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Ryan A, Brookes A, Straiton AJ, Wildsmith T, Lowe JP, Molloy KC, Hill MS, Johnson AL. Heteroallene Insertions into Tin(II) Alkoxide Bonds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10967-10979. [PMID: 38832535 PMCID: PMC11190973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of iso-carbamate complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of [SnII(OiPr)2] or [SnII(OtBu)2] with either aryl or alkyl isocyanates, ONC-R (R = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (Mes), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dipp), isopropyl (iPr), cyclohexyl (Cy) and tert-butyl (tBu)). In the case of aryl isocyanates, mono-insertion occurs to form structurally characterized complexes [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OiPr)O}(μ-OiPr)]2 (1: R = Mes, 2: R = Dipp) and [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OtBu)O}(μ-OtBu)]2 (3: R = Mes, 4: R = Dipp). The complicated solution-state chemistry of these species has been explored using 1H DOSY experiments. In contrast, reactions of tin(II) alkoxides with alkyl isocyanates result in the formation of bis-insertion products [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OiPr)O}2] (5: R = iPr, and 6: R = Cy) and [Sn{κ2-N,O-R-NC(OtBu)O}2] (7: R = iPr, 8: R = Cy), of which complexes 6-8 have also been structurally characterized. 1H NMR studies show that the reaction of tBu-NCO with either [Sn(OiPr)2] or [Sn(OtBu)2] results in a reversible mono-insertion. Variable-temperature 2D 1H-1H exchange spectroscopy (VT-2D-EXSY) was used to determine the rate of exchange between free tBu-NCO and the coordinated tBu-iso-carbamate ligand for the {OiPr} alkoxide complex, as well as the activation energy (Ea = 92.2 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1), enthalpy (ΔH‡ = 89.4 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1), and entropy (ΔS‡ = 12.6 ± 2.9 J mol-1 K-1) for the process [Sn(OiPr)2] + tBu-NCO ↔ [Sn{κ2-N,O-tBu-NC(OiPr)O}(OiPr)]. Attempts to form Sn(II) alkyl carbonates by the insertion of CO2 into either [Sn(OiPr)2] or [Sn(OtBu)2] proved unsuccessful. However, 119Sn{1H} NMR spectroscopy of the reaction of excess CO2 with [Sn(OiPr)2] reveals the presence of a new Sn(II) species, i.e., [(iPrO)Sn(O2COiPr)], VT-2D-EXSY (1H) of which confirms the reversible alkyl carbonate formation (Ea = 70.3 ± 13.0 kJ mol-1; ΔH‡ = 68.0 ± 1.3 kJ mol-1 and ΔS‡ = -8.07 ± 2.8 J mol-1 K-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan
T. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Center
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Straiton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wildsmith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Center
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Lowe
- Material
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran C. Molloy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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2
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Vázquez-Vargas D, Pizá-Ruiz P, Amézaga-Madrid P. AACVD system and protocol to fabricate CuO and Co 3O 4 nanostructured coatings for application as selective absorbent materials. MethodsX 2023; 10:102219. [PMID: 37234935 PMCID: PMC10205540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, an aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD) system is described, together with a representative example of the synthesis of nanostructured coatings, which is an attractive alternative to being implemented at the industrial level. The semi-automated AACVD system synthesizes thin films or coatings of nanostructured materials, mainly metal oxides, and noble metals. Its main components, as well as its operation, are presented here. This simple AACVD method makes it possible to produce the coatings at relatively low temperatures and in a single step. Finally, the synthesis of CuO and Co3O4 nanostructured coatings deposited on stainless steel substrates is reported, which are excellent candidates for use as selective absorbent materials. The CuO and Co3O4 coatings present high quality and purity; no further thermal treatments are required to obtain the pure and crystalline phases. The main highlights of the proposed method are as follows: a)An AACVD System for depositing thin films and coatings designed and entirely fabricated at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C.b)A low temperature (350 °C) synthesis protocol to obtain CuO and Co3O4 nanostructured coatings on stainless steel substrates.c)The CuO and Co3O4 coatings presented the optimum characteristics to be considered selective absorbent materials.
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3
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Straiton AJ, Parish JD, Smith JJ, Lowe JP, Johnson AL. Exploration of Solid-State vs Solution-State Structure in Contact Ion Pair Systems: Synthesis, Characterization, and Solution-State Dynamics of Zinc Diphenyl Phosphate, [Zn{O 2P(OPh) 2} 2], Donor-Base-Supported Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4770-4785. [PMID: 36916880 PMCID: PMC10052378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A family of zinc phosphate complexes supported by nitrogen donor-base ligands have been synthesized, and their molecular structures were identified in both the solid (X-ray crystallography) and solution state (DOSY NMR spectroscopy). [Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]∞ (1), formed from the reaction of Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with HO(O)P(OPh)2 coordinates to donor-base ligands, i.e., pyridine (Py), 4-methylpyridine (4-MePy), 2,2-bipyridine (bipy), tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), and 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (Me3-TAC), to produce polymeric 1D structures, [(Py)2Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]∞ (2) and [(4-MePy)2Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]∞ (3), the bimetalic systems, [(Bipy)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]2 (4), [(TMEDA)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]2 (5), and [(Me3-TAC)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]2 (7), as well as a mono-nuclear zinc bis-diphenylphosphate complex, [(PMDETA)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2] (6). 1H NMR DOSY has been used to calculate averaged molecular weights of the species. Studies are consistent with the disassembly of polymeric 3 into the bimetallic species [(Me-Py)2·Zn2{O2P(OPh)2}4], where the Me-Py ligand is in rapid exchange with free Me-Py in solution. Further 1H DOSY NMR studies of 4 and 5 reveal that dissolution of the complex results in a monomer dimer equilibrium, i.e., [(Bipy)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]2 ⇆ 2[(Bipy)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2] and [(TMEDA)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2]2 ⇆ 2[(TMEDA)Zn{O2P(OPh)2}2], respectively, in which the equilibria lie toward formation of the monomer. As part of our studies, variable temperature 1H DOSY experiments (223 to 313 K) were performed upon 5 in d8-tol, which allowed us to approximate the enthalpy [ΔH = -43.2 kJ mol-1 (±3.79)], entropy [ΔS = 109 J mol-1 K-1 (±13.9)], and approximate Gibbs free energy [ΔG = 75.6 kJ mol-1 (±5.62) at 293 K)] of monomer-dimer equilibria. While complex 6 is shown to maintain its monomeric solid-state structure, 1H DOSY experiments of 7 at 298 K reveal two separate normalized diffusion coefficients consistent with the presence of the bimetallic species [(TAC)2-xZn2{O2P(OPh)2}4], (x = 1 or 0) and free TAC ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D Parish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.,Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Infineum UK Ltd, Milton Hill, Abingdon OX13 6BB, U.K
| | - Joshua J Smith
- Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Infineum UK Ltd, Milton Hill, Abingdon OX13 6BB, U.K
| | - John P Lowe
- Material and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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Weakly Bound Dimer of a Diaryloxygermylene Derived from a tBuPh2Si-Substituted 2,2′-Methylenediphenol. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel diaryloxygermylenes have been prepared by the reaction of Lappert’s germylene, Ge[N(SiMe3)2]2, with 2,2′-methylenediphenols bearing different substituents. The bulkiness of the substituents on the ortho positions of the phenolic oxygen (6 and 6′ positions) affects the structure of the products both in the solid-state and in solution. When the ortho substituents are SitBuPh2, the diaryloxygemylene crystalizes as a weakly bound dimer with intermolecular Ge…O distances of ca. 3.0 Å and exists as a monomer in solution. In contrast, the germylene with SiMePh2 groups as the ortho substituents form a tightly bound dimer featuring a Ge2O2 rhombus with cis-oriented terminal aryloxy groups in the crystalline state, which is confirmed to be maintained in solution through the VT (variable-temperature)-1H NMR studies. To the best of our knowledge, the former dimeric structure is unprecedented in the family of dioxytetrylenes.
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5
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Han S, Agbenyeke RE, Lee GY, Park BK, Kim CG, Eom T, Son SU, Han JH, Ryu JY, Chung TM. Novel Heteroleptic Tin(II) Complexes Capable of Forming SnO and SnO 2 Thin Films Depending on Conditions Using Chemical Solution Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1232-1243. [PMID: 35036785 PMCID: PMC8757355 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new heteroleptic complex series of tin was synthesized by the salt metathesis reaction of SnX2 (X = Cl, Br, and I) with aminoalkoxide and various N-alkoxy-functionalized carboxamide ligands. The complexes, [ClSn(dmamp)]2 (1), [BrSn(dmamp)]2 (2), and [ISn(dmamp)]2 (3), were prepared from the salt metathesis reaction of SnX2 with one equivalent of dmamp; [Sn(dmamp)(empa)]2 (4), [Sn(dmamp)(mdpa)]2 (5), and [Sn(dmamp)(edpa)]2 (6) were prepared via the salt metathesis reaction using complex 2 with one equivalent of N-alkoxy-functionalized carboxamide ligand. Complexes 1-5 displayed dimeric molecular structures with tin metal centers interconnected by μ2-O bonding via the alkoxy oxygen atom. The molecular structures of complexes 1-5 showed distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries with lone pair electrons in the equatorial position. Using complex 6 as a tin precursor, SnO x films were deposited by chemical solution deposition (CSD) and subsequent post-deposition annealing (PDA) at high temperatures. SnO and SnO2 films were selectively obtained under controlled PDA atmospheres of argon and oxygen, respectively. The SnO films featured a tetragonal romarchite structure with high crystallinity and a preferred growth orientation along the (101) plane. They also exhibited a lower transmittance of >52% at 400 nm due to an optical band gap of 2.9 eV. In contrast, the SnO2 films exhibited a tetragonal cassiterite crystal structure and an extremely high transmittance of >97% at 400 nm was observed with an optical band gap of 3.6 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong
Ho Han
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Raphael Edem Agbenyeke
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Ga Yeon Lee
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Keun Park
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chang Gyoun Kim
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
| | - Taeyong Eom
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
| | - Seung Uk Son
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Han
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Ryu
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
| | - Taek-Mo Chung
- Thin
Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic
of Korea
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6
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Wildsmith T, Parish JD, Ahmet IY, Molloy KC, Hill MS, Johnson AL. Tin(II) Ureide Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Chemistry, and Evaluation as SnO Precursors. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17083-17093. [PMID: 34704441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to tailor precursors for application in the deposition of phase pure SnO, we have evaluated a series of tin (1-6) ureide complexes. The complexes were successfully synthesized by employing N,N'-trialkyl-functionalized ureide ligands, in which features such as stability, volatility, and decomposition could be modified with variation of the substituents on the ureide ligand in an attempt to find the complex with the ideal electronic, steric, or coordinative properties, which determine the fate of the final products. The tin(II) ureide complexes 1-6 were synthesized by direct reaction [Sn{NMe2}2] with aryl and alkyl isocyanates in a 1:2 molar ratio. All the complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis and, where applicable, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 2, 3, 4, and 6 revealed that the complexes crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n (2 and 4) or in the triclinic space group P-1 (3 and 6) as monomers. Reaction with phenyl isocyanate results in the formation of the bimetallic species 5, which crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, a consequence of incomplete insertion into the Sn-NMe2 bonds, versus mesityl isocyanate, which produces a monomeric double insertion product, 6, under the same conditions, indicating a difference in reactivity between phenyl isocyanate and mesityl isocyanate with respect to insertion into Sn-NMe2 bonds. The metal centers in these complexes are all four-coordinate, displaying either distorted trigonal bipyramidal or trigonal bipyramidal geometries. The steric influence of the imido-ligand substituent has a clear effect on the coordination mode of the ureide ligands, with complexes 2 and 6, which contain the cyclohexyl and mesityl ligands, displaying κ2-O,N coordination modes, whereas κ2-N,N' coordination modes are observed for the sterically bulkier tert-butyl and adamantyl derivatives, 3 and 4. The thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes 3 and 4 exhibited excellent physicochemical properties with clean single-step curves and low residual masses in their TG analyses suggesting their potential utility of these systems as MOCVD and ALD precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wildsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - James D Parish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ibbi Y Ahmet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran C Molloy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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7
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Parish JD, Snook MW, Johnson AL. Evaluation of Sn(II) aminoalkoxide precursors for atomic layer deposition of SnO thin films. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13902-13914. [PMID: 34528045 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully prepared and structurally characterized a family of eight tin(II) heteroleptic complexes, [Sn(NR2)(ON)]x (NR2 = NMe2 (1a-d) or N(SiMe3)2 (2a-d); x = 1 or 2) and four homoleptic systems, [Sn(κ2-ON)2] (3a-d) from a series of aminoalcohols and fluorinated aminoalcohols (H{ON}) having a different number of methyl/trifluoromethyl substituents at the α-carbon atom, [HOC(R1)(R2)CH2NMe2] (R1 = R2 = H (H{dmae}) (a); R1 = H, R2 = Me (H{dmap}) (b); R1 = R2 = Me (H{dmamp}) (c); R1 = R2 = CF3 (H{Fdmamp}) (d)). The synthetic route used reactions of either [Sn{N(SiMe3)2}2] or [Sn(NMe2)2] with one or two equivalents of the aminoalcohols (a-d) in dry aprotic solvents leading to elimination of amines and formation of the Sn(II) species 1a-d, 2a-d and 3a-d respectively. All complexes were thoroughly characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 19F, and 119Sn) as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In all case the solid state molecular structures of the complexes have been unambiguously established: the solid state structures 1a-b and 1c are dimeric with central {Sn2N2} cores resulting from bridging {μ2-NMe2} units, in which the Sn(II) atoms are four-coordinate. In contrast, the solid state structures of complexes 1c and 2a-c possess similarly dimeric structures, with four-coordinate Sn(II) atoms, in which the oxygen atoms of the {ON} ligand bridge two Sn(II) centres to form dimers with a central {Sn2O2} core. Uniquely in this study, 2d, [Sn(κ2-O,N-OCMe2CH2NMe2){N(SiMe3)2}] is monomeric with a three coordinate Sn(II) centre. The homoleptic complexes 3a-d are all isostructural with monomeric four-coordinate structures with disphenoidal geometries. Solution state NMR studies reveal complicated ligand exchange processes in the case of the heteroleptic complexes 1a-d and 2a-d. Contrastingly, the homoleptic systems 3a-d show no such behaviour. While complexes 1a-d and 2a-d displayed either poor thermal stability or multistep thermal decomposition processes, the thermal behaviour of the homoleptic complexes, 3a-d, was investigated in order to determine the effects, if any, of the degree of fluorination and asymmetry of the aminoalkoxide ligands on the suitability of these complexes as ALD precursors for the deposition of SnO thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Parish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Michael W Snook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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8
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Huster N, Zanders D, Karle S, Rogalla D, Devi A. Additive-free spin coating of tin oxide thin films: synthesis, characterization and evaluation of tin β-ketoiminates as a new precursor class for solution deposition processes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10755-10764. [PMID: 32530011 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of SnOx in thin film form via chemical solution deposition (CSD) processes is favored over vacuum based techniques as it is cost effective and simpler. The precursor employed plays a central role in defining the process conditions for CSD. Particularly for processing SnO2 layers that are appealing for sensor or electronic applications, there are limited precursors available for CSD. Thus the focus of this work was to develop metalorganic precursors for tin, based on the ketoiminate ligand class. By systematic molecular engineering of the ligand periphery, a series of new homoleptic Sn(ii) β-ketoiminate complexes was synthesized, namely bis[4-(2-methoxyethylimino)-3-pentanonato] tin, [Sn(MEKI)2] (1), bis[4-(2-ethoxyethylimino)-2-pentanonato] tin, [Sn(EEKI)2] (2), bis[4-(3-methoxypropylimino)-2-pentanonato] tin, [Sn(MPKI)2] (3), bis[4-(3-ethoxypropylimino)-2-pentanonato] tin, [Sn(EPKI)2] (4) and bis[4-(3-isopropoxypropylimino)-2-pentanonato] tin, [Sn(iPPKI)2] (5). All these N-side-chain ether functionalized compounds were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS), elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The solid state molecular structure of [Sn(MPKI)2] (3) was eludicated by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). Interestingly, this class of compounds features excellent solubility and stability in common organic solvents alongside good reactivity towards H2O and low decomposition temperatures, thus fulfilling the desired requirements for CSD of tin oxides. With compound 3 as a representative example, we have demonstrated the possibility to directly deposit SnOx layers via hydrolysis upon exposure to air followed by heat treatment under oxygen at moderate temperatures and most importantly without the need for any additive that is generally used in CSD. A range of complementary analytical methods were employed, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyse the structure, morphology and composition of the SnOx layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Huster
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sarah Karle
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | | | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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9
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Schleep M, Hettich C, Glatz JM, Kratzert D, Beichel W, Velázquez Rojas J, Scherer H, Krossing I. Perfluorinated tert
-Butoxides of Tin(II): The Dimeric Alkoxide and Its Monomeric Ate Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Clarissa Hettich
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jana Maren Glatz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Witali Beichel
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications; IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering; University of Freiburg; Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jennifer Velázquez Rojas
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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10
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Parish JD, Snook MW, Johnson AL, Kociok-Köhn G. Synthesis, characterisation and thermal properties of Sn(ii) pyrrolide complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7721-7729. [PMID: 29796508 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00490k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SnO is a rare example of a stable p-type semiconductor material. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterisation of a family of Sn(ii) pyrrolide complexes for future application in the MOCVD and ALD of tin containing thin films. Reaction of the Sn(ii) amide complex, [{(Me3Si)2N}2Sn], with the N,N-bidentate pyrrole pro-ligand, L1H, forms the hetero- and homoleptic complexes [{L1}Sn{N(SiMe3)2}] (1) and [{L1}2Sn] (2), respectively, bearing the 2-dimethylaminomethyl-pyrrolide ligand (L1). Reaction of [{(Me3Si)2N)}2Sn] with the pyrrole-aldimine pro-ligands, L2H-L7H, results in the exclusive formation of the homoleptic bis-pyrrolide complexes [{L2-7}2Sn] (3-8). All complexes have been characterised by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of complexes 1-5 and 8 are determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. TG analysis and isothermal TG analysis have been used to evaluate the potential utility of these systems as MOCVD and ALD precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Parish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Ahmet IY, Thompson JR, Johnson AL. Oxidative Addition to SnII
Guanidinate Complexes: Precursors to Tin(II) Chalcogenide Nanocrystals. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Y. Ahmet
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies; Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UK
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UK
| | - Joseph R. Thompson
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies; Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UK
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UK
| | - Andrew L. Johnson
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies; Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UK
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