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Muñoz-García AB, Benesperi I, Boschloo G, Concepcion JJ, Delcamp JH, Gibson EA, Meyer GJ, Pavone M, Pettersson H, Hagfeldt A, Freitag M. Dye-sensitized solar cells strike back. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12450-12550. [PMID: 34590638 PMCID: PMC8591630 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are celebrating their 30th birthday and they are attracting a wealth of research efforts aimed at unleashing their full potential. In recent years, DSCs and dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have experienced a renaissance as the best technology for several niche applications that take advantage of DSCs' unique combination of properties: at low cost, they are composed of non-toxic materials, are colorful, transparent, and very efficient in low light conditions. This review summarizes the advancements in the field over the last decade, encompassing all aspects of the DSC technology: theoretical studies, characterization techniques, materials, applications as solar cells and as drivers for the synthesis of solar fuels, and commercialization efforts from various companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Muñoz-García
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Iacopo Benesperi
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Javier J Concepcion
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michele Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
- University Management and Management Council, Vice Chancellor, Uppsala University, Segerstedthuset, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Freitag
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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2
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Stanley PM, Parkulab M, Rieger B, Warnan J, Fischer RA. Understanding entrapped molecular photosystem and metal-organic framework synergy for improved solar fuel production. Faraday Discuss 2021; 231:281-297. [PMID: 34240093 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artificial photosystems assembled from molecular complexes, such as the photocatalyst fac-ReBr(CO)3(4,4'-dcbpy) (dcbpy = dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) and the photosensitiser Ru(bpy)2(5,5'-dcbpy)Cl2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), are a wide-spread approach for solar fuel production. Recently metal-organic framework (MOF) entrapping of such complexes was demonstrated as a promising concept for catalyst stabilisation and reaction environment optimisation in colloidal-based CO2 reduction. Building on this strategy, here we examined the influence of MIL-101-NH2(Al) MOF particle size, the electron donor source, and the presence of an organic base on the photocatalytic CO2-to-CO reduction performance, and the differences to homogeneous systems. A linear relation between smaller scaffold particle size and higher photocatalytic activity, longer system lifetimes for benign electron donors, and increased turnover numbers (TONs) with certain additive organic bases, were determined. This enabled understanding of key molecular catalysis phenomena and synergies in the nanoreactor-like host-guest assembly, and yielded TONs of ∼4300 over 96 h of photocatalysis under optimised conditions, surpassing homogeneous TON values and lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Stanley
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching, 85787, Germany. and WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching, 85787, Germany
| | - Mykhaylo Parkulab
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching, 85787, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching, 85787, Germany
| | - Julien Warnan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching, 85787, Germany.
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching, 85787, Germany.
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3
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Schlachter A, Juvenal F, Kinghat Tangou R, Khatyr A, Guyon F, Karsenti PL, Strohmann C, Kubicki MM, Rousselin Y, Harvey PD, Knorr M. 2-Azabutadiene complexes of rhenium(I): S, N-chelated species with photophysical properties heavily governed by the ligand hidden traits. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2945-2963. [PMID: 33564810 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [Re(CO)3(THF)(μ-Br)]2 or [Re(CO)5X] (X = Cl, Br, I) with the diaryl-2-azabutadienes [(RS)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CAr2] containing two thioether arms at the 4,4-position forms the luminescent S,N-chelate complexes fac-[(OC)3ReX{(RS)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CAr2}] (1a-h). The halide abstraction by silver triflate converts [(OC)3ReCl{(PhS)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CPh2}] (1c) to [(OC)3Re(OS([double bond, length as m-dash]O)2CF3){(PhS)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CPh2}] (1j) bearing a covalently bound triflate ligand. The cyclic voltammograms reveal reversible S^N ligand-centred reduction and irreversible oxidation waves for all complexes. The crystal structures of nine octahedral complexes have been determined along with that of (NaphtylS)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CPh2 (L6). A rich system of weak non-covalent intermolecular secondary interactions through CHX(Cl, Br)Re, CHO, COπ(Ph), CHπCO, CHO and CHS contacts has been evidenced. The photophysical properties have been investigated by steady-state and time-resolved absorption (fs transient absorption, fs-TAS) and emission (ns-TCSPC and ps-Streak camera) spectroscopy in 2-MeTHF solution at 298 and 77 K. The emission bands are composed of either singlet (450 < λmax < 535 nm) and/or triplet emissions (at 77 K only, λmax < 640 nm, or appearing as a tail at λ > 600 nm), which decay in a multiexponential manner for the fluorescence (short ps (i.e. <IRF) < τF < 1.9 ns at 298 and 77 K) and monoexponentially for the phosphorescence (4.0 < τP < 7.0 ns at 77 K). The fs-TAS data reveal the presence of 2 to 4 transient species decaying in four narrow time windows (generally 125-165 fs, 370-685 fs, 3-6 ps, 30-45 ps). The complexity of these kinetics was explained by studying the photophysical behaviour of ligand L6. Its behaviour is the same as the complexes thus indicating that the ligand dictates the kinetic traits of the Re-species, except for the triplet emission as L6 is not phosphorescent. The triplet lifetime (4.0 < τP < 7.0 ns) is considered very short but not unprecedented. Furthermore, the nature of the lowest energy excited states of these chelate compounds and L6 has been addressed using DFT and TDDFT calculations and been assigned to metal-to-ligand (MLCT) and/or intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Schlachter
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - Frank Juvenal
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | | | - Abderrahim Khatyr
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Fabrice Guyon
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Paul-Ludovic Karsenti
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marek M Kubicki
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 5260, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 5260, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre D Harvey
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institut UTINAM, UMR CNRS 6213, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.
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4
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Stanley PM, Thomas C, Thyrhaug E, Urstoeger A, Schuster M, Hauer J, Rieger B, Warnan J, Fischer RA. Entrapped Molecular Photocatalyst and Photosensitizer in Metal–Organic Framework Nanoreactors for Enhanced Solar CO2 Reduction. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Stanley
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Christopher Thomas
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Associate Professorship of Dynamic Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Alexander Urstoeger
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Michael Schuster
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Associate Professorship of Dynamic Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Julien Warnan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85787, Germany
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5
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Anjaneyulu B, Dharma Rao G, Bajaj T. Click chemistry: In vitro evaluation of glycosyl hybrid phosphorylated/thiophosphorylated 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as irreversible acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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6
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Pantalon Juraj N, Krklec M, Novosel T, Perić B, Vianello R, Raić-Malić S, Kirin SI. Copper(ii) and zinc(ii) complexes of mono- and bis-1,2,3-triazole-substituted heterocyclic ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9002-9015. [PMID: 32558875 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chelating 1,4-disubstituted mono- (8a-8d) and bis-1,2,3-triazole-based (9a-11a) ligands were prepared by regioselective copper(i)-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of terminal alkynes with aromatic azides, together with bioconjugate 13a synthesized by amide coupling of l-phenylalanine methyl ester to 11a. Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes were prepared and single crystal structures were determined for complexes 8aCu, 8dCu, 9cCu and 10cCu, as well as the free ligands 10a and 10c. The in situ prepared Zn(ii) complexes were studied by NMR spectroscopy, while the stoichiometry of the Cu(ii) complexes in solution was determined by UV-Vis titrations and confirmed by the electronic structure DFT calculations at the (SMD)/M05-2X/6-31+G(d)/LanL2DZ+ECP level of theory.
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Emami M, Bikas R, Noshiranzadeh N, Kozakiewicz A, Lis T. Cu(II)-Hydrazide Coordination Compound Supported on Silica Gel as an Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Green Click Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles in Water. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13344-13357. [PMID: 32548521 PMCID: PMC7288712 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A hydrazone ligand, (E)-6-(2-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)hydrazinyl)nicotinohydrazide (H2L), was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The reaction of H2L with CuCl2·2H2O in methanol gave Cu(II) coordination compound, [Cu(HL')(Cl)]·CH3OH (1), which was characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods (Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV-vis). The structure of 1 was also determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Structural studies confirmed the formation of esteric group during the synthesis of 1. Compound 1 was immobilized on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS)-functionalized silica gel through the amidification reaction and the obtained heterogeneous coordination compound was utilized as a catalyst for the three-component azide-epoxide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction in water as a green solvent. The structural properties of the heterogeneous catalyst were characterized by a combination of FT-IR, UV-vis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analyses. The effect of the amount of catalyst and temperature on the cycloaddition reaction was studied, and the obtained 1,2,3-triazoles were characterized by spectroscopic studies and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The catalytic investigations revealed that this catalytic system has high activity in the synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles. It was also found that the aromatic and aliphatic substituents on the alkyne and epoxide together with the reaction temperature have considerable effects on the activity and regioselectivity of this catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Emami
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Rahman Bikas
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini
International University, 34148-96818 Qazvin, Iran
- ,
| | - Nader Noshiranzadeh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University
in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
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8
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Farré Y, Maschietto F, Föhlinger J, Wykes M, Planchat A, Pellegrin Y, Blart E, Ciofini I, Hammarström L, Odobel F. A Comparative Investigation of the Role of the Anchoring Group on Perylene Monoimide Dyes in NiO-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1844-1855. [PMID: 31995667 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The anchoring group of a sensitizer may strongly affect the overall properties and stability of the resulting dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthetic solar cells (DSPECs). The properties of seven perylene monoimide (PMI) dyes have been comprehensively studied for their immobilization on nanocrystalline NiO film. The PMI dyes differ only by the nature of the anchoring group, which are: carboxylic acid (PMI-CO2 H), phosphonic acid (PMI-PO3 H2 ), acetyl acetone (PMI-acac), pyridine (PMI-Py), aniline (PMI-NH2 ), hydroxyquinoline (PMI-HQ), and dipicolinic acid (PMI-DPA). The dyes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry and modeled by TD-DFT quantum chemical calculations. The mode of binding of these anchoring groups is investigated by infrared spectroscopy and the stability of the binding to NiO surface is studied by desorption experiments in acidic and basic media. The phosphonic acid group is found to offer the strongest binding to the NiO surface in terms of stability and dye loading. Finally, a photophysical study by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy shows that all dyes inject a hole in NiO with rate constants on a subpicosecond timescale and display similar charge recombination kinetics. The photovoltaic properties of the dyes show that PMI-HQ and PMI-acac give the highest photovoltaic performances, owing to a lower degree of aggregation on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Farré
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Federica Maschietto
- PSL Research University, Institute of Chemistry for Health and Life Sciences (I-CLeHS, FRE 2027), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005, Paris 05, France
| | - Jens Föhlinger
- Uppsala Universitet, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Box 523, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mike Wykes
- PSL Research University, Institute of Chemistry for Health and Life Sciences (I-CLeHS, FRE 2027), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005, Paris 05, France
| | - Aurélien Planchat
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL Research University, Institute of Chemistry for Health and Life Sciences (I-CLeHS, FRE 2027), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005, Paris 05, France
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Uppsala Universitet, Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Box 523, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44000, Nantes, France
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9
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Jantan KA, McArdle JM, Mognon L, Fiorini V, Wilkinson LA, White AJP, Stagni S, Long NJ, Wilton-Ely JDET. Heteromultimetallic compounds based on polyfunctional carboxylate linkers. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06455e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyfunctional linkers bearing carboxylate, bipyridine and alkyne functionalities allow the stepwise construction of multimetallic assemblies incorporating redox and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairil A. Jantan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
- 40450 Shah Alam
| | - James M. McArdle
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Lorenzo Mognon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Valentina Fiorini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” – University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4
- Bologna 40126
- Italy
| | - Luke A. Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” – University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4
- Bologna 40126
- Italy
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - James D. E. T. Wilton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
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10
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Lim M, Lee H, Kang M, Yoo W, Rhee H. Azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions in water via recyclable heterogeneous Cu catalysts: reverse phase silica gel and thermoresponsive hydrogels. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6152-6159. [PMID: 35539624 PMCID: PMC9078218 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized reverse phase silica gel and thermoresponsive hydrogels were synthesized as heterogeneous catalysts supports. Cu(i) and Cu(ii) catalysts immobilized onto two types of supports were prepared and characterized. The copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition was performed in water via a one-pot reaction and yielded good results. These catalysts are air stable and reusable over multiple uses. Azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions were performed via copper catalysts immobilized onto two types of supports in water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Lim
- Department of Bionanotechnology
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Heejin Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Minseok Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Woncheol Yoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
| | - Hakjune Rhee
- Department of Bionanotechnology
- Hanyang University
- Ansan
- South Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry
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