upon encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8511, Japan.
| | - Haruna Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Uji, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8511, Japan.
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Uji, Japan.
| | - Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8511, Japan.
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9
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Chandler HJ, Stefanou M, Campbell EEB, Schaub R. Li@C 60 as a multi-state molecular switch. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2283. [PMID: 31123258 PMCID: PMC6533348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of molecular electronics aims at advancing the miniaturization of electronic devices, by exploiting single molecules to perform the function of individual components. A molecular switch is defined as a molecule that displays stability in two or more states (e.g. "on" and "off" involving conductance, conformation etc.) and upon application of a controlled external perturbation, electric or otherwise, undergoes a reversible change such that the molecule is altered. Previous work has shown multi-state molecular switches with up to four and six distinct states. Using low temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we report on a multi-state single molecule switch using the endohedral fullerene Li@C60 that displays 14 molecular states which can be statistically accessed. We suggest a switching mechanism that relies on resonant tunnelling via the superatom molecular orbitals (SAMOs) of the fullerene cage as a means of Li activation, thereby bypassing the typical vibronic excitation of the carbon cage that is known to cause molecular decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Chandler
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Minas Stefanou
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.,Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, School of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Renald Schaub
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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10
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Suzuki H, Nakano M, Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. Rotational Motion and Nuclear Spin Interconversion of H 2O Encapsulated in C 60 Appearing in the Low-Temperature Heat Capacity. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1306-1311. [PMID: 30835479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The heat capacity of H2O encapsulated in fullerene C60 is determined for the first time at temperatures between 0.6 and 200 K. The water molecule in H2O@C60 undergoes quantum rotation at low temperature, and the ortho-H2O and para-H2O isomers are identified by labeling the rotational energy levels with the nuclear spin states. A rounded heat capacity maximum is observed at ∼2 K after rapid cooling due to splitting of the rotational J KaKc = 101 ground state of ortho-H2O. This anomalous feature decreases in magnitude over time, reflecting the conversion of ortho-H2O to para-H2O. Time-dependent heat capacity measurements at constant temperature reveal three nuclear spin conversion processes: a thermally activated transition with Ea ≈ 3.2 meV and two temperature-independent tunneling processes with time constants of τ1 ≈ 1.5 h and τ2 ≈ 11 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry , Kindai University , 3-4-1 Kowakae , Higashiosaka , Osaka 577-8502 , Japan
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- Research Center for Structural Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
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11
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Aoyagi S, Miwa K, Ueno H, Okada H, Matsuo Y, Kokubo K. Structure of [60]fullerene with a mobile lithium cation inside. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180337. [PMID: 30109088 PMCID: PMC6083684 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure of crystalline [60]fullerene with a lithium cation inside (Li+@C60) was determined by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction measurements to understand the electrostatic and thermal properties of the encapsulated Li+ cation. Although the C60 cages show severe orientation disorder in [Li+@C60](TFPB-)·C4H10O and [Li+@C60](TFSI-)·CH2Cl2, the Li+ cations are rather ordered at specific positions by electrostatic interactions with coordinated anions outside the C60 cage. The Li+@C60 molecules in [Li+@C60](ClO4-) with a rock-salt-type cubic structure are fully disordered with almost uniform spherical shell charge densities even at 100 K by octahedral coordination of ClO4- tetrahedra and show no orientation ordering, unlike [Li+@C60](PF6-) and pristine C60. Single-bonded (Li+@C60-)2 dimers in [Li+@C60-](NiOEP)⋅CH2Cl2 are thermally stable even at 400 K and form Li+-C bonds which are shorter than Li+-C bonds in [Li+@C60](PF6-) and suppress the rotational motion of the Li+ cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
- Author for correspondence: Shinobu Aoyagi e-mail:
| | - Kazuhira Miwa
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- School of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- School of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ken Kokubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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García-Rodeja Y, Solà M, Fernández I. Rationalizing the Regioselectivity of the Diels-Alder Biscycloaddition of Fullerenes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3285-3292. [PMID: 29470060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The physical factors governing the regioselectivity of the double functionalization of fullerenes have been explored by means of density functional theory calculations. To this end, the second Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions involving 1,3-butadiene and the parent C60 fullerene as well as the ion-encapsulated system Li+@C60 have been selected. In agreement with previous experimental findings on related processes, it is found that the cycloaddition reaction, involving either C60 or Li+@C60, occurs selectively at specific [6,6]-bonds. The combination of the activation strain model of reactivity and the energy decomposition analysis methods has been applied to gain a quantitative understanding into the markedly different reactivity of the available [6,6]-bonds leading to the observed regioselectivity in the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química , Universitat de Girona , C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona , Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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13
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Ueno H, Okada H, Aoyagi S, Matsuo Y. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Li +@Fluoreno[60]fullerene: Effect of Encapsulated Lithium Ion on Electrochemistry of Spiroannelated Fullerene. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11631-11635. [PMID: 29022343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of [Li+@C60]TFSI- (TFSI = bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) with 9-diazofluorene directly produced a [6,6]-adduct of lithium-ion-containing fluoreno[60]fullerene, [6,6]-[Li+@C60(fluoreno)]TFSI-, which was crystallographically characterized. Cyclic voltammetry of the compound showed a reversible one-electron reduction wave at -0.51 V (vs Fc/Fc+) and an irreversible reduction wave for the second electron. The latter was attributed to opening of the three-membered ring due to strong stabilization of the resulting sp3-carbanion by the encapsulated Li+ and formation of a 14π-electron aromatic fluorenyl anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- School of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, PR China
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Nagoya City University , Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- School of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University , 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130024, PR China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
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14
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García-Rodeja Y, Solà M, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. Understanding the Reactivity of Ion-Encapsulated Fullerenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:11030-11036. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Campany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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15
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Okada H, Kawakami H, Aoyagi S, Matsuo Y. Crystallographic Structure Determination of Both [5,6]- and [6,6]-Isomers of Lithium-Ion-Containing Diphenylmethano[60]fullerene. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5868-5872. [PMID: 28486809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic functionalization of lithium-ion-containing [60]fullerene, Li+@C60, was performed by using diphenyl(diazo)methane as a stable, readily available diazo compound to obtain lithium-ion-containing [5,6]- and [6,6]-diphenylmethano[60]fullerenes, Li+@C61Ph2. The bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) salts of [5,6]- and [6,6]-Li+@C61Ph2 were successfully separated by using a cation exchange column with eluent containing LiTFSI. Improved separation protocol and high crystallinity of ionic components in less polar solvents enabled separate crystallization of each isomer. Both [5,6]-open and [6,6]-closed structures of Li+@C61Ph2 were determined by synchrotron radiation X-ray crystallography. Elucidating the [5,6]-open methano[60]fullerene (fulleroid) structure will contribute to materials research on fulleroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Nagoya City University , Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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