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Li S, Li NN, Dong XY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Chemical Flexibility of Atomically Precise Metal Clusters. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7262-7378. [PMID: 38696258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-protected metal clusters possess hybrid properties that seamlessly combine an inorganic core with an organic ligand shell, imparting them exceptional chemical flexibility and unlocking remarkable application potential in diverse fields. Leveraging chemical flexibility to expand the library of available materials and stimulate the development of new functionalities is becoming an increasingly pressing requirement. This Review focuses on the origin of chemical flexibility from the structural analysis, including intra-cluster bonding, inter-cluster interactions, cluster-environments interactions, metal-to-ligand ratios, and thermodynamic effects. In the introduction, we briefly outline the development of metal clusters and explain the differences and commonalities of M(I)/M(I/0) coinage metal clusters. Additionally, we distinguish the bonding characteristics of metal atoms in the inorganic core, which give rise to their distinct chemical flexibility. Section 2 delves into the structural analysis, bonding categories, and thermodynamic theories related to metal clusters. In the following sections 3 to 7, we primarily elucidate the mechanisms that trigger chemical flexibility, the dynamic processes in transformation, the resultant alterations in structure, and the ensuing modifications in physical-chemical properties. Section 8 presents the notable applications that have emerged from utilizing metal clusters and their assemblies. Finally, in section 9, we discuss future challenges and opportunities within this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na-Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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2
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Koizumi Y, Yonesato K, Kikkawa S, Yamazoe S, Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K. Small Copper Nanoclusters Synthesized through Solid-State Reduction inside a Ring-Shaped Polyoxometalate Nanoreactor. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14610-14619. [PMID: 38682247 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cu nanoclusters exhibit distinctive physicochemical properties and hold significant potential for multifaceted applications. Although Cu nanoclusters are synthesized by reacting Cu ions and reducing agents by covering their surfaces using organic protecting ligands or supporting them inside porous materials, the synthesis of surface-exposed Cu nanoclusters with a controlled number of Cu atoms remains challenging. This study presents a solid-state reduction method for the synthesis of Cu nanoclusters employing a ring-shaped polyoxometalate (POM) as a structurally defined and rigid molecular nanoreactor. Through the reduction of Cu2+ incorporated within the cavity of a ring-shaped POM using H2 at 140 °C, spectroscopic studies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of surface-exposed Cu nanoclusters with a defined number of Cu atoms within the cavities of POMs. Furthermore, the Cu nanoclusters underwent a reversible redox transformation within the cavity upon alternating the gas atmosphere (i.e., H2 or O2). These Cu nanoclusters produced active hydrogen species that can efficiently hydrogenate various functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls, and nitro groups using H2 as a reductant. We expect that this synthesis approach will facilitate the development of a wide variety of metal nanoclusters with high reactivity and unexplored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Koizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yonesato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Soichi Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kosuke Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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3
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Goo ZL, Yoshinari N, Yasukawa Y, Minami K, Konno T. Sulfide-Induced Dimerization Versus Demetallation of Tricopper(I) Clusters Protected by Tris-Thiolato Metalloligands. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400266. [PMID: 38679869 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report the reactivity of copper(I) clusters toward sulfide ions; these sulfide copper(I) clusters have attracted much attention due to their relevance to biologically active centers and their fascinating structural and photophysical properties. Treatment of the CuI 3RhIII 2 pentanuclear complex, [Cu3{Rh(aet)3}2]3+ (aet=2-aminoethanethiolate), in which a {CuI 3}3+ cluster moiety is bound by two fac-[Rh(aet)3] metalloligands, with NaSH in water produced the CuI 6RhIII 4 decanuclear complex, [Cu6S{Rh(aet)3}4]4+, accompanied by the dimerization of [Cu3{Rh(aet)3}2]3+ and the incorporation of a sulfide ion at the center. While similar treatment using the analogous CuI 3IrIII 2 complex with fac-[Ir(aet)3] metalloligands, [Cu3{Ir(aet)3}2]3+, produced the isostructural CuI 6IrIII 4 decanuclear complex, [Cu6S{Ir(aet)3}4]4+, the use of the CuI 3RhIII 2 complex with fac-[Rh(apt)3] metalloligands, [Cu3{Rh(apt)3}2]3+ (apt=3-aminopropanethiolate), resulted in the removal of one of the three CuI atoms from {CuI 3}3+ to afford the CuI 2RhIII 2 tetranuclear complex, [Cu2{Rh(apt)3}2]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Lang Goo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuto Yoshinari
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Katsue Minami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan
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4
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Huang SX, Xu F, Qi SJ, Wang K, Li Y, Zhang SH, Zhang XQ, Luo SY, Liang FP. A Double-Layered {Cu9} Nanocage with Diacylhydrazine: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Baghdasaryan A, Bürgi T. Copper nanoclusters: designed synthesis, structural diversity, and multiplatform applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6283-6340. [PMID: 33885518 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have gained tremendous research interest in recent years due to their extraordinary properties. The molecular-like properties that originate from the quantized electronic states provide novel opportunities for the construction of unique nanomaterials possessing rich molecular-like absorption, luminescence, and magnetic properties. The field of monolayer-protected metal nanoclusters, especially copper, with well-defined molecular structures and compositions, is relatively new, about two to three decades old. Nevertheless, the massive progress in the field illustrates the importance of such nanoobjects as promising materials for various applications. In this respect, nanocluster-based catalysts have become very popular, showing high efficiencies and activities for the catalytic conversion of chemical compounds. Biomedical applications of clusters are an active research field aimed at finding better fluorescent contrast agents, therapeutic pharmaceuticals for the treatment and prevention of diseases, the early diagnosis of cancers and other potent diseases, especially at early stages. A huge library of structures and the compositions of copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) with atomic precisions have already been discovered during last few decades; however, there are many concerns to be addressed and questions to be answered. Hopefully, in future, with the combined efforts of material scientists, inorganic chemists, and computational scientists, a thorough understanding of the unique molecular-like properties of metal nanoclusters will be achieved. This, on the other hand, will allow the interdisciplinary researchers to design novel catalysts, biosensors, or therapeutic agents using highly structured, atomically precise, and stable CuNCs. Thus, we hope this review will guide the reader through the field of CuNCs, while discussing the main achievements and improvements, along with challenges and drawbacks that one needs to face and overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Baghdasaryan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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6
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Pillay MN, van Zyl WE, Liu CW. A construction guide for high-nuclearity (≥50 metal atoms) coinage metal clusters at the nanoscale: bridging molecular precise constructs with the bulk material phase. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24331-24348. [PMID: 33300525 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis remains a major strength in chemistry and materials science and relies on the formation of new molecules and diverse forms of matter. The construction and identification of large molecules poses specific challenges and has historically lain in the realm of biological (organic)-type molecules with evolved synthesis methods to support such endeavours. But with the development of analytical tools such as X-ray crystallography, new synthesis methods toward large metal-based (inorganic) molecules and clusters have come to the fore, making it possible to accurately determine the precise distribution of hundreds of atoms in large clusters. In this review, we focus on different synthesis protocols used to form new metal clusters such as templating, alloying and size-focusing strategies. A specific focus is on group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, Au) as they currently predominate large metal cluster investigations and related Au and Ag bulk surface phenomena. This review focuses on metal clusters that have very high-nuclearity, i.e. with 50 or more metal centers within the isolated cluster. This size domain, it is believed, will become increasingly important for a variety of applications as these metal clusters are positioned at the interface between the molecular and bulk phases, whilst remaining a classic nanomaterial and retaining unique nano-sized properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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7
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Baghdasaryan A, Besnard C, Lawson Daku LM, Delgado T, Burgi T. Thiolato Protected Copper Sulfide Cluster with the Tentative Composition Cu74S15(2-PET)45. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2200-2208. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ani Baghdasaryan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Latevi Max Lawson Daku
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Burgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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8
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Bublitz F, de Azevedo Mello M, Cocco Durigon D, Dornelles da Silva F, Hennemann AL, Schulz Lang E. Synthesis and Characterization of Hg II
/Se/Cu I
Multinuclear Compounds from Mercury(II) Bis( p
-aminobenzeneselenolate) - Hg(SeC 6
H 4
NH 2
- p
) 2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Bublitz
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Melina de Azevedo Mello
- Colégio Técnico Industrial de Santa Maria (CTISM); Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Daniele Cocco Durigon
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | | | - Artur Luis Hennemann
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Ernesto Schulz Lang
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
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9
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Ke F, Song Y, Li H, Zhou C, Du Y, Zhu M. Sub-nanometer Cu(i) clusters: coordination-modulated (Se vs. S) atom-packing mode and emission. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13921-13924. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02908g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Different coordination modes of S/Se–Cu significantly modulate the atom-packing mode of Cu(i) clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbo Song
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanjun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxin Du
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
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