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Jussila T, Philip A, Rubio-Giménez V, Eklund K, Vasala S, Glatzel P, Lindén J, Motohashi T, Karttunen AJ, Ameloot R, Karppinen M. Chemical Bonding and Crystal Structure Schemes in Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposited Fe-Terephthalate Thin Films. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:6489-6503. [PMID: 39005530 PMCID: PMC11238545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Advanced deposition routes are vital for the growth of functional metal-organic thin films. The gas-phase atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique provides solvent-free and uniform nanoscale thin films with unprecedented thickness control and allows straightforward device integration. Most excitingly, the ALD/MLD technique can enable the in situ growth of novel crystalline metal-organic materials. An exquisite example is iron-terephthalate (Fe-BDC), which is one of the most appealing metal-organic framework (MOF) type materials and thus widely studied in bulk form owing to its attractive potential in photocatalysis, biomedicine, and beyond. Resolving the chemistry and structural features of new thin film materials requires an extended selection of characterization and modeling techniques. Here we demonstrate how the unique features of the ALD/MLD grown in situ crystalline Fe-BDC thin films, different from the bulk Fe-BDC MOFs, can be resolved through techniques such as synchrotron grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and crystal structure predictions. The investigations of the Fe-BDC thin films, containing both trivalent and divalent iron, converge toward a novel crystalline Fe(III)-BDC monoclinic phase with space group C2/c and an amorphous Fe(II)-BDC phase. Finally, we demonstrate the excellent thermal stability of our Fe-BDC thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topias Jussila
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Anish Philip
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Víctor Rubio-Giménez
- Centre
for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Eklund
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sami Vasala
- ESRF
- The European Synchrotron, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Johan Lindén
- Physics/Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi
University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Teruki Motohashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre
for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Philip A, Jussila T, Obenlüneschloß J, Zanders D, Preischel F, Kinnunen J, Devi A, Karppinen M. Conformal Zn-Benzene Dithiol Thin Films for Temperature-Sensitive Electronics Grown via Industry-Feasible Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition Technique. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402608. [PMID: 38853133 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique combining both inorganic and organic precursors is strongly emerging as a unique tool to design exciting new functional metal-organic thin-film materials. Here, this method is demonstrated to work even at low deposition temperatures and can produce highly stable and conformal thin films, fulfilling the indispensable prerequisites of today's 3D microelectronics and other potential industrial applications. This new ALD/MLD process is developed for Zn-organic thin films grown from non-pyrophoric bis-3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl zinc [Zn(DMP)2] and 1,4-benzene dithiol (BDT) precursors. This process yields air-stable Zn-BDT films with appreciably high growth per cycle (GPC) of 4.5 Å at 60 °C. The Zn/S ratio is determined at 0.5 with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), in line with the anticipated (Zn─S─C6H6─S─)n bonding scheme. The high degree of conformality is shown using lateral high-aspect-ratio (LHAR) test substrates; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the film penetration depth (PD) into the LHAR structure with cavity height of 500 nm is over 200 µm (i.e., aspect-ratio of 400). It is anticipated that the electrically insulating metal-organic Zn-BDT thin films grown via the solvent-free ALD/MLD technique, can be excellent barrier layers for temperature-sensitive and flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Philip
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Chipmetrics Ltd, Joensuu, 80130, Finland
| | - Topias Jussila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | | | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Preischel
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Materials Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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3
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Baek G, Lee S, Kim HM, Choi SH, Park JS. Facile synthesis of an organic/inorganic hybrid 2D structure tincone film by molecular layer deposition. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1829-1837. [PMID: 35018399 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02984c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic/inorganic hybrid tincone films were deposited by molecular layer deposition (MLD) using N,N'-tert-butyl-1,1-dimethylethylenediamine stannylene(II) as a precursor and hydroquinone (HQ) as an organic reactant. From previous studies it is known that SnO can be fabricated through a reaction with H2O, which has low oxidizing power. Similarly, when combined with HQ having a bi-functional hydroxyl group, SnO-based 2D hybrid tincones can be produced. In most aromatic ring-based metalcones described in previous studies, graphitization by pyrolysis occurred during post-annealing. In this study of tincones fabricated with a divalent precursor after a vacuum post-annealing process, the structural rearrangement of the SnO and the benzene ring bonds proceeded to form a SnO-based hybrid 2D structure. The rearrangement of the resulting structure occurred through π-π stacking (without pyrolysis) of the benzene ring. To understand the mechanism of fabrication of 2D hybrid tincones by π-π stacking of the benzene ring and the increase of the crystallinity of SnO after the annealing process, the structural rearrangement was observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), and Raman spectroscopy. Thereafter, the design of the crystal structure was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- GeonHo Baek
- Division of Nano-Scale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Choi
- Division of Nano-Scale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Seong Park
- Division of Nano-Scale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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4
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Philip A, Vasala S, Glatzel P, Karppinen M. Atomic/molecular layer deposition of Ni-terephthalate thin films. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16133-16138. [PMID: 34671785 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02966e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) is currently strongly emerging as an intriguing route for novel metal-organic thin-film materials. This approach already covers a variety of metal and organic components, and potential applications related to e.g. sustainable energy technologies. Among the 3d metal components, nickel has remained unexplored so far. Here we report a robust and efficient ALD/MLD process for the growth of high-quality nickel terephthalate thin films. The films are deposited from Ni(thd)2 (thd: 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) and terephthalic acid (1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) precursors in the temperature range of 180-280 °C, with appreciably high growth rates up to 2.3 Å per cycle at 200 °C. The films are amorphous but the local structure and chemical state of the films are addressed based on XRR, FTIR and RIXS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Philip
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Sami Vasala
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.
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De Coster V, Poelman H, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Galvita VV. Designing Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys for Gas-Phase Catalysis with Controlled Surface Reactivity Using Colloidal Synthesis and Atomic Layer Deposition. Molecules 2020; 25:E3735. [PMID: 32824236 PMCID: PMC7464189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supported nanoparticles are commonly applied in heterogeneous catalysis. The catalytic performance of these solid catalysts is, for a given support, dependent on the nanoparticle size, shape, and composition, thus necessitating synthesis techniques that allow for preparing these materials with fine control over those properties. Such control can be exploited to deconvolute their effects on the catalyst's performance, which is the basis for knowledge-driven catalyst design. In this regard, bottom-up synthesis procedures based on colloidal chemistry or atomic layer deposition (ALD) have proven successful in achieving the desired level of control for a variety of fundamental studies. This review aims to give an account of recent progress made in the two aforementioned synthesis techniques for the application of controlled catalytic materials in gas-phase catalysis. For each technique, the focus goes to mono- and bimetallic materials, as well as to recent efforts in enhancing their performance by embedding colloidal templates in porous oxide phases or by the deposition of oxide overlayers via ALD. As a recent extension to the latter, the concept of area-selective ALD for advanced atomic-scale catalyst design is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentijn De Coster
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (V.D.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (V.D.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Vladimir V. Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (V.D.C.); (H.P.)
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Rubio-Giménez V, Tatay S, Martí-Gastaldo C. Electrical conductivity and magnetic bistability in metal–organic frameworks and coordination polymers: charge transport and spin crossover at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5601-5638. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00594c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to reassess the progress, issues and opportunities in the path towards integrating conductive and magnetically bistable coordination polymers and metal–organic frameworks as active components in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rubio-Giménez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universitat de València
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS)
| | - Sergio Tatay
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universitat de València
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
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Cao YQ, Zhang W, Xu L, Liu C, Zhu L, Wang LG, Wu D, Li AD, Fang G. Growth Mechanism, Ambient Stability, and Charge Trapping Ability of Ti-Based Maleic Acid Hybrid Films by Molecular Layer Deposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3020-3030. [PMID: 30722663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ti-based maleic acid (MA) hybrid films were successfully fabricated by molecular layer deposition (MLD) using organic precursor MA and inorganic precursor TiCl4. The effect of deposition temperature on the growth rate, composition, and bonding mode of hybrid thin films has been investigated systematically. With increasing temperature from 140 to 280 °C, the growth rate decreases from 1.42 to 0.16 Å per MLD cycle with basically unchanged composition ratio of C:O:Ti in the films. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicate that all hybrid films show preference for bidentate bonding mode. Further analyses of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ quartz crystal microbalance elucidate that as-deposited MLD Ti-MA hybrid films consist of inorganic Ti-O-Ti units and organic-inorganic Ti-MA units. In addition, the density functional theory calculation was performed to investigate the possible reaction mechanism of the TiCl4-MA MLD process, which is well consistent with experimental results. More importantly, upon comparison with the TiCl4-fumaric acid MLD system, it is demonstrated that the cis- and trans-configurations of butenedioic acid influence the MLD growth, bonding mode, stability, and charging ability of MLD hybrid films. Ti-MA hybrid films exhibit better stability and charging ability than Ti-FA hybrid films, benefiting from the inorganic Ti-O-Ti units in the hybrid films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiang Cao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , No. 22 Hankou Road , Gulou District, Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , No. 22 Hankou Road , Gulou District, Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Lina Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , No. 276 Xueyuanzhong Road , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , No. 22 Hankou Road , Gulou District, Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , No. 22 Hankou Road , Gulou District, Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Lai-Guo Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , No. 22 Hankou Road , Gulou District, Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , No. 22 Hankou Road , Gulou District, Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Ai-Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Materials Science and Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , No. 22 Hankou Road , Gulou District, Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , P. R. China
| | - Guoyong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , No. 276 Xueyuanzhong Road , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
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8
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Iron-Terephthalate Coordination Network Thin Films Through In-Situ Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8976. [PMID: 29895844 PMCID: PMC5997700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron terephthalate coordination network thin films can be fabricated using the state-of-the-art gas-phase atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique in a highly controlled manner. Iron is an Earth-abundant and nonhazardous transition metal, and with its rich variety of potential applications an interesting metal constituent for the inorganic-organic coordination network films. Our work underlines the role of the metal precursor used when aiming at in-situ ALD/MLD growth of crystalline inorganic-organic thin films. We obtain crystalline iron terephthalate films when FeCl3 is employed as the iron source whereas depositions based on the bulkier Fe(acac)3 precursor yield amorphous films. The chemical composition and structure of the films are investigated with GIXRD, XRR, FTIR and XPS.
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Krisyuk VV, Urkasym Kyzy S, Rybalova TV, Baidina IA, Korolkov IV, Chizhov DL, Bazhin DN, Kudyakova YS. Isomerization as a tool to design volatile heterometallic complexes with methoxy-substituted β-diketonates. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1479746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatyana V. Rybalova
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Iraida A. Baidina
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Korolkov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry L. Chizhov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Denis N. Bazhin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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10
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Hagen DJ, Mai L, Devi A, Sainio J, Karppinen M. Atomic/molecular layer deposition of Cu–organic thin films. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15791-15800. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique is strongly emerging as a viable approach for fabricating new exciting inorganic–organic hybrid thin-film materials. Here we report new ALD/MLD processes for copper-based hybrid materials based on five different organic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Hagen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Aalto University
- FI-00076 Espoo
- Finland
| | - L. Mai
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - A. Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - J. Sainio
- Department of Applied Physics
- Aalto University
- FI-00076 Espoo
- Finland
| | - M. Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Aalto University
- FI-00076 Espoo
- Finland
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11
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Liu J, Wöll C. Surface-supported metal–organic framework thin films: fabrication methods, applications, and challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5730-5770. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Surface-supported metal–organic framework thin films are receiving increasing attention as a novel form of nanotechnology, which hold great promise for photovoltaics, electronic devices, CO2 reduction, energy storage, water splitting and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis
- Dalian University of Technology
- 116024 Dalian
- China
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
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