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Xu L, Kong X, Li X, Zhang B, Deng Y, Wang J, Duan C, Zhang D, Liu W. Current Status of Novel Multifunctional Targeted Pt(IV) Compounds and Their Reductive Release Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:746. [PMID: 38398498 PMCID: PMC10892972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs are widely used in chemotherapy for various types of cancer and are considered crucial. Tetravalent platinum (Pt(IV)) compounds have gained significant attention and have been extensively researched among these drugs. Traditionally, Pt(IV) compounds are reduced to divalent platinum (Pt(II)) after entering cells, causing DNA lesions and exhibiting their anti-tumor effect. However, the available evidence indicates that some Pt(IV) derivatives may differ from the traditional mechanism and exert their anti-tumor effect through their overall structure. This review primarily focuses on the existing literature regarding targeted Pt(II) and Pt(IV) compounds, with a specific emphasis on their in vivo mode of action and the properties of reduction release in multifunctional Pt(IV) compounds. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the design and synthesis strategies employed for Pt(II) derivatives that selectively target various enzymes (glucose receptor, folate, telomerase, etc.) or substances (mitochondria, oleic acid, etc.). Furthermore, it thoroughly examines and summarizes the rational design, anti-tumor mechanism of action, and reductive release capacity of novel multifunctional Pt(IV) compounds, such as those targeting p53-MDM2, COX-2, lipid metabolism, dual drugs, and drug delivery systems. Finally, this review aims to provide theoretical support for the rational design and development of new targeted Pt(IV) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Xu
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yuxiao Deng
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chonggang Duan
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
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2
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Chen QB, Zhou LY, Shi LX, Cheng Y, Wu K, Yuan Q, Dong ZJ, Gu HZ, Zhang XZ, Zou T. Platinum(IV) Complex-Loaded nanoparticles with photosensitive activity for cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Peña Q, Wang A, Zaremba O, Shi Y, Scheeren HW, Metselaar JM, Kiessling F, Pallares RM, Wuttke S, Lammers T. Metallodrugs in cancer nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2544-2582. [PMID: 35262108 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00468a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes are extensively used for cancer therapy. The multiple variables available for tuning (metal, ligand, and metal-ligand interaction) offer unique opportunities for drug design, and have led to a vast portfolio of metallodrugs that can display a higher diversity of functions and mechanisms of action with respect to pure organic structures. Clinically approved metallodrugs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, are used to treat many types of cancer and play prominent roles in combination regimens, including with immunotherapy. However, metallodrugs generally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics, low levels of target site accumulation, metal-mediated off-target reactivity and development of drug resistance, which can all limit their efficacy and clinical translation. Nanomedicine has arisen as a powerful tool to help overcome these shortcomings. Several nanoformulations have already significantly improved the efficacy and reduced the toxicity of (chemo-)therapeutic drugs, including some promising metallodrug-containing nanomedicines currently in clinical trials. In this critical review, we analyse the opportunities and clinical challenges of metallodrugs, and we assess the advantages and limitations of metallodrug delivery, both from a nanocarrier and from a metal-nano interaction perspective. We describe the latest and most relevant nanomedicine formulations developed for metal complexes, and we discuss how the rational combination of coordination chemistry with nanomedicine technology can assist in promoting the clinical translation of metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quim Peña
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alec Wang
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Orysia Zaremba
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hans W Scheeren
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger M Pallares
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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4
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Antioxidative Reactivity of L-Ascorbic Acid and D-Isoascorbic Acid Species towards Reduction of Hexachloroiridate (IV). J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5505741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pair [IrCl6]2–/[IrCl6]3– has been demonstrated to be a good redox probe in biological systems while L-ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the most important antioxidants. D-isoascorbic acid (IAA) is an epimer of AA and is widely used as an antioxidant in various foods, beverages, meat, and fisher products. Reductions of [IrCl6]2– by AA and IAA have been analyzed kinetically and mechanistically in this work. The reductions strictly follow overall second-order kinetics and the observed second-order rate constants were collected in the pH region of 0 ≤ pH ≤ 2.33 at 25.0°C. Spectrophotometric titration experiments revealed a well-defined 1 : 2 stoichiometry, namely Δ[AA] : Δ[Ir(IV)] or Δ[IAA] : Δ[Ir(IV)] = 1 : 2, indicating that L-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and D-dehydroisoascorbic acid (DHIA) were the oxidation products of AA and IAA, respectively. A reaction mechanism is suggested involving parallel reactions of [IrCl6]2– with three protolysis species of AA/IAA (fully protonated, monoanionic, and dianionic forms) as the rate-determining steps and formation of ascorbic/isoascorbic and ascorbate/isoascorbate radicals; in each of the steps, [IrCl6]2– acquires an electron via an outer-sphere electron transfer mode. Rate constants of the rate-determining steps have been derived or estimated. The fully protonated forms of AA and IAA display virtually identical reactivity whereas ascorbate and isoascorbate monoanions have a significant reactivity difference. The ascorbate and isoascorbate dianions are extremely reactive and their reactions with [IrCl6]2– proceed with the diffusion-controlled rate. The species versus pH and the species reactivity versus pH distribution diagrams were constructed endowing that the ascorbate/isoascorbate monoanionic form dominated the total reactivity at physiological pH. In addition, the value of pKa1 = 3.74 ± 0.05 for IAA at 25.0°C and 1.0 M ionic strength was determined in this work.
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5
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Wang Y, Ma D, Sun J, Song C, Huo S. Reduction of an asymmetric Pt(IV) prodrug fac-[Pt(dach)Cl3(OC(=O)CH3)] by biological thiol compounds: kinetic and mechanistic characterizations. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-021-00480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Deng Z, Zhu G. Recent advances in the synthesis, stability, and activation of platinum(IV) anticancer prodrugs. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Scoditti S, Vigna V, Dabbish E, Sicilia E. Iodido equatorial ligands influence on the mechanism of action of Pt(IV) and Pt(II) anti-cancer complexes: A DFT computational study. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:608-619. [PMID: 33469953 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A detailed computational exploration of the most relevant steps of iodido Pt(IV) complexes reduction and Pt(II) drugs mechanism of action and eventual deactivation is presented here inspired by the recent findings on iodido Pt(II) complexes and surprising re-evaluation of their cytotoxic activity. Pt(II) and Pt(IV) model systems are investigated and compared with cisplatin and its Pt(IV) derivative. Both monodeprotonated ascorbic acid and l-cysteine are used as reducing agents in the inner-sphere reduction mechanism of Pt(IV) complexes. Aquation mechanism of iodido Pt(II) complexes, interaction with guanine and sulfur containing compounds and reaction with the model protein hen egg white lysozyme are explored, due to a detected different behavior with respect to classical platinum drugs. The outcomes of such exploration allow to shed light on the role that the increased soft character together with bridging and leaving abilities of iodide over chloride could play in determining the cytotoxic profile of iodido Pt drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vigna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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8
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Formation of peptide disulfide bonds through a trans-dibromido-Pt(IV) complex oxidation reaction: Kinetic and mechanistic analyses. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Jia C, Deacon GB, Zhang Y, Gao C. Platinum(IV) antitumor complexes and their nano-drug delivery. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Xu Z, Tang WK, Zhou Q, Chen S, Siu CK, Zhu G. On the hydrolytic stability of unsymmetric platinum(iv) anticancer prodrugs containing axial halogens. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolytic stability of Pt(iv) complexes is determined by all the six ligands that coordinate to the Pt(iv) center. By appropriately choosing all the ligands during the design of Pt(iv) prodrugs, the stability of Pt(iv) prodrugs can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR 999077
- People's Republic of China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
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11
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Zhou L, Li T, Sun Y, Tian H, Gao C, Liu C, Kong L, Zhang G, Shi T. Mechanistic scrutiny of the oxidations of thiol‐containing drugs cysteamine and
d
‐penicillamine by
cis
‐diamminetetrachloroplatinum(IV). INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Zaozhuang University Zaozhuang Shandong Province 277160 China
| | - Tiejian Li
- National Engineering Technology Center of Chirality Pharmaceuticals Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi Shandong Province 276006 China
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Feixian Shandong Province 273400 China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Engineering Technology Center of Chirality Pharmaceuticals Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi Shandong Province 276006 China
| | - Hongwu Tian
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Feixian Shandong Province 273400 China
| | - Cunxiu Gao
- National Engineering Technology Center of Chirality Pharmaceuticals Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi Shandong Province 276006 China
| | - Chunli Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Zaozhuang University Zaozhuang Shandong Province 277160 China
| | - Lingli Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Zaozhuang University Zaozhuang Shandong Province 277160 China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Center of Chirality Pharmaceuticals Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi Shandong Province 276006 China
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Feixian Shandong Province 273400 China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Zaozhuang University Zaozhuang Shandong Province 277160 China
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12
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Kinetic Analysis of the Reduction Processes of a Cisplatin Pt(IV) Prodrug by Mesna, Thioglycolic Acid, and Thiolactic Acid. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/5868174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Mesna is an FDA-approved chemotherapeutic adjuvant and an antioxidant based largely on its antioxidative properties, kinetic and mechanistic studies of its redox reactions are limited. A kinetic analysis of the reduction processes of cis-diamminetetrachloroplatinum(IV) (cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl4], a cisplatin Pt(IV) prodrug) by thiol-containing compounds Mesna, thioglycolic acid (TGA), and DL-thiolactic acid (TLA) was carried out in this work at 25.0°C and 1.0 M ionic strength. The reduction processes were followed under pseudo-first-order conditions and were found to strictly obey overall second-order kinetics; the observed second-order rate constant k′ versus pH profiles were established in a wide pH range. A general reaction stoichiometry of Δ[Pt(IV)] : Δ[Thiol]tot = 1 : 2 was revealed for all the thiols; the thiols were oxidized to their corresponding disulfides which were identified by mass spectrometry. Reaction mechanisms are proposed which involves all the prololytic species of the thiols attacking the Pt(IV) prodrug in parallel, designating as the rate-determining steps. Transient species chlorothiol and/or chlorothiolate are formed in these steps; for each particular thiol, these transient species can be trapped rapidly by another thiol molecule which is in excess in the reaction mixture, giving rise to a disulfide as the oxidation product. The rate constants of the rate-determining steps were elucidated, revealing reactivity enhancements of (1.4–8.9) × 105 times when the thiols become thiolates. The species versus pH and reactivity of species versus pH distribution diagrams were constructed, demonstrating that the species ‒SCH2CH2SO3‒ of Mesna largely governs the total reactivity when pH > 5; in contrast, the form of Mesna per se (mainly as HSCH2CH2SO3‒) makes a negligible contribution. In addition, a well-determined dissociation constant for the Mesna thiol group (pKa2 = 8.85 ± 0.05 at 25.0°C and μ = 1.0 M) is offered in this work, which was determined by both kinetic approach and spectrophotometic titration method.
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13
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Jia C, Cong Y, Pu S, Cai L, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Liao X, Li Y, Yang B, Gao C. Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of new mixed ammine/amine platinum(IV) complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Jia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Cong
- Kunming GUIYAN Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Kunming 650221 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Pu
- Kunming GUIYAN Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Kunming 650221 People's Republic of China
| | - Linxiang Cai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshuang Zhong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiali Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Yamin Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanzhu Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
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14
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Corinti D, Crestoni ME, Fornarini S, Dabbish E, Sicilia E, Gabano E, Perin E, Osella D. A multi-methodological inquiry of the behavior of cisplatin-based Pt(IV) derivatives in the presence of bioreductants with a focus on the isolated encounter complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:655-670. [PMID: 32296997 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of Pt(IV) antitumor prodrugs able to circumvent some drawbacks of the conventional Pt(II) chemotherapeutics is the focus of a lot of attention. This paper reports a thorough study based on experimental methods (reduction kinetics, electrochemistry, tandem mass spectrometry and IR ion spectroscopy) and quantum-mechanical DFT calculations on the reduction mechanism of cisplatin-based Pt(IV) derivatives having two hydroxido (1), one hydroxido and one acetato (2), or two acetato ligands (3) in axial position. The biological reductants glutathione and ascorbic acid were taken into consideration. The presence of a hydroxido ligand resulted to play an important role in the chemical reduction with ascorbic acid, as verified by 15N-NMR kinetic analysis using 15N-enriched complexes. The reactivity trend (1 > 2 > 3) does not reflect the respective reduction peak potentials (1 < 2 < 3), an inverse relationship already documented in similar systems. Turning to a simplified environment, the Pt(IV) complexes associated with a single reductant molecule (corresponding to the encounter complex occurring along the reaction coordinate in bimolecular reactions in solution) were characterized by IR ion spectroscopy and sampled for their reactivity under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. The complexes display a comparable reduction reactivity ordering as that observed in solution. DFT calculations of the free energy pathways for the observed fragmentation reactions provide theoretical support for the CID patterns and the mechanistic hypotheses on the reduction process are corroborated by the observed reaction paths. The bulk of these data offers a clue of the intricate pathways occurring in solution.Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corinti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci Cubo 14c, 87035, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci Cubo 14c, 87035, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Elena Perin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Domenico Osella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
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15
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Hydrogen halide assisted formation of peptide disulfides by a platinum(IV) complex oxidation in aqueous medium, a mechanistic study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Investigations of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Reduction of a Carboplatin Pt(IV) Prodrug by the Major Small-Molecule Reductants in Human Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225660. [PMID: 31726728 PMCID: PMC6888404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Pt(IV) anticancer prodrugs to overcome the detrimental side effects of Pt(II)-based anticancer drugs is of current interest. The kinetics and reaction mechanisms of the reductive activation of the carboplatin Pt(IV) prodrug cis,trans-[Pt(cbdca)(NH3)2Cl2] (cbdca = cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate) by the major small-molecule reductants in human plasma were analyzed in this work. The reductants included ascorbate (Asc), the thiol-containing molecules L-cysteine (Cys), DL-homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), and the dipeptide Cys–Gly. Overall second-order kinetics were established in all cases. At the physiological pH of 7.4, the observed second-order rate constants k′ followed the order Asc << Cys–Gly ~ Hcy < GSH < Cys. This reactivity order together with the abundances of the reductants in human plasma indicated Cys as the major small-molecule reductant in vivo, followed by GSH and ascorbate, whereas Hcy is much less important. In the cases of Cys and GSH, detailed reaction mechanisms and the reactivity of the various protolytic species at physiological pH were derived. The rate constants of the rate-determining steps were evaluated, allowing the construction of reactivity-versus-pH distribution diagrams for Cys and GSH. The diagrams unraveled that species III of Cys (−SCH2CH(NH3+)COO−) and species IV of GSH (−OOCCH(NH3+)CH2CH2CONHCH(CH2S−)- CONHCH2COO−) were exclusively dominant in the reduction process. These two species are anticipated to be of pivotal importance in the reduction of other types of Pt(IV) prodrugs as well.
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Reductions of the cisplatin-based platinum(IV) prodrug cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2Br2] by predominant biological thiols: kinetic and mechanistic studies. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-019-00311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of oxidation of 2-furoic hydrazide by hexachloroirradate(IV) in a wide pH range. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-019-00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Ravera M, Gabano E, McGlinchey MJ, Osella D. A view on multi-action Pt(IV) antitumor prodrugs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Dabbish E, Ponte F, Russo N, Sicilia E. Antitumor Platinium(IV) Prodrugs: A Systematic Computational Exploration of Their Reduction Mechanism by l-Ascorbic Acid. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3851-3860. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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Crespo M, Font-Bardia M, Hamidizadeh P, Martínez M, Nabavizadeh SM. Kinetico-mechanistic study on the reduction/complexation sequence of PtIV/PtII organometallic complexes by thiol-containing biological molecules. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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Liu C, Xu L, Tian H, Yao H, Elding LI, Shi T. Kinetics and mechanism for reduction of Pt(IV) anticancer model compounds by Se-methyl L-selenocysteine. Comparison with L-selenomethionine. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Xu L, Tian H, Yao H, Shi T. New kinetic and mechanistic findings in the oxidation of hydroxylamine by Cerium(IV) in perchloric acid media. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Yao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding People's Republic of China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding People's Republic of China
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24
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Dong J, Ren Y, Sun S, Yang J, Nan C, Shi H, Xu J, Duan J, Shi T, Elding LI. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of the anti-tubercular prodrug isoniazid and its analog by iridium(iv) as models for biological redox systems. Dalton Trans 2018. [PMID: 28621793 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00885f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A complex reaction mechanism of oxidation of the anti-tubercular prodrug isoniazid (isonicotinic hydrazide, INH) by [IrCl6]2- as a model for redox processes of such drugs in biological systems has been studied in aqueous solution as a function of pH between 0 and 8.5. Similar experiments have been performed with its isomer nicotinic hydrazide (NH). All reactions are overall second-order, first-order in [IrCl6]2- and hydrazide, and the observed second-order rate constants k' have been determined as a function of pH. Spectrophotometric titrations indicate a stoichiometry of [Ir(iv)] : [hydrazide] = 4 : 1. HPLC analysis shows that the oxidation product of INH is isonicotinic acid. The derived reaction mechanism, based on rate law, time-resolved spectra and stoichiometry, involves parallel attacks by [IrCl6]2- on all four protolytic species of INH and NH as rate-determining steps, depending on pH. These steps are proposed to generate two types of hydrazyl free radicals. These radicals react further in three rapid consecutive processes, leading to the final oxidation products. Rate constants for the rate-determining steps have been determined for all protolytic species I-IV of INH and NH. They are used to calculate reactivity-pH diagrams. These diagrams demonstrate that for both systems, species IV is ca. 105 times more reactive in the redox process than the predominant species III at the physiological pH of 7.4. Thus, species IV will be the main reactant, in spite of the fact that its concentration at this pH is extremely low, a fact that has not been considered in previous work. The results indicate that pH changes might be an important factor in the activation process of INH in biological systems also, and that in such systems this process most likely is more complicated than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Dong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Frensemeier LM, Mayr J, Koellensperger G, Keppler BK, Kowol CR, Karst U. Structure elucidation and quantification of the reduction products of anticancer Pt(iv) prodrugs by electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC-MS). Analyst 2018; 143:1997-2001. [PMID: 29629473 PMCID: PMC5933000 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pt(iv) prodrugs are a class of promising anticancer agents, which are activated by reduction to the active Pt(ii) species. Consequently, the reduction process is a crucial parameter. Herein, a new approach using electrochemistry (EC) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS was applied. This enabled getting insights into the differences in the reduction and ligand release of platinum(iv) complexes with varying equatorial core structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Frensemeier
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Ponte F, Russo N, Sicilia E. Insights from Computations on the Mechanism of Reduction by Ascorbic Acid of PtIV
Prodrugs with Asplatin and Its Chlorido and Bromido Analogues as Model Systems. Chemistry 2018; 24:9572-9580. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; Università della Calabria; Ponte P. Bucci Cubo 14 c 87035 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; Università della Calabria; Ponte P. Bucci Cubo 14 c 87035 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; Università della Calabria; Ponte P. Bucci Cubo 14 c 87035 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy
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27
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Oxidations of hydrazine and substituted hydrazines by hexachloroiridate(IV) in aqueous solution: Kinetic and mechanistic analyses. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Šebesta F, Burda JV. Interactions of Ascorbic Acid with Satraplatin and its trans
Analog JM576: DFT Computational Study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Šebesta
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Ke Karlovu 3 121 16 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav V. Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University; Ke Karlovu 3 121 16 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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29
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Reduction of platinum(IV) prodrug model complex trans-[PtCl2(CN)4]2− by a peptide containing cysteine and methionine groups: HPLC and MS studies. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Dong J, Tian H, Song C, Shi T, Elding LI. Reduction of ormaplatin by an extended series of thiols unravels a remarkable correlation. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5548-5552. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00852c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the Pt(iv) anticancer active prodrug ormaplatin by an extended series of thiols has been studied, revealing a remarkable linear free-energy correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Dong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Changying Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lars I. Elding
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
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31
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Chipman A, Yates BF, Canty AJ, Ariafard A. Reduction of a platinum(iv) prodrug model by sulfur containing biological reductants: computational mechanistic elucidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10491-10494. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05682j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order for the usual l-Cys zwitterion to reduce PtIV, it is first required to tautomerise into its unusual form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Chipman
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry)
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart TAS 7001
- Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry)
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart TAS 7001
- Australia
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry)
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart TAS 7001
- Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry)
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart TAS 7001
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
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32
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Shen S, Chi X, Dong J, Huo S, Tian H, Xu L, Shi T. Oxidation of the drug tiopronin by Cerium(IV) in perchloric acid media: Kinetic and mechanistic analyses. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Tian H, Dong J, Chi X, Xu L, Shi H, Shi T. Reduction of Cisplatin and Carboplatin Pt(IV) Prodrugs by Homocysteine: Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations. INT J CHEM KINET 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingran Dong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Xueru Chi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Liyao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- School of Public Health; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang 050017 People's Republic of China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
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Ejehi Z, Ariafard A. A computational mechanistic investigation into the reduction of Pt(iv) prodrugs with two axial chlorides by biological reductants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1413-1416. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07834f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of the Pt(iv) prodrugs with two axial chlorido ligands by biological reductants does not always proceed via the chloride-bridge inner-sphere mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ejehi
- Department of Chemistry
- Islamic Azad University
- Central Tehran Branch
- Shahrak Gharb
- Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry
- Islamic Azad University
- Central Tehran Branch
- Shahrak Gharb
- Iran
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Dong J, Huo S, Shen S, Xu J, Shi T, Elding LI. Reactivity of the glutathione species towards the reduction of ormaplatin (or tetraplatin). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4261-6. [PMID: 27481559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of ormaplatin (tetraplatin), a prototype for Pt(IV) anticancer prodrugs, by glutathione (GSH) was kinetically characterized over a wide pH range at 25.0°C and 1.0M ionic strength. The reduction follows overall second-order kinetics, giving rise to the oxidized glutathione as the oxidation product, which was identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The reaction mechanism put forward involves parallel attacks by all the GSH species on the Pt(IV) prodrug as rate-determining steps. All rate constants for the rate-determining steps have been derived for the first time, enabling the construction of the reactivity of GSH species versus their pH distribution diagram. The diagram clearly displays that only one out of the five GSH species is the mainly responsible for the reduction of ormaplatin at the physiological pH of 7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Dong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Huo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shigang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiesheng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, and the MOE Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lars I Elding
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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