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Samala S, Lee JH, Park Y, Hong SJ, Jo H, Hwang H, Jung YM, Ok KM, Sessler JL, Lee CH. One Carbon Ring Expansion of Bipyrrole to Bipyridine Enables Access to a π-Extended, Non-innocent, Corrole-like Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203009. [PMID: 36464650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
A π-extended, diaza-triphenylene embedded, mono-anionic corrole analogue and its NiII complex were synthesized from a diaza-triphenylene precursor, which was obtained from a double one-carbon insertion into a naphthobipyrrole diester. Following conversion to the corresponding activated diol and acid-catalyzed condensation with pyrrole, subsequent reaction with pentafluorobenzaldehyde afforded mono-anionic, π-extended bipyricorrole-like macrocycle. Attempted NiII insertion with Ni(OAc)2 ⋅ 4H2 O resulted an ESR active, NiII bipyricorrole radical complex, which was converted to a stable cationic NiII complex upon treatment with [(Et3 O)+ (SbCl6 )- ]. Both complexes were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The NiII bipyricorrole radical complex is converted to a cationic NiII complex by single-electron reduction using cobaltocene. Both the cationic NiII complex and the radical NiII complex exhibited ligand-centered redox behavior, whereas the NiII remains in the +2 oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Samala
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Yeonju Park
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center of Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Hongil Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
| | - Kang Min Ok
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-chon, 24341, Korea
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Ouellette ET, Magdalenski JS, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Applications of Low-Valent Transition Metalates: Development of a Reactive Noncarbonyl Rhenium(I) Anion. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:783-793. [PMID: 35171568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent transition metalates─anionic, electronic-rich organometallic complexes─comprise a class of highly reactive chemical reagents that find integral applications in organic synthesis, small-molecule activation, transient species stabilization, and M-E bond formation, among others. The inherent reactivity of such electron-rich metal centers has necessitated the widespread use of strong backbonding ligands, particularly carbonyls, to aid in the isolation and handling of metalate reagents, albeit sometimes at the expense of partially masking their full reactivity. However, recent synthetic explorations into transition-metalate complexes devoid of archetypic back-bonding ligands have led to the discovery of highly reactive metalates capable of performing a variety of novel chemical transformations.Building on our group's long-standing interest in reactive organometallic species, a series of rational progressions in early-to-middle transition-metal chemistry ultimately led to our isolation of a rhenium(I) β-diketiminate cyclopentadienide metalate that displays exceptional reactivity. We have found this Re(I) metalate to be capable of small-molecule activation; notably, the complex reversibly binds dinitrogen in solution and can be utilized to trap N2 for the synthesis of functionalized diazenido species. By employing isolobal analogues to N2 (CO and RNC), we were able to thoroughly monitor the mechanism of activation and conclude that the metalate's sodium counterion plays an integral role in promoting dinitrogen activation through a novel side-on interaction. The Re(I) metalate is also used in forming a variety of M-E bonds, including a series of uncommon rhenium-tetrylene (Si, Ge, and Sn) complexes that display varying degrees of multiple bonding. These metal tetrylenes act to highlight deviations in chemical properties within the group 14 elements. Our metalate's utility also applies to metal-metal bond formation, as demonstrated through the synthesis of a heterotetrametallic rhenium-zinc dimer. In this reaction, the Re(I) metalate performs a dual role as a reductant and metalloligand to stabilize a transient Zn22+ core fragment. Finally, the metalate displays unique reactivity with uranium(III) to yield the first transition metal-actinide inverse-sandwich bonds, in this case with three rhenium fragments bound through their Cp moieties surrounding the uranium center. Notably, throughout these endeavors we demonstrate that the metalate displays reactivity at multiple locations, including directly at the rhenium metal center, at a Cp carbon, through a Cp-sandwich mode, or through reversibly bound dinitrogen.Overall, the rhenium(I) metalate described herein demonstrates utility in diverse applications: small-molecule activation, the stabilization of reduced and/or unstable species, and the formation of unconventional M-E/M-M bonds or heterometallic complexes. Moving forward, we suggest that the continued discovery of noncarbonyl, electron-rich transition-metal anions featuring new or unconventional ligands should produce additional reactive organometallic species capable of stabilizing unique structural motifs and performing novel and unusual chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T. Ouellette
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian S. Magdalenski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Tanaka T, Ueto K, Osuka A. Development of Peripheral Functionalization Chemistry of meso-Free Corroles. Chemistry 2021; 27:15605-15615. [PMID: 34363279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the extensive development of meso functionalization of porphyrins, that of corroles has been only rarely explored until the development of practical synthetic methods of meso -free corroles in 2015. Ready availability of meso -free corroles opened up meso -functionalization chemistry of corroles, giving rise to successful synthesis of various meso-substituted corroles such as meso -halogen, meso -nitro, meso -amino, meso -oxo, and meso iminocorroles as well as meso-meso linked corrole dimers and corrole tapes. In some cases, 2NH corroles existed as stable or transient radical species. The impacts of meso -functionalization on the structures, electronic properties, optical characteristics, and aromaticity are highlighted in this Minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Kento Ueto
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kita-shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, JAPAN
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Alemayehu AB, Einrem RF, McCormick-McPherson LJ, Settineri NS, Ghosh A. Synthesis and molecular structure of perhalogenated rhenium-oxo corroles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19727. [PMID: 33184456 PMCID: PMC7665048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop rhenium-oxo corroles as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy, we investigated the potential β-perhalogenation of five ReO meso-tris(para-X-phenyl)corroles, Re[TpXPC](O) (X = CF3, H, F, CH3, and OCH3), with elemental chlorine and bromine. With Cl2, β-octachlorinated products Re[Cl8TpXPC](O) were rapidly obtained for X = CF3, H, and CH3, but X = OCH3 resulted in overchlorination on the meso-aryl groups. Full β-octabromination proved slower relative to Cu and Ir corroles, but the desired Re[Br8TpXPC](O) products were finally obtained for X = H and F after a week at room temperature. For X = CH3 and OCH3, these conditions led to undecabrominated products Re[Br11TpXPC](O). Compared to the β-unsubstituted starting materials, the β-octahalogenated products were found to exhibit sharp 1H NMR signals at room temperature, indicating that the aryl groups are locked in place by the β-halogens, and substantially redshifted Soret and Q bands. Single-crystal X-ray structures of Re[Cl8TpCF3PC](O), Re[Cl8TpCH3PC](O), and Re[Br8TpFPC](O) revealed mild saddling for one Cl8 structure and the Br8 structure. These structural variations, however, appear too insignificant to explain the slowness of the β-octabromination protocols, which seems best attributed to the deactivating influence of the high-valent Re center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8229, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Abstract
Metallocorroles involving 5d transition metals are currently of interest as near-IR phosphors and as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy. Their syntheses, however, are often bedeviled by capricious and low-yielding protocols. Against this backdrop, we describe rhenium-imido corroles, a new class of 5d metallocorroles, synthesized simply and in respectable (∼30%) yields via the interaction of a free-base corrole, Re2(CO)10, K2CO3, and aniline in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at ∼190 °C in a sealed vial under strict anaerobic conditions. The generality of the method was shown by the synthesis of six derivatives, including those derived from meso-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, H3[TPFPC], and five different meso-tris(p-X-phenyl)corroles, H3[TpXPC], where X = CF3, F, H, CH3, OCH3. Single-crystal X-ray structures obtained for two of the complexes, Re[TpFPC](NPh) and Re[TpCF3PC](NPh), revealed relatively unstrained equatorial Re-N distances of ∼2.00 Å, a ∼ 0.7-Å displacement of the Re from the mean plane of the corrole nitrogens, and an Re-Nimido distance of ∼1.72 Å. Details of the corrole skeletal bond distances, diamagnetic 1H NMR spectra, relatively substituent-independent Soret maxima, and electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps of ∼2.2 V all indicated an innocent corrole macrocycle. Surprisingly, unlike several other classes of 5d metallocorroles, the Re-imido complexes proved nonemissive in solution at room temperature and also failed to sensitize singlet oxygen formation, indicating rapid radiationless deactivation of the triplet state, presumably via the rapidly rotating axial phenyl group. By analogy with other metal-oxo and -imido corroles, we remain hopeful that the Re-imido group will prove amenable to further elaboration and thereby contribute to the development of a somewhat challenging area of coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Reinholdt A, Alemayehu AB, Gagnon KJ, Bendix J, Ghosh A. Electrophilic Activation of Osmium-Nitrido Corroles: The OsN Triple Bond as a π-Acceptor Metallaligand in a Heterobimetallic Os VIN-Pt II Complex. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5276-5280. [PMID: 32227864 PMCID: PMC7311052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein is a first investigation of the chemical reactivity of osmium-nitrido corroles, which are known for their unusual thermal, chemical, and photochemical stability. Elemental chlorine perchlorinates the β-positions of the triarylcorrole but leaves the OsN unit untouched. The OsN unit is also unaffected by a variety of other electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents. Upon photolysis, however, the anion of Zeise's salt associates with the nitrido ligand to generate an OsVI≡N-PtII complex. The very short OsN-Pt linkage [1.895(9)-1.917(8) Å] and the downfield 195Pt NMR resonance (-2702 ppm) suggest that the OsN corrole acts as a π-accepting ligand toward the Pt(II) center. This finding represents a rare example of the successful photochemical activation of a metal-ligand multiple bond that is too kinetically inert to exhibit any appreciable reactivity under thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Beaumier EP, Pearce AJ, See XY, Tonks IA. Modern applications of low-valent early transition metals in synthesis and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:15-34. [PMID: 30989127 PMCID: PMC6462221 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent early transition metals are often intrinsically highly reactive as a result of their strong propensity toward oxidation to more stable high-valent states. Harnessing these highly reducing complexes for productive reactivity is potentially powerful for C-C bond construction, organic reductions, small-molecule activation and many other reactions that offer orthogonal chemoselectivity and/or regioselectivity patterns to processes promoted by late transition metals. Recent years have seen many exciting new applications of low-valent metals through building new catalytic and/or multicomponent reaction manifolds out of classical reactivity patterns. In this Review, we survey new methods that employ early transition metals and invoke low-valent precursors or intermediates in order to identify common themes and strategies in synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Beaumier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam J. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xin Yi See
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian A. Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Ueta K, Fukuda M, Kim G, Shimizu S, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. The First Silicon(IV) Corrole Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Formation of a μ-Oxo Dimer. Chemistry 2018; 24:7637-7646. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ueta
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Masaya Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Gakhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic System; Yonsei University; 50, Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic System; Yonsei University; 50, Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Settineri NS, Arnold J. Insertion, protonolysis and photolysis reactivity of a thorium monoalkyl amidinate complex. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2831-2841. [PMID: 29732069 PMCID: PMC5914426 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05328b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of the thorium monoalkyl complex Th(CH2SiMe3)(BIMA)3 [1, BIMA = MeC(NiPr)2] with various small molecules is described. While steric congestion prohibits the insertion of N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide into the Th-C bond in 1, the first thorium tetrakis(amidinate) complex, Th(BIMA)4 (2), is synthesized via an alternative salt metathesis route. Insertion of p-tolyl azide leads to the triazenido complex Th[(p-tolyl)NNN(CH2SiMe3)-κ2N1,2](BIMA)3 (3), which then undergoes thermal decomposition to the amido species Th[(p-tolyl)N(SiMe3)](BIMA)3 (4). The reaction of 1 with 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide results in the thorium iminoacyl complex Th[η2-(C[double bond, length as m-dash]N)-2,6-Me2-C6H3(CH2SiMe3)](BIMA)3 (5), while the reaction with isoelectronic CO leads to the products Th[OC([double bond, length as m-dash]CH2)SiMe3](BIMA)3 (6) and Th[OC(NiPr)C(CH2SiMe3)(C(Me)N(iPr))O-κ2O,O'](BIMA)2 (7), the latter being the result of CO coupling and insertion into an amidinate ligand. Protonolysis is achieved with several substrates, producing amido (9), aryloxide (10), phosphido (11a,b), acetylide (12), and cationic (13) complexes. Ligand exchange with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) results in formation of the thorium borohydride complex (BIMA)3Th(μ-H)2[B(C8H14)] (14). Complex 1 also reacts under photolytic conditions to eliminate SiMe4 and produce Th(BIMA)2(BIMA*) [15, BIMA* = (iPr)NC(CH2)N(iPr)], featuring a rare example of a dianionic amidinate ligand. Complexes 2, 3, 5, 6, 11a, and 12-15 were characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, FTIR, EA, melting point and X-ray crystallography. All other complexes were identified by one or more of these spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Settineri
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
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Alemayehu AB, Vazquez-Lima H, McCormick LJ, Ghosh A. Relativistic effects in metallocorroles: comparison of molybdenum and tungsten biscorroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5830-5833. [PMID: 28497147 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01549f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The homoleptic sandwich compounds - Mo and W biscorroles - have afforded a novel platform for experimental studies of relativistic effects. A 200 mV difference in reduction potential and a remarkable 130 nm shift of a near-IR spectral feature have been identified as manifestations of relativistic effects on the properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Schweyen P, Brandhorst K, Hoffmann M, Wolfram B, Zaretzke MK, Bröring M. Viking Helmet Corroles: Activating Inert Oxidometal Corroles. Chemistry 2017; 23:13897-13900. [PMID: 28833727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemically inert oxidometal(V) corrols of molybdenum and rhenium undergo clean ligand-exchange reactions upon the action of SiCl4 . The resulting dichlorido complexes show trigonal prismatic coordination of the metal ion with the chlorine atoms residing in a cis configuration, and were studied by optical and resonance spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. In situ reactivity studies with carbon nucleophiles indicate high reactivity for chlorine replacement. Treatment with sodium cyclopentadienide paves the way to robust molybdenum corrolocene half-sandwich complexes. These organometallic compounds are the first corrole species that stabilize an air-stable and diamagnetic low spin d2 -MoIV center. Structural, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical investigations prove a reversible MoIV /MoV redox couple close to the Fc/Fc+ potential for these systems. The high stability of the compounds in both redox states calls for future applications in catalysis and as redox switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schweyen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Brandhorst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wolfram
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Kevin Zaretzke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Bröring
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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