1
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Lv A, Li G, Zhang P, Tao R, Li X, Ren X, Li P, Liu X, Yuan XA, Liu Z. Design and anticancer behaviour of cationic/neutral half-sandwich iridium(III) imidazole-phenanthroline/phenanthrene complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112612. [PMID: 38761579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been devoted to the exploration of organometallic iridium(III) (IrIII) complexes for their potential as metallic anticancer drugs. In this study, twelve half-sandwich IrIII imidazole-phenanthroline/phenanthrene complexes were prepared and characterized. Complexes exhibited promising in-vitro anti-proliferative activity, and some are obviously superior to cisplatin towards A549 cells. These complexes possessed suitable fluorescence, and a non-energy-dependent uptake pathway was identified, subsequently leading to their accumulation in the lysosome and the lysosomal damage. Additionally, complexes could inhibit the cell cycle (G1-phase) and catalyze intracellular NADH oxidation, thus substantiating the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, which confirming the oxidative mechanism. Western blotting further confirmed that complexes could induce A549 cell apoptosis through the lysosomal-mitochondrial anticancer pathway, which was inconsistent with cisplatin. In summary, these complexes offer fresh concepts for the development of organometallic non‑platinum anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Peixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Xicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Institute of Anticancer Agents Development and Theranostic Application, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
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2
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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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3
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Singh Z, Chiong JD, Kamal S, Majewski MB. Effects of increasing ligand conjugation in Cu(I) photosensitizers on NiO semiconductor surfaces. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6367-6376. [PMID: 38497406 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoelectrodes may be used as heterogeneous components for fuel-forming reactions in photoelectrochemical cells. There has been increasing interest in developing Earth-abundant cheaper photosensitizers based on first-row transition metals. We describe here the synthesis, characterization, and study of the ground and excited state properties of three Cu(I) complexes bearing ligands with varying electron-accepting capacities and conjugation that may act as photosensitizers for wide bandgap semiconductors. Femtosecond transient absorption studies indicate that the nature of the final excited state is dictated by the extent of conjugation in the electron-accepting ligand, where shorter conjugation leads to the formation of a singly reduced ligand and longer conjugation leads to the formation of a ligand-centered final excited state. These complexes were surface anchored onto nanostructured NiO on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide glass to fabricate photocathodes. It was found that even though the ligands with increasing conjugation have an effect on the formation of the final excited state in solution, all complexes exhibit similar photocurrents upon white light illumination, suggesting that charge transfer to NiO happens in advance of the formation of the final excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6.
| | - Joseph D Chiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6.
| | - Saeid Kamal
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging Research (LASIR), The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Marek B Majewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4B 1R6.
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4
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Gonzalo-Navarro C, Zafon E, Organero JA, Jalón FA, Lima JC, Espino G, Rodríguez AM, Santos L, Moro AJ, Barrabés S, Castro J, Camacho-Aguayo J, Massaguer A, Manzano BR, Durá G. Ir(III) Half-Sandwich Photosensitizers with a π-Expansive Ligand for Efficient Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1783-1811. [PMID: 38291666 PMCID: PMC10859961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
One approach to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT), which allows spatiotemporal control of the cytotoxicity. We have used the strategy of coordinating π-expansive ligands to increase the excited state lifetimes of Ir(III) half-sandwich complexes in order to facilitate the generation of 1O2. We have obtained derivatives of formulas [Cp*Ir(C∧N)Cl] and [Cp*Ir(C∧N)L]BF4 with different degrees of π-expansion in the C∧N ligands. Complexes with the more π-expansive ligand are very effective photosensitizers with phototoxic indexes PI > 2000. Furthermore, PI values of 63 were achieved with red light. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations nicely explain the effect of the π-expansion. The complexes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cellular level, causing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cleavage of DNA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation, as well as lysosomal damage. Consequently, cell death by apoptosis and secondary necrosis is activated. Thus, we describe the first class of half-sandwich iridium cyclometalated complexes active in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalo-Navarro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan Angel Organero
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales
y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Félix A. Jalón
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joao Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucía Santos
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías
Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela,
s/n, 13071 Ciudad
Real, Spain
| | - Artur J. Moro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Barrabés
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castro
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Javier Camacho-Aguayo
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Analytic Biosensors Group, Instituto de Nanociencia
y Nanomateriales de Aragon, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Blanca R. Manzano
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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5
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Karuth A, Casanola-Martin GM, Lystrom L, Sun W, Kilin D, Kilina S, Rasulev B. Combined Machine Learning, Computational, and Experimental Analysis of the Iridium(III) Complexes with Red to Near-Infrared Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:471-480. [PMID: 38190332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Various coordination complexes have been the subject of experimental and theoretical studies in recent decades because of their fascinating photophysical properties. In this work, a combined experimental and computational approach was applied to investigate the optical properties of monocationic Ir(III) complexes. An interpretative machine learning-based quantitative structure-property relationship (ML/QSPR) model was successfully developed that could reliably predict the emission wavelength of the Ir(III) complexes and provide a foundation for the theoretical evaluation of the optical properties of Ir(III) complexes. A hypothesis was proposed to explain the differences in the emission wavelengths between structurally different individual Ir(III) complexes. The efficacy of the developed model was demonstrated by high R2 values of 0.84 and 0.87 for the training and test sets, respectively. It is worth noting that a relationship between the N-N distance in the diimine ligands of the Ir(III) complexes and emission wavelengths is detected. This effect is most probably associated with a degree of distortion in the octahedral geometry of the complexes, resulting in a perturbed ligand field. This combined experimental and computational approach shows great potential for the rational design of new Ir(III) complexes with the desired optical properties. Moreover, the developed methodology could be extended to other transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Karuth
- Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Gerardo M Casanola-Martin
- Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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6
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Gómez de Segura D, Giménez N, Rincón-Montón D, Moreno MT, Pichel JG, López IP, Lalinde E. A new family of luminescent [Pt(pbt) 2(C 6F 5)L] n+ ( n = 1, 0) complexes: synthesis, optical and cytotoxic studies. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12390-12403. [PMID: 37594064 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Given the widely recognized bioactivity of 2-arylbenzothiazoles against tumor cells, we have designed a new family of luminescent heteroleptic pentafluorophenyl-bis(2-phenylbenzothiazolyl) PtIV derivatives, fac-[Pt(pbt)2(C6F5)L]n+ (n = 1, 0) [L = 4-Mepy 1, 4-pyridylbenzothiazole (pybt) 2, 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bpy) 3, 1,2-bis-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) 4 (E/Z ratio: 90/10), 1,4-bis-(pyridyl)butadiyne (bpyb) 5, trifluoroacetate (-OCOCF3) 6] and a dinuclear complex [{Pt(pbt)2(C6F5)}2(μ-bpyb)](PF6)27, in which the trans ligand to the metalated C-(pbt) was varied to modify the optical properties and lipophilicity. Their photophysical properties were systematically studied through experimental and theoretical investigations, which were strongly dependent on the identity of the N-bonded ligand. Thus, complexes 1, 3 and 6 display, in different media, emission from the triplet excited states of primarily intraligand 3ILCT nature localized on the pbt ligand, while the emissions of 2, 5 and 7 were ascribed to a mixture of close 3IL'(N donor)/3ILCT(pbt) excited states, as supported by lifetime measurements and theoretical calculations. Irradiation of the initial E/Z mixture of 4 (15 min) led to a steady state composed of roughly 1 : 1.15 (E : Z) and this complex was not emissive at room temperature due to an enhanced intramolecular E to Z isomerization process of the 1,2-bis-(4-pyridyl)ethylene ligand. Complexes 1-3 and 6 showed excellent quantum yields for the generation of singlet oxygen in aerated MeCN solution with the values of ϕ(1O2) ranging from 0.66 to 0.86 using phenalenone as a reference. Cationic complexes 1-3 exhibited remarkable efficacy in the nanomolar range against A549 (lung carcinoma) and HeLa (cervix carcinoma) cell lines with notable selectivity relative to the non-tumorigenic BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelium) cells. In the A549 cell line, the neutral complex 6 showed low cytotoxicity (IC50: 29.40 μM) and high photocytotoxicity (IC50: 5.75) when cells were irradiated with blue light for 15 min. These complexes do not show evidence of DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez de Segura
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Nora Giménez
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - David Rincón-Montón
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - José G Pichel
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Icíar P López
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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7
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Lu J, Zhao S, Wei F, Wong KM. Design, Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Luminescent Rhodium(III) Complexes in Near‐Infrared Region. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Shunan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Wei
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Keith Man‐Chung Wong
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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8
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Wang Z, Li L, Wang W, Wang R, Li G, Bian H, Zhu D, Bryce MR. Self-assembled nanoparticles based on cationic mono-/AIE tetra-nuclear Ir(III) complexes: long wavelength absorption/near-infrared emission photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1595-1601. [PMID: 36651815 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes as photosensitizers (PSs) have attracted widespread attention because of their good photostability and efficient 1O2 production ability. However, their strong absorption in the UV-vis region severely limits their applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) because the short wavelength illuminating light can be easily absorbed by the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue causing damage to the patient's normal tissue. Herein, mono- and tetra-nuclear Ir(III) complex-porphyrin conjugates are rationally designed and synthesized, especially [TPP-4Ir]4+ exhibits obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics. PSs comprising Ir(III) complex-porphyrin conjugates self-assembled as nanoparticles (NPs) are successfully achieved. The obtained [TPP-Ir]+ NPs and [TPP-4Ir]4+ NPs exhibit long wavelength absorption (500-700 nm) and near-infrared emission (635-750 nm), successfully overcoming the inherent defects of short wavelength absorption of traditional Ir(III) complexes. Moreover, [TPP-4Ir]4+ NPs exhibit good biocompatibility, high 1O2 generation ability, low half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) (0.47 × 10-6 M), potent cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and superior cellular uptake under white light irradiation. This work extends the scope for transition metal complex PSs with promising clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Weijin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Runlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Guangzhe Li
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province 130117, P. R. China.
| | - Hang Bian
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Dongxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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9
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Recent advances on organelle specific Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) based complexes for photodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Tu M, Li H, Xiao Y, Sun L, Sun D, Sun G, Wang F. Zn
2+
‐induced AIEE‐Active Conjugated Oligomers for Highly Selective Recognition of Zn
2+
with an Impressive Blue Shift. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Tu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Dewen Sun
- State Key Lab High Performance Civil Engn Mat Nanjing 210008 Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Sun
- Wuhan Secondary Ship Design and Research Institute Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Hubei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P.R. China
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11
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Forde A, Lystrom L, Sun W, Kilin D, Kilina S. Improving Near-Infrared Emission of meso-Aryldipyrrin Indium(III) Complexes via Annulation Bridging: Excited-State Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9210-9220. [PMID: 36170557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using non-adiabatic dynamics and Redfield theory, we predicted the optical spectra, radiative and nonradiative decay rates, and photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) for In(III) dipyrrin-based complexes (i) with electron-withdrawing (EW) or electron-donating (ED) substituents on the meso-phenyl group and (ii) upon fusing the pyrrin and phenyl rings via saturated or unsaturated bridging to increase structural rigidity. The ED groups lead to a primary π,π* character with a minor intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) contribution to the emissive state, while EW groups increase the ILCT contribution and red-shift the luminescence to ∼1.5 eV. Saturated annulation enhances the PLQYs for complexes with primary π,π* character compared to those of the non-annulated and unsaturated-annulated complexes, while both unsaturated and saturated annulation decrease the PLQYs for complexes with primary ILCT character. We found that PLQY improvement goes beyond a simple concept of structural rigidity. In contrast, the charge transfer character of excitonic states is a key parameter for engineering the NIR emission of In(III) dipyrrin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Forde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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12
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Liu B, Yang X, Jabed M, Kilina S, Yang Z, Sun W. Water-soluble dinuclear iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) bis-terdentate complexes: photophysics and electrochemiluminescence. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13858-13866. [PMID: 36040117 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02104h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of four water-soluble dinuclear Ir(III) and Ru(II) complexes (1-4) terminally-capped by 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy) or 1,3-di(pyrid-2-yl)-4,6-dimethylbenzene (N^C^N) ligands and linked by a 2,7-bis(2,2':6',2''-terpyridyl)fluorene with oligoether chains on C9 are reported. The impact of the tpy or N^C^N ligands and metal centers on the photophysical properties of 1-4 was assessed by spectroscopic methods including UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption, and by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. These complexes exhibited distinct singlet and triplet excited-state properties upon variation of the terminal-capping terdentate ligands and the metal centers. The ECL properties of complexes 1-3 with better water solubility were investigated in neutral phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) by adding tripropylamine (TPA) as a co-reactant, and the observed ECL intensity followed the descending order of 3 > 1 > 2. Complex 3 bearing the [Ru(tpy)2]2+ units displayed more pronounced ECL signals, giving its analogues great potential for further ECL study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China.
| | - Mohammed Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Zhengchun Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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13
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Su H, Hu L, Zhu S, Lu J, Hu J, Liu R, Zhu H. Transition metal complexes with strong and long-lived excited state absorption: from molecular design to optical power limiting behavior. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transition metal complexes (TMCs) with strong and long-lived excited state absorption (ESA) usually exhibit high-performance optical power limiting (OPL) response. Several techniques, such as transmission vs. incident fluence curves and Z-scan have been widely used to assess the OPL performance of typical TMCs. The OPL performance of TMCs is highly molecular structure-dependent. Special emphasis is placed on the structure-OPL response relationships of Pt(II), Ir(III), Ru(II), and other metal complexes. This review concludes with perspectives on the current status of OPL field, as well as opportunities that lie just beyond its frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Su
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lai Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Senqiang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jinyang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
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14
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Fan Z, Rong Y, Sadhukhan T, Liang S, Li W, Yuan Z, Zhu Z, Guo S, Ji S, Wang J, Kushwaha R, Banerjee S, Raghavachari K, Huang H. Single-Cell Quantification of a Highly Biocompatible Dinuclear Iridium(III) Complex for Photocatalytic Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202098. [PMID: 35258153 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the content of metal-based anticancer drugs within single cancer cells remains a challenge. Here, we used single-cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to study the uptake and retention of mononuclear (Ir1) and dinuclear (Ir2) IrIII photoredox catalysts. This method allowed rapid and precise quantification of the drug in individual cancer cells. Importantly, Ir2 showed a significant synergism but not an additive effect for NAD(P)H photocatalytic oxidation. The lysosome-targeting Ir2 showed low dark toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Ir2 exhibited high photocatalytic therapeutic efficiency at 525 nm with an excellent photo-index in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice model. Interestingly, the photocatalytic anticancer profile of the dinuclear Ir2 was much better than the mononuclear Ir1, indicating for the first time that dinuclear metal-based photocatalysts can be applied for photocatalytic anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Yi Rong
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Wenqing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Yuan
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Shunwen Guo
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
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15
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Kritchenkov IS, Mikhnevich VG, Stashchak VS, Solomatina AI, Kozina DO, Sokolov VV, Tunik SP. Novel NIR-Phosphorescent Ir(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Exploration as Lifetime-Based O2 Sensors in Living Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103156. [PMID: 35630633 PMCID: PMC9144934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of [Ir(N^C)2(N^N)]+ NIR-emitting orthometalated complexes (1–7) has been prepared and structurally characterized using elemental analysis, mass-spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. The complexes display intense phosphorescence with vibrationally structured emission bands exhibiting the maxima in the range 713–722 nm. The DFT and TD DFT calculations showed that the photophysical characteristics of these complexes are largely determined by the properties of the metalating N^C ligands, with their major contribution into formation of the lowest S1 and T1 excited states responsible for low energy absorption and emission, respectively. Emission lifetimes of 1–7 in degassed methanol solution vary from 1.76 to 5.39 µs and show strong quenching with molecular oxygen to provide an order of magnitude lifetime reduction in aerated solution. The photophysics of two complexes (1 and 7) were studied in model physiological media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) to give linear Stern-Volmer calibrations with substantially lower oxygen-quenching constants compared to those obtained in methanol solution. These observations were interpreted in terms of the sensors’ interaction with albumin, which is an abundant component of FBS and cell media. The studied complexes displayed acceptable cytotoxicity and preferential localization, either in mitochondria (1) or in lysosomes (7) of the CHO-K1 cell line. The results of the phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM) experiments demonstrated considerable variations of the sensors’ lifetimes under normoxia and hypoxia conditions and indicated their applicability for semi-quantitative measurements of oxygen concentration in living cells. The complexes’ emission in the NIR domain and the excitation spectrum, extending down to ca. 600 nm, also showed that they are promising for use in in vivo studies.
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16
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Synthesis and Characterization of Heteroleptic Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Fan Z, Rong Y, Sadhukhan T, Liang S, Li W, Yuan Z, Zhu Z, Guo S, Ji S, Wang J, Kushwaha R, Banerjee S, Raghavachari K, Huang H. Single‐Cell Quantification of a Highly Biocompatible Dinuclear Iridium(III) Complex for Photocatalytic Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yi Rong
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | | | - Wenqing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Yuan
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zilin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Shunwen Guo
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi UP 221005 India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi UP 221005 India
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
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18
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Discovery of polypyridyl iridium(III) complexes as potent agents against resistant Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Lu C, Lu T, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of cationic dinuclear iridium(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14309-14319. [PMID: 34558585 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of two cationic dinuclear Ir(III) complexes bearing fluorenyl-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) ligands are reported in this paper. The two complexes possess intense and featureless diimine ligand localized 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer)/1π,π* absorption bands at ca. 330 and 430 nm, and a weak 1,3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer)/1,3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption band at >500 nm. Both complexes exhibit weak dual phosphorescence at ca. 590 nm and 710 nm, which are attributed to the 3ILCT/3π,π* and 3MLCT/3LLCT states, respectively. The low-energy 3MLCT/3LLCT state also gives rise to a moderately strong triplet excited-state absorption at 490-800 nm. Because of the stronger triplet excited-state absorption than the ground-state absorption of these complexes at 532 nm, both complexes manifest a moderate reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for ns laser pulses. Expansion of the π-conjugation of the fluorenyl-tethered diimine ligand in Ir-1 causes a slight red-shift of the 1ILCT/1π,π* absorption bands in its UV-vis absorption spectrum and the 3MLCT/3LLCT absorption band in the transient absorption spectrum and slightly enhances the RSA at 532 nm compared to that in Ir-2. This work represents the first report on dinuclear Ir(III) complexes that exhibit RSA at 532 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. .,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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20
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Fitzgerald SA, Otaif HY, Elgar CE, Sawicka N, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Polysubstituted Ligand Framework for Color Tuning Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15467-15484. [PMID: 34605234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of ligands have been synthesized based upon a polysubstituted 2-phenylquinoxaline core structure. These ligands introduce different combinations of fluorine and methyl substituents on both the phenyl and quinoxaline constituent rings. The resultant investigation of these species as cyclometalating agents for Ir(III) gave cationic complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2(bipy)]PF6 (where C^N = cyclometalating ligand; bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). X-ray crystallographic studies were conducted on four complexes and each revealed the expected distorted octahedral geometry based upon a cis-C,C and trans-N,N ligand arrangement at Ir(III). Supporting computational studies predict that each of the complexes share the same general descriptions for the frontier orbitals. TD-DFT calculations suggest MLCT contributions to the lowest energy absorption and a likely MLCT/ILCT/LLCT nature to the emitting state. Experimentally, the complexes display tunable luminescence across the yellow-orange-red part of the visible spectrum (λem = 579-655 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Fitzgerald
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Haleema Y Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Elgar
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sawicka
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Beames
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
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21
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Xu W, Lystrom L, Pan Y, Sun X, Thomas SA, Kilina SV, Yang Z, Wang H, Hobbie EK, Sun W. Mono-/Bimetallic Neutral Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15278-15290. [PMID: 34581183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysics (UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption) of four neutral heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (Ir-1-Ir-4) incorporating thiophene/selenophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ancillary ligands are reported. The effects of thiophene versus selenophene substitution on DPP and bis- versus monoiridium(III) complexation on the photophysics of these complexes were systematically investigated via spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory calculations. All complexes exhibited strong vibronically resolved absorption in the regions of 500-700 nm and fluorescence at 600-770 nm, and both are predominantly originated from the DPP-NHC ligand. Complexation induced a pronounced red shift of this low-energy absorption band and the fluorescence band with respect to their corresponding ligands due to the improved planarity and extended π-conjugation in the DPP-NHC ligand. Replacing the thiophene units by selenophenes and/or biscomplexation led to the red-shifted absorption and fluorescence spectra, accompanied by the reduced fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield and enhanced population of the triplet excited states, as reflected by the stronger triplet excited-state absorption and singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yanxiong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Xinyang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Salim A Thomas
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana V Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou Province 475004, P. R. China
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.,Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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22
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Ensley TR, O'Donnell RM, Mihaly JJ, Haley JE, Grusenmeyer TA, Gray TG. Two-photon absorption characterization and comparison of Au(I) fluorenyl benzothiazole complexes in the visible wavelength regime. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:G199-G206. [PMID: 34613208 DOI: 10.1364/ao.427968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We use the two-photon excited fluorescence method to determine the two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections of three series of (fluorenyl benzothiazole) gold(I) complexes in the visible wavelength range from 570 to 700 nm. We compare the effect of ancillary ligand substitutions on the 2PA magnitudes and find that the ancillary ligand does not drastically affect either the magnitude or the shape of 2PA. Even so, moderate 2PA cross sections were measured that ranged from 10 to 1000 s of GM (Göppert-Mayer, =10-50cm4s/photon), making these types of complexes nonlinear optical materials for two-photon absorbing applications.
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23
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Lystrom L, Shukla M, Sun W, Kilina S. Extending Fluorescence of meso-Aryldipyrrin Indium(III) Complexes to Near-Infrared Regions via Electron Withdrawing or π-Expansive Aryl Substituents. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8009-8015. [PMID: 34433275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The absorption and fluorescence spectra of 14 In(III) dipyrrin-based complexes are studied using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Calculations confirm that both heteroatom substitution of oxygen (N2O2-type) by nitrogen (N4-type) in dipyrrin ligand and functionalization at the meso-position by aromatic rings with strong electron-withdrawing (EW) substituents or extended π-conjugation are efficient tools in extending the fluorescence spectra of In(III) complexes to the near-infrared (NIR) region of 750-960 nm and in red-shifting the lowest absorption band to 560-630 nm. For all complexes, the emissive singlet state has π-π* character with a small addition of intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) contributing from the meso-aryl substituents to the dipyrrin ligand. Stronger EW nitro group on the meso-phenyl or meso-aryl group with extended π-conjugation induces red-shifted electronic absorption and fluorescence. More tetrahedral geometry of the complexes with N4-type ligands leads to less intensive but more red-shifted fluorescence to NIR, compared to the corresponding complexes with N2O2-type ligands that have a more planar geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Lystrom
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Manoj Shukla
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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24
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Lalinde E, Lara R, Gonzalo M, Moreno MT, Alfaro-Arnedo E, López IP, Larráyoz IM, Pichel JG. Investigation on Optical and Biological Properties of 2-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole Based Cycloplatinated Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15757-15772. [PMID: 34379830 PMCID: PMC9293083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The optical and biological properties of 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole cycloplatinated complexes featuring bioactive ligands ([{Pt(Me 2 N-pbt)(C 6 F 5 )}L] [L = Me 2 N-pbtH 1 , p -dpbH (4-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid) 2 , o -dpbH (2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid) 3) , [Pt(Me 2 N-pbt)( o -dpb)] 4 , [{Pt(Me 2 N-pbt)(C 6 F 5 )} 2 (µ-PR n P)] [PR 4 P = O(CH 2 CH 2 OC(O)C 6 H 4 PPh 2 ) 2 5 , PR 12 P = O{(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 C(O)C 6 H 4 PPh 2 } 2 6 ] are presented. Complexes 1-6 display 1 ILCT and metal perturbed 3 ILCT dual emissions. The ratio between both bands is excitation dependent, accomplishing warm-white emissions for 2 , 5 and 6 . The phosphorescent emission is lost in aerated solutions owing to photoinduced electron transfer to 3 O 2 and formation of 1 O 2 , as confirmed in complexes 2 and 4 . They also exhibit photoinduced phosphorescence enhancement in non-degassed DMSO, due to local oxidation of DMSO by sensitized 1 O 2 , which causes a local degassing. Me 2 N-pbtH and the complexes exhibit specific accumulation in the Golgi apparatus although only 2 , 3 and 6 were active against A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines, being 6 highly selective respect to nontumoral cells. The potential photodynamic property of these complexes was demonstrated with complex 4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lalinde
- Universidad de La Rioja, Departamento de Química, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006, Logroño, SPAIN
| | | | | | | | | | - Iciar P López
- CIBIR: Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de La Rioja, Lung Cancer Unit, SPAIN
| | - Ignacio M Larráyoz
- CIBIR: Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de La Rioja, Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling, SPAIN
| | - José G Pichel
- CIBIR: Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de La Rioja, Lung Cancer Unit, SPAIN
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Ramos‐Soriano J, Pérez‐Sánchez A, Ramírez‐Barroso S, Illescas BM, Azmani K, Rodríguez‐Fortea A, Poblet JM, Hally C, Nonell S, García‐Fresnadillo D, Rojo J, Martín N. An Ultra‐Long‐Lived Triplet Excited State in Water at Room Temperature: Insights on the Molecular Design of Tridecafullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramos‐Soriano
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University Complutense of Madrid Avenida Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Alfonso Pérez‐Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University Complutense of Madrid Avenida Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Sergio Ramírez‐Barroso
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University Complutense of Madrid Avenida Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz M. Illescas
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University Complutense of Madrid Avenida Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Khalid Azmani
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry Rovira i Virgili University Marcel lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez‐Fortea
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry Rovira i Virgili University Marcel lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry Rovira i Virgili University Marcel lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Cormac Hally
- Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390 08017 Barcelona Spain
| | - David García‐Fresnadillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University Complutense of Madrid Avenida Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, — Chemical Research Institute (IIQ) CSIC—Seville University Avenida Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University Complutense of Madrid Avenida Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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26
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Ramos‐Soriano J, Pérez‐Sánchez A, Ramírez‐Barroso S, Illescas BM, Azmani K, Rodríguez‐Fortea A, Poblet JM, Hally C, Nonell S, García‐Fresnadillo D, Rojo J, Martín N. An Ultra-Long-Lived Triplet Excited State in Water at Room Temperature: Insights on the Molecular Design of Tridecafullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16109-16118. [PMID: 33984168 PMCID: PMC8361972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Suitably engineered molecular systems exhibiting triplet excited states with very long lifetimes are important for high-end applications in nonlinear optics, photocatalysis, or biomedicine. We report the finding of an ultra-long-lived triplet state with a mean lifetime of 93 ms in an aqueous phase at room temperature, measured for a globular tridecafullerene with a highly compact glycodendrimeric structure. A series of three tridecafullerenes bearing different glycodendrons and spacers to the C60 units have been synthesized and characterized. UV/Vis spectra and DLS experiments confirm their aggregation in water. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence experiments suggest a different degree of inner solvation of the multifullerenes depending on their molecular design. Efficient quenching of the triplet states by O2 but not by waterborne azide anions has been observed. Molecular modelling reveals dissimilar access of the aqueous phase to the internal structure of the tridecafullerenes, differently shielded by the glycodendrimeric shell.
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Grants
- CTQ2017-84327-P Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- CTQ2017-83531-R Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- CTQ2017-87269-P Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- CTQ2017-86265-P Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- CTQ2015-71896-REDT Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- CTQ2016-78454-C2-1-R Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- FPU fellowship Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- SEV-2016-0686 Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- 2017SGR629 Generalitat de Catalunya
- 2017 FI_B 00617 and 2018 FI_B1 00174 Generalitat de Catalunya
- ICREA ACADEMIA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
- Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramos‐Soriano
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity Complutense of MadridAvenida Complutense28040MadridSpain
| | - Alfonso Pérez‐Sánchez
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity Complutense of MadridAvenida Complutense28040MadridSpain
| | - Sergio Ramírez‐Barroso
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity Complutense of MadridAvenida Complutense28040MadridSpain
| | - Beatriz M. Illescas
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity Complutense of MadridAvenida Complutense28040MadridSpain
| | - Khalid Azmani
- Department of Physical and Inorganic ChemistryRovira i Virgili UniversityMarcel lí Domingo 143007TarragonaSpain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez‐Fortea
- Department of Physical and Inorganic ChemistryRovira i Virgili UniversityMarcel lí Domingo 143007TarragonaSpain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Department of Physical and Inorganic ChemistryRovira i Virgili UniversityMarcel lí Domingo 143007TarragonaSpain
| | - Cormac Hally
- Institut Químic de SarriàUniversitat Ramon LlullVia Augusta 39008017BarcelonaSpain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de SarriàUniversitat Ramon LlullVia Augusta 39008017BarcelonaSpain
| | - David García‐Fresnadillo
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity Complutense of MadridAvenida Complutense28040MadridSpain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, —Chemical Research Institute (IIQ) CSIC—Seville UniversityAvenida Américo Vespucio 4941092SevillaSpain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity Complutense of MadridAvenida Complutense28040MadridSpain
- IMDEA Nanoscience InstituteC/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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27
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More Than 50-Fold Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Response of Porphyrin Molecules in Aqueous Solution Induced by Mixing Base and Organic Solvent. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The difference absorption spectrum (DAS) of porphyrin molecules (tetraphenyl-porphyhrin sulfonic acid, TPPS) in aqueous solution induced by continuous wave laser irradiation has been reported previously. It was interpreted that the DAS was caused by the formation of TPPS aggregates induced by laser irradiation. However, transient spectra similar in their shape have already been reported and are attributed to the excited-state absorption and saturable absorption (SA) effects due to the triplet state formation in TPPS. In the present study, we investigated the triplet quenching effect by O2 on the DAS of TPPS aqueous solution and revealed that it originated from the triplet state formation. We also found that mixing the appropriate amount of MeOH and NaOH in TPPS aqueous solution increased its absorbance change by more than 50 times. This may be due to the decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration by mixing them. This result suggests the possibility of controlling the performance of NLO materials by adjusting the solvent mixture ratio and base/acid concentration.
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28
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Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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29
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Curcumin ligand based iridium(III) complexes as inhibition and visualization agent of beta-amyloid fibrillation. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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30
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Huang Y, Liu DE, An J, Liu B, Sun L, Fu H, Yan S, Sun W, Gao H. Reactive Oxygen Species Self-Sufficient Multifunctional Nanoplatform for Synergistic Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy with Red/Near-Infrared Dual-Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:9135-9144. [PMID: 35019591 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Developing multifunctional nanoplatforms that combine controlled drug release, therapy, and real-time monitoring of intracellular distribution of therapeutic agents can provide a solution for practical precision cancer therapy. Herein, a daylight activatable and red to near-infrared (NIR) dual-imaging guided multifunctional anticancer nanoplatform based on diselenium-conjugated and aggregation-induced emission fluorogen (AIEgen)-cross-linked oligoethylenimine polymer loaded with cisplatin (Pt) and biscyclometalated iridium(III) (Ir(III)) complex (Pt&Ir@P NPs) is reported. Upon short-time daylight irradiation, the nanoplatform generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which help them to escape from endo/lysosomes via enhanced lysosomal membrane permeability. Meanwhile, the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin and the photosensitizer (PS) Ir(III) complex are released via breaking the ROS-labile diselenium bond. The released PS, together with AIEgen, respond to the continuous long-time daylight irradiation and produce more ROS, inducing photodynamic therapy (PDT) and damaging the nucleus. Along with PDT, selenium liberates cisplatin and exerts chemotherapy in the presence of endogenous spermine. In addition, the red/NIR emitting Ir(III) complex and the engineered AIEgen act as dual-imaging agents for real-time monitoring the distribution of PS and polymer. This daylight responsive multifunctional nanoplatform for efficient anticancer therapy and imaging could provide an intriguing strategy for developing theranostic antitumor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - De-E Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jinxia An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Hao Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Shuzhen Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Hui Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Tianjin Enterprise Key Laboratory for Application Research of Hyaluronic Acid, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
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31
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Zhu X, Liu B, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Multinuclear 2-(Quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline-Coordinated Iridium(III) Complexes Tethered by Carbazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Photophysics. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17096-17108. [PMID: 33170657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Five mono/di/trinuclear iridium(III) complexes (1-5) bearing the carbazole-derivative-tethered 2-(quinolin-2-yl)quinoxaline (quqo) diimine (N^N) ligand were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of these complexes and their corresponding diimine ligands were systematically studied via UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and simulated by time-dependent density functional theory. All complexes possessed strong well-resolved absorption bands at <400 nm that have predominant ligand-based 1π,π* transitions and broad structureless charge-transfer (1CT) absorption bands at 400-700 nm. The energies or intensities of these 1CT bands varied pronouncedly when the number of tethered Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ (piq refers to 1-phenylisoquinoline) units, π conjugation of the carbazole derivative linker, or attachment positions on the carbazole linker were altered. All complexes were emissive at room temperature, with 1-3 showing near-IR (NIR) 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer)/3LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer) emission at ∼710 nm and 4 and 5 exhibiting red or NIR 3ILCT (intraligand charge-transfer)/3LMCT (ligand-to-metal charge-transfer) emission in CH2Cl2. In CH3CN, 1-3 displayed an additional emission band at ca. 590 nm (3ILCT/3LMCT/3MLCT/3π,π* in nature) in addition to the 710 nm band. The different natures of the emitting states of 1-3 versus those of 4 and 5 also gave rise to different spectral features in their triplet TA spectra. It appears that the parentage and characteristics of the lowest triplet excited states in these complexes are mainly impacted by the π systems of the bridging carbazole derivatives and essentially no interactions among the Ir(quqo)(piq)2+ units. In addition, all of the diimine ligands tethered by the carbazole derivatives displayed a dramatic solvatochromic effect in their emission due to the predominant intramolecular charge-transfer nature of their emitting states. Aggregation-enhanced emission was also observed from the mixed CH2Cl2/ethyl acetate or CH2Cl2/hexane solutions of these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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32
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Hua W, Xu G, Zhao J, Wang Z, Lu J, Sun W, Gou S. DNA‐Targeting Ru
II
‐Polypyridyl Complex with a Long‐Lived Intraligand Excited State as a Potential Photodynamic Therapy Agent. Chemistry 2020; 26:17495-17503. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Hua
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Z. Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050 USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota 58108-6050 USA
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center School of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
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33
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Lu C, Xu W, Shah H, Liu B, Xu W, Sun L, Qian SY, Sun W. In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Iridium(III) Bis(terpyridine) Complexes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6865-6875. [PMID: 35019348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three mononuclear or dinuclear bis(terpyridine) (tpy) iridium(III) complexes bearing pyren-1-yl (pyr) group(s) were synthesized. Their photophysical properties in water and in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects toward the human lung epithelial cancer cell line A549 and the human epidermal skin cancer cell line A431 were investigated to evaluate the effects of dinuclear versus mononuclear complexes and the impact of the oligoether substituent at the ligand. All complexes possessed pyr-tpy ligand-associated charge transfer (1CT)/1π,π* absorption bands at 350-550 nm, with the dinuclear complex Ir3 showing the much enhanced absorptivity of this band. These complexes exhibited dual emission upon excitation at >430 nm in most cases, with the emitting states being ascribed to 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) and 3π,π*/3CT states, respectively. All complexes exhibited relatively weak to moderate cytotoxicity in the dark but high photocytotoxicity upon broadband visible light irradiation. Among them, the dinuclear complex Ir3 showed the highest intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and PDT efficiency compared to its mononuclear counterpart Ir1. Introducing an oligoether substituent on one of the tpy ligands in Ir2 also improved its intracellular ROS generation and PDT efficacy compared to those induced by Ir1. Ir3 induced both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage upon light activation toward both cell lines, whereas Ir1 and Ir2 caused both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage in A431 cells but only lysosomal damage in A549 cells. The dominant cell death pathway induced by Ir1-Ir3 PDT is apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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34
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Kamatsuki T, Bhattacharjee I, Hirata S. The Substituent-Induced Symmetry-Forbidden Electronic Transition Allows Significant Optical Limiting under Weak Sky-Blue Irradiance. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8675-8681. [PMID: 32991813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel material containing a rare metal-free dopant chromophore with controlled electronic symmetry, which exhibits strong optical limiting (OL) capabilities under weak, continuous, sky-blue irradiance. Electron-donating substituents at positions C2 and C7 of pyrene allow significant triplet generation because of the symmetrically forbidden transition between the ground state and the lowest singlet excited state, which leads to accumulation of triplet excitons in the dopant chromophore. This also leads to a small ground state absorption coefficient and induces greater absorption of sky-blue wavelengths when triplet excitons of the chromophore accumulate. Consequently, molecular glass doped with the designed chromophore displays stronger OL characteristics compared with those of the rare element-containing glass that previously demonstrated the greatest OL performance under continuous sky-blue irradiance at sunlight power levels. The described approach to developing cost-effective, state-of-the-art OL materials is crucial for nonlinear optical applications working at a large scale under sunlight or room lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kamatsuki
- Department of Engineering Science and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Indranil Bhattacharjee
- Department of Engineering Science and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shuzo Hirata
- Department of Engineering Science and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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35
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Lifshits LM, Roque Iii JA, Konda P, Monro S, Cole HD, von Dohlen D, Kim S, Deep G, Thummel RP, Cameron CG, Gujar S, McFarland SA. Near-infrared absorbing Ru(ii) complexes act as immunoprotective photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents against aggressive melanoma. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11740-11762. [PMID: 33976756 PMCID: PMC8108386 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03875j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence over the past 20 years suggests that photodynamic therapy (PDT), an anticancer modality known mostly as a local treatment, has the capacity to invoke a systemic antitumor immune response, leading to protection against tumor recurrence. For aggressive cancers such as melanoma, where chemotherapy and radiotherapy are ineffective, immunomodulating PDT as an adjuvant to surgery is of interest. Towards the development of specialized photosensitizers (PSs) for treating pigmented melanomas, nine new near-infrared (NIR) absorbing PSs based on a Ru(ii) tris-heteroleptic scaffold [Ru(NNN)(NN)(L)]Cln, were explored. Compounds 2, 6, and 9 exhibited high potency toward melanoma cells, with visible EC50 values as low as 0.292–0.602 μM and PIs as high as 156–360. Single-micromolar phototoxicity was obtained with NIR-light (733 nm) with PIs up to 71. The common feature of these lead NIR PSs was an accessible low-energy triplet intraligand (3IL) excited state for high singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields (69–93%), which was only possible when the photosensitizing 3IL states were lower in energy than the lowest triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) excited states that typically govern Ru(ii) polypyridyl photophysics. PDT treatment with 2 elicited a pro-inflammatory response alongside immunogenic cell death in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells and proved safe for in vivo administration (maximum tolerated dose = 50 mg kg−1). Female and male mice vaccinated with B16F10 cells that were PDT-treated with 2 and challenged with live B16F10 cells exhibited 80 and 55% protection from tumor growth, respectively, leading to significantly improved survival and excellent hazard ratios of ≤0.2. Ru(ii) photosensitizers (PSs) destroy aggressive melanoma cells, triggering an immune response that leads to protection against tumor challenge and mouse survival.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019-0065 USA
| | - John A Roque Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019-0065 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402 USA
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 1X5 Canada
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 Canada
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019-0065 USA
| | - David von Dohlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402 USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston Salem NC 27157 USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston Salem NC 27157 USA
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 112 Fleming Building Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019-0065 USA
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 1X5 Canada .,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 1X5 Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 1X5 Canada.,Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019-0065 USA
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36
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Li H, Liu S, Lystrom L, Kilina S, Sun W. Improving triplet excited-state absorption and lifetime of cationic iridium(III) complexes by extending π-conjugation of the 2-(2-quinolinyl)quinoxaline ligand. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Liu B, Gao Y, Jabed MA, Kilina S, Liu G, Sun W. Lysosome Targeting Bis-terpyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Photophysical Properties and In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6025-6038. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Yibo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Mohammed A. Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Guoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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38
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Shafikov MZ, Zaytsev AV, Suleymanova AF, Brandl F, Kowalczyk A, Gapińska M, Kowalski K, Kozhevnikov VN, Czerwieniec R. Near Infrared Phosphorescent Dinuclear Ir(III) Complex Exhibiting Unusually Slow Intersystem Crossing and Dual Emissive Behavior. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5849-5855. [PMID: 32615767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A dinuclear iridium(III) complex IrIr shows dual emission consisting of near infrared (NIR) phosphorescence (λmax = 714 nm, CH2Cl2, T = 300 K) and green fluorescence (λmax = 537 nm). The NIR emission stems from a triplet state (T1) localized on the ditopic bridging ligand (3LC). Because of the dinuclear molecular structure, the phosphorescence efficiency (ΦPL = 3.5%) is high compared to those of other known red/NIR-emitting iridium complexes. The weak fluorescence stems from the lowest excited singlet state (S1) of 1LC character. The occurrence of fluorescence is ascribed to relatively slow intersystem crossing (ISC) from state S1 (1LC) to the triplet manifold. The measured ISC rate corresponds to a time constant τISC of 2.1 ps, which is an order of magnitude longer than those usually found for iridium complexes. This slow ISC rate can be explained in terms of the LC character and large energy separation (0.57 eV) of the respective singlet and triplet excited states. IrIr is internalized by live HeLa cells as evidenced by confocal luminescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Z Shafikov
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
- Department for Technology of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Andrey V Zaytsev
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | | | - Fabian Brandl
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gapińska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Valery N Kozhevnikov
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Rafał Czerwieniec
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
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39
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Liu B, Jabed MA, Kilina S, Sun W. Synthesis, Photophysics, and Reverse Saturable Absorption of trans-Bis-cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes (C^N^C)Ir(R-tpy) + (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-Terpyridine) with Broadband Excited-State Absorption. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8532-8542. [PMID: 32497429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extending the bandwidth of triplet excited-state absorption in transition-metal complexes is appealing for developing broadband reverse saturable absorbers. Targeting this goal, five bis-terdentate iridium(III) complexes (Ir1-Ir5) bearing trans-bis-cyclometalating (C^N^C) and 4'-R-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (4'-R-tpy) ligands were synthesized. The effects of the structural variation in cyclometalating ligands and substituents at the tpy ligand on the photophysics of these complexes have been systematically explored using spectroscopic methods (i.e., UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. All complexes exhibited intensely structured 1π,π* absorption bands at <400 nm and broad charge transfer (1CT)/1π,π* transitions at 400-600 nm. Ligand structural variations exerted a very small effect on the energies of the 1CT/1π,π* transitions; however, they had a significant effect on the molar extinction coefficients of these absorption bands. All complexes emitted featureless deep red phosphorescence in solutions at room temperature and gave broad-band and strong triplet excited-state absorption ranging from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions, with both originating from the 3π,π*/3CT states. Although alteration of the ligand structures influenced the emission energies slightly, these changes significantly affected the emission lifetimes and quantum yields, transient absorption spectral features, and the triplet excited-state quantum yields of the complexes. Except for Ir3, the other four complexes all manifested reverse saturable absorption (RSA) upon nanosecond laser pulse excitation at 532 nm, with the decreasing trend of RSA following Ir2 ≈ Ir4 > Ir1 > Ir5 > Ir3. The RSA trend corresponded well with the strength of the excited-state and ground-state absorption differences (ΔOD) at 532 nm for these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota58108-6050, United States
| | - Mohammed A Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota58108-6050, United States
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40
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Kellert M, Sárosi I, Rajaratnam R, Meggers E, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E. Ruthenacarborane-Phenanthroline Derivatives as Potential Metallodrugs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102322. [PMID: 32429279 PMCID: PMC7287719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium-based complexes have received much interest as potential metallodrugs. In this work, four RuII complexes bearing a dicarbollide moiety, a carbonyl ligand, and a phenanthroline-based ligand were synthesized and characterized, including single crystal diffraction analysis of compounds 2, 4, and 5 and an observed side product SP1. Complexes 2-5 are air and moisture stable under ambient conditions. They show excellent solubility in organic solvents, but low solubility in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kellert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.K.); (I.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Imola Sárosi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.K.); (I.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Rajathees Rajaratnam
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (R.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.K.); (I.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.K.); (I.S.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-97-36151
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41
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Chen ZL, Zou BQ, Qin QP, Wang ZF, Tan MX, Huang XL, Liang CJ, Liang H. Cyclometallated iridium(III)-5-bromo-8-quinolinol complexes as mitochondria-targeted anticancer agents. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Abstract
The two mononuclear complexes of the formula [Dy(tta)3(L)] (1) and [Dy(hfac)3(L)] (2) (where tta- = 2-thenoytrifluoroacetylacetonate and hfac- = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate) were obtained from the coordination reaction of the Dy(tta)3·2H2O or Dy(hfac)3·2H2O units with the 1,10-phenantroline-5,6-dione ligand (L). Their structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies on single crystals, and they revealed a supramolecular assembly of tetramers through σ-π interactions. Both complexes displayed a Single-Molecule Magnet (SMM) behavior without an external applied magnetic field. Magnetic relaxation happened through Orbach, Raman and Quantum Tunneling of the Magnetization (QTM). Wavefunction theory calculations were realized to rationalize the magnetic properties.
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43
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Guo L, Wang H, Wang Y, Feng L. Tailor-Made Polymer Nano-Assembly with Switchable Function and Amplified Anti-Tumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901492. [PMID: 31800169 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The difficulty in killing tumor cells due to the tendency to metastasis and drug resistance are outstanding and urgent problems for the treatment of cancer. It is imperative to figure out an effective therapy strategy to break the treatment dilemmas. Nano self-assembly has the characteristics of flexible regulation, biological compatibility, and easy access. Herein, an albumin-polymer nano-assembly with switchable cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification capability is developed for anti-tumor therapy. The nano-assembly (PFFBT@HSA) is comprised of conjugated polymer PFFBT and natural protein human serum albumin (HSA) via the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The innovative switchable strategy is proposed and realized by HSA turning off the cytotoxicity of PFFBT and then turning on and enhancing the cytotoxicity by generating massive ROS upon light irradiation. The combination of HSA provides more stable microenvironment to benefit the generation of highly effective anti-tumor model of "0+1>1". These results display that the nanostructured self-assembly and the proposed anti-tumor regulation strategy are effective, which will contribute to the diversified treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Haoping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
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44
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Wang L, Cui P, Lystrom L, Lu J, Kilina S, Sun W. Heteroleptic cationic iridium( iii) complexes bearing phenanthroline derivatives with extended π-conjugation as potential broadband reverse saturable absorbers. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorenyl substitution at the diimine ligand broadened the excited-state absorption to near-IR, and enhanced reverse saturable absorption at 532 nm for the cationic Ir(iii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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45
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Qin LQ, Zou BQ, Qin QP, Wang ZF, Yang L, Tan MX, Liang CJ, Liang H. Highly cytotoxic, cyclometalated iridium(iii)-5-fluoro-8-quinolinol complexes as cancer cell mitochondriotropic agents. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ir-3 and Ir-4 kill HeLa cells and trigger caspase-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qin Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry and Food Science
- Yulin Normal University
- 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
| | - Bi-Qun Zou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry and Food Science
- Yulin Normal University
- 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
| | - Zhen-Feng Wang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry and Food Science
- Yulin Normal University
- 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry and Food Science
- Yulin Normal University
- 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
| | - Ming-Xiong Tan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry and Food Science
- Yulin Normal University
- 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
| | - Chun-Jie Liang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Chemistry and Food Science
- Yulin Normal University
- 1303 Jiaoyudong Road
- Yulin 537000
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
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46
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Zhang Y, Fu H, Chen S, Liu B, Sun W, Gao H. Construction of an iridium(iii)-complex-loaded MOF nanoplatform mediated with a dual-responsive polycationic polymer for photodynamic therapy and cell imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:762-765. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09357e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A multifunctional nanoplatform was constructed using an UiO-66-based MOF, an Ir(iii) complex and a dual-responsive polymer to achieve efficient PDT and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Hao Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Shuai Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
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47
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Kuncewicz J, Dąbrowski JM, Kyzioł A, Brindell M, Łabuz P, Mazuryk O, Macyk W, Stochel G. Perspectives of molecular and nanostructured systems with d- and f-block metals in photogeneration of reactive oxygen species for medical strategies. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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48
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Liu B, Jabed MA, Guo J, Xu W, Brown SL, Ugrinov A, Hobbie EK, Kilina S, Qin A, Sun W. Neutral Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands for High-Performance Yellow OLED Application. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14377-14388. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Mohammed A. Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Jiali Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Samuel L. Brown
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Erik K. Hobbie
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Anjun Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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49
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Liu B, Monro S, Jabed MA, Cameron CG, Colón KL, Xu W, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Neutral iridium(iii) complexes bearing BODIPY-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands: synthesis, photophysics, in vitro theranostic photodynamic therapy, and antimicrobial activity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2381-2396. [PMID: 31432864 PMCID: PMC6785369 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, and photobiological activities of a series of novel neutral heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes incorporating boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands (Ir1-Ir5) are reported. The effect of the substitution position of BODIPY on the NHC ligands, either on C4 of the phenyl ring (Ir1-Ir3) or C5 of the benzimidazole unit (Ir4 and Ir5), and its linker type (single or triple bond) on the photophysical properties was studied. Ir1-Ir5 exhibited BODIPY-localized intense 1IL (intraligand transition)/1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption at 530-543 nm and 1,3IL/1,3CT (charge transfer) emission at 582-610 nm. The nanosecond transient absorption results revealed that the lowest triplet excited states of these complexes were the BODIPY-localized 3π,π* states. Complexes Ir4 and Ir5 exhibited blue-shifted 1IL absorption and 1,3IL/1,3CT emission bands compared to the corresponding absorption and emission bands in complexes Ir1 and Ir3. However, replacing the methyl substituents on N3 of benzimidazole in complexes Ir1 and Ir4 with oligoether substituents in Ir3 and Ir5, respectively, did not impact the energies of the low-energy absorption and emission bands in the corresponding complexes. Water-soluble complexes Ir3 and Ir5 have been explored as photosensitizers for in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects toward human SKMEL28 melanoma cells. Ir3 showed no dark cytotoxicity (EC50 > 300 μM) but good photocytotoxic activity (9.66 ± 0.28 μM), whereas Ir5 exhibited a higher dark cytotoxicity (20.2 ± 1.26 μM) and excellent photocytotoxicity (0.15 ± 0.01 μM). The phototherapeutic indices with visible light (400-700 nm) activation were >31 for Ir3 and 135 for Ir5. Ir3 and Ir5 displayed 1O2 quantum yields of 38% and 22% in CH3CN, respectively, upon 450 nm excitation. Ir5 was more effective at generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Ir5 was also active against Staphylococcus aureus upon visible light activation, with a phototherapeutic index of >15 and EC50 value of 6.67 μM. These photobiological activities demonstrated that these neutral Ir(iii) complexes are promising in vitro PDT reagents, and substitution at C5 on the benzimidazole group of the NHC ligand was superior to C4 substitution on the phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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50
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McCain J, Colón KL, Barrett PC, Monro SMA, Sainuddin T, Roque Iii J, Pinto M, Yin H, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Photophysical Properties and Photobiological Activities of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing π-Expansive Cyclometalating Ligands with Thienyl Groups. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10778-10790. [PMID: 31386351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A new family of cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(N^N)2(C^N)]+ derived from the π-extended benzo[h]imidazo[4,5-f]quinolone ligand appended with thienyl groups (n = 1-4, compounds 1-4) was prepared and its members were characterized for their chemical, photophysical, and photobiological properties. The lipophilicities of 1-4, determined as octanol-water partition coefficients (log Po/w), were positive and increased with the number of thienyl units. The absorption and emission bands of the C^N compounds were red-shifted by up to 200 nm relative to the analogous Ru(II) diimine systems. All of the complexes exhibited dual emission with the intraligand fluorescence (1IL, C^N-based) shifting to lower energies with increasing n and the metal-to-ligand charge transfer phosphorescence (3MLCT, N^N-based) remaining unchanged. Compounds 1-3 exhibited excited state absorption (ESA) profiles consistent with lowest-lying 3MLCT states when probed by nanosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy with 532 nm excitation and had contributions from 1IL(C^N) states with 355 nm excitation. These assignments were supported by the lifetimes observed (<10 ns for the 1IL states and around 20 ns for the 3MLCT states) as well as a noticeable ESA for 3 with 355 nm excitation that did not occur with 532 nm excitation. Compound 4 was the only member of the family with two 3MLCT emissive lifetimes (15, 110 ns), and the TA spectra collected with both 355 and 532 nm excitation was assigned to the 3IL state, which was corroborated by its 4-6 μs lifetime. The ESA for 4 had a rise time of approximately 10 ns and an initial decay of 110 ns, which suggests a possible 3MLCT-3IL excited state equilibrium that results in delayed emission from the 3MLCT state. Compound 4 was nontoxic toward human skin melanoma cells (SKMEL28) in the dark (EC50 = >300 μM); 1-3 were cytotoxic and yielded EC50 values between 1 and 20 μM. The photocytotoxicites with visible light ranged from 87 nM with a phototherapeutic index (PI) of 13 for 1 to approximately 1 μM (PI = >267) for 4. With red light, EC50 values varied from 270 nM (PI = 21) for 3 to 12 μM for 4 (PI = >25). The larger PIs for 4, especially with visible light, were attributed to the much lower dark cytotoxicity for this compound. Because the dark cytotoxicity contributes substantially to the observed photocytotoxicity for 1-3, it was not possible to assess whether the 3IL state of 4 led to a much more potent phototoxic mechanism in the absence of dark toxicity. There was no stark contrast in cellular uptake and accumulation by laser scanning confocal and differential interference contrast microscopy to explain the large differences in dark toxicities between 1-3 and 4. Nevertheless, the study highlights a new family of Ru(II) C^N complexes where π-conjugation beyond a certain point results in low dark cytotoxicity with high photocytotoxicity, opposing the notion that cyclometalated Ru(II) systems are too toxic to be phototherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Katsuya L Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Susan M A Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - John Roque Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Mitch Pinto
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
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