1
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Caban M, Lewandowska U. Encapsulation of Polyphenolic Compounds Based on Hemicelluloses to Enhance Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104189. [PMID: 37241929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are difficult to cure, and available treatment is associated with troubling side effects. In addition, current therapies have limited efficacy and are characterized by high costs, and a large segment of the IBD and CRC patients are refractive to the treatment. Moreover, presently used anti-IBD therapies in the clinics are primarily aimed on the symptomatic control. That is why new agents with therapeutic potential against IBD and CRC are required. Currently, polyphenols have received great attention in the pharmaceutical industry and in medicine due to their health-promoting properties. They may exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-cancer activity, via inhibiting production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes or factors associated with carcinogenesis (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, vascular endothelial growth factor), suggesting they may have therapeutic potential against IBD and CRC. However, their use is limited under both processing conditions or gastrointestinal interactions, reducing their stability and hence their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Therefore, there is a need for more effective carriers that could be used for encapsulation of polyphenolic compounds. In recent years, natural polysaccharides have been proposed for creating carriers used in the synthesis of polyphenol encapsulates. Among these, hemicelluloses are particularly noteworthy, being characterized by good biocompatibility, biodegradation, low immunogenicity, and pro-health activity. They may also demonstrate synergy with the polyphenol payload. This review discusses the utility and potential of hemicellulose-based encapsulations of polyphenols as support for treatment of IBD and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Caban
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Lewandowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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2
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da Cruz Filho IJ, de Souza TP, dos Anjos Santos CÁ, de Morais Araújo MA, de Oliveira Moraes Miranda JF, de Oliveira Queirós ME, Filho DJNC, da Conceição Alves de Lima A, Marques DSC, do Carmo Alves de Lima M. Xylans extracted from branches and leaves of Protium puncticulatum: antioxidant, cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, anticoagulant, antitumor, prebiotic activities and their structural characterization. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:93. [PMID: 36845077 PMCID: PMC9944590 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to isolate and characterize xylans from branches and leaves of Protium puncticulatum, in addition to evaluating its in vitro biological and prebiotic potential. The results showed that the chemical structure of the obtained polysaccharides is similar being classified as homoxylans. The xylans presented an amorphous structure, in addition to being thermally stable and presenting a molecular weight close to 36 g/mol. With regard to biological activities, it was observed that xylans were able to promote low antioxidant activity (< 50%) in the different assays evaluated. The xylans also showed no toxicity against normal cells, in addition to being able to stimulate cells of the immune system and showing promise as anticoagulant agents. In addition to presenting promising antitumor activity in vitro. In assays of emulsifying activity, xylans were able to emulsify lipids in percentages below 50%. Regarding in vitro prebiotic activity, xylans were able to stimulate and promote the growth of different probiotics. Therefore, this study, in addition to being a pioneer, contributes to the application of these polysaccharides in the biomedical and food areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03506-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iranildo José da Cruz Filho
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50.670-420, Recife,, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Thammyris Pires de Souza
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50.670-420, Recife,, Pernambuco Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego Santa Clara Marques
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50.670-420, Recife,, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Alves de Lima
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50.670-420, Recife,, Pernambuco Brazil
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3
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Khorasaniha R, Olof H, Voisin A, Armstrong K, Wine E, Vasanthan T, Armstrong H. Diversity of fibers in common foods: Key to advancing dietary research. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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4
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Different Structures of Arabinoxylan Hydrolysates Alleviated Caco-2 Cell Barrier Damage by Regulating the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213535. [PMID: 36360148 PMCID: PMC9657791 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinoxylan (AX) has been associated with alleviating intestinal barrier damage, and different structures of AX give rise to different effects on the intestinal barrier. This study investigated the main structural characteristics of AX, whose functional properties are attributed to alleviating intestinal barrier damage, and clarified their underlying mechanisms. An in vitro Caco-2 cell model was established to investigate the intestinal barrier effects of AX with various degrees of substitution (Ds) and molecular weight (Mw), with an added MyD88 inhibitor to verify the signaling pathways. Arabinoxylan treated with endo-1,4-β-xylanase (AXX) with higher Ds and Mw showed stronger physiological activity, which might be correlated with the uronic acid and bound ferulic acid contents in AXX. Moreover, AXX alleviated the intestinal barrier damage by upregulating the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and alleviating the decrease of claudin-1 (p < 0.05). AXX regulated the expression of inflammatory factors IL-2, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 (p < 0.05). In addition, AXX reduced the intestinal barrier damage induced via inhibiting the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and activating the TLRs/PKC pathway. Thus, AX with higher Ds and Mw might be better in alleviating intestinal barrier damage, and MyD88 might be the key point of AXX to identify these signaling pathways.
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5
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Venter C, Meyer RW, Greenhawt M, Pali-Schöll I, Nwaru B, Roduit C, Untersmayr E, Adel-Patient K, Agache I, Agostoni C, Akdis CA, Feeney M, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Lunjani N, Grimshaw K, Reese I, Smith PK, Sokolowska M, Vassilopoulou E, Vlieg-Boerstra B, Amara S, Walter J, O'Mahony L. Role of dietary fiber in promoting immune health-An EAACI position paper. Allergy 2022; 77:3185-3198. [PMID: 35801383 DOI: 10.1111/all.15430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolism of specific dietary components, such as fiber, contributes to the sophisticated inter-kingdom dialogue in the gut that maintains a stable environment with important beneficial physiological, metabolic, and immunological effects on the host. Historical changes in fiber intake may be contributing to the increase of allergic and hypersensitivity disorders as fiber-derived metabolites are evolutionarily hardwired into the molecular circuitry governing immune cell decision-making processes. In this review, we highlight the importance of fiber as a dietary ingredient, its effects on the microbiome, its effects on immune regulation, the importance of appropriate timing of intervention to target any potential window of opportunity, and potential mechanisms for dietary fibers in the prevention and management of allergic diseases. In addition, we review the human studies examining fiber or prebiotic interventions on asthma and respiratory outcomes, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and overall risk of atopic disorders. While exposures, interventions, and outcomes were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis, there is significant potential for using fiber in targeted manipulations of the gut microbiome and its metabolic functions in promoting immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Venter
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Matthew Greenhawt
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bright Nwaru
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Roduit
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, UMR MTS/SPI/Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire (LIAA), INRA, CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Unit, De Marchi Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunita, Universita' degli Studi, Milan, Italy
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mary Feeney
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatric Allergy, King's College London, London, UK.,Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nonhlanhla Lunjani
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Grimshaw
- Dietetic Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Imke Reese
- Private Practice for Dietary Advice and Nutrition Therapy, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter K Smith
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Department of Nutritonal Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Berber Vlieg-Boerstra
- OLVG, Department of Paediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Shriya Amara
- Undergraduate, University College Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Zhang Y, Capanoglu E, Jiao L, Yin L, Liu X, Wang R, Xiao J, Lu B. Coarse cereals modulating chronic low-grade inflammation: review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9694-9715. [PMID: 35503432 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) is closely associated with various chronic diseases. Researchers have paid attention to the comprehensive application and development of food materials with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Owing to their abundant nutrients and biological activities, coarse cereals have emerged as an important component of human diet. Increasing evidence has revealed their potential protective effects against CLGI in chronic conditions. However, this property has not been systematically discussed and summarized. In the present work, numerous published reports were reviewed to systematically analyze and summarize the protective effects of coarse cereals and their main active ingredients against CLGI. Their current utilization state was investigated. The future prospects, such as the synergistic effects among the active compounds in coarse cereals and the biomarker signatures of CLGI, were also discussed. Coarse cereals show promise as food diet resources for preventing CLGI in diseased individuals. Their active ingredients, including β-glucan, resistant starch, arabinoxylan, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols and lignans, function against CLGI through multiple possible intracellular signaling pathways and immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, coarse cereals play a crucial role in the food industry due to their health effects on chronic diseases and are worthy of further development for possible application in modulating chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhu Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Linshu Jiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Liqing Yin
- Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Baiyi Lu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Zongo AWS, Zogona D, Youssef M, Ye S, Zhan F, Li J, Li B. Senegalia macrostachya seed polysaccharides attenuate inflammation-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in a Caco-2 and RAW264.7 macrophage co-culture model by inhibiting the NF-κB/MLCK pathway. Food Funct 2022; 13:11676-11689. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Senegalia macrostachya seed polysaccharides improved the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity from the inflammatory insult. SMSP2 treatment lowered the inflammatory cytokine release, increased TJ proteins, and downregulated the NF-κB/MLCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Wend-Soo Zongo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
- Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Daniel Zogona
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
- Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Mahmoud Youssef
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shuxin Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Fuchao Zhan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
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8
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Anwar M, Mros S, McConnell M, Bekhit AEDA. Effects of extraction methods on the digestibility, cytotoxicity, prebiotic potential and immunomodulatory activity of taro (Colocasia esculenta) water-soluble non-starch polysaccharide. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Paesani C, Degano AL, Zalosnik MI, Fabi JP, Pérez GT. Enzymatic modification of arabinoxylans from soft and hard Argentinian wheat inhibits the viability of HCT-116 cells. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Molecular modification, structural characterization, and biological activity of xylans. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118248. [PMID: 34294285 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The differences in the source and structure of xylans make them have various biological activities. However, due to their inherent structural limitations, the various biological activities of xylans are far lower than those of commercial drugs. Currently, several types of molecular modification methods have been developed to address these limitations, and many derivatives with specific biological activity have been obtained. Further research on structural characteristics, structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action is of great significance for the development of xylan derivatives. Therefore, the major molecular modification methods of xylans are introduced in this paper, and the primary structure and conformation characteristics of xylans and their derivatives are summarized. In addition, the biological activity and structure-activity relationship of the modified xylans are also discussed.
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11
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Holistic review of corn fiber gum: Structure, properties, and potential applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Armstrong H, Mander I, Zhang Z, Armstrong D, Wine E. Not All Fibers Are Born Equal; Variable Response to Dietary Fiber Subtypes in IBD. Front Pediatr 2021; 8:620189. [PMID: 33520902 PMCID: PMC7844368 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.620189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet provides a safe and attractive alternative to available treatment options in a variety of diseases; however, research has only just begun to elucidate the role of diet in chronic diseases, such as the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The chronic and highly debilitating IBDs, Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are hallmarked by intestinal inflammation, immune dysregulation, and dysbiosis; and evidence supports a role for genetics, microbiota, and the environment, including diet, in disease pathogenesis. This is true especially in children with IBD, where diet-based treatments have shown excellent results. One interesting group of dietary factors that readily links microbiota to gut health is dietary fibers. Fibers are not digested by human cells, but rather fermented by the gut microbes within the bowel. Evidence has been mounting over the last decade in support of the importance of dietary fibers in the maintenance of gut health and in IBD; however, more recent studies highlight the complexity of this interaction and importance of understanding the role of each individual dietary fiber subtype, especially during disease. There are roughly ten subtypes of dietary fibers described to date, categorized as soluble or insoluble, with varying chemical structures, and large differences in their fermentation profiles. Many studies to date have described the benefits of the byproducts of fermentation in healthy individuals and the potential health benefits in select disease models. However, there remains a void in our understanding of how each of these individual fibers affect human health in dysbiotic settings where appropriate fermentation may not be achieved. This review highlights the possibilities for better defining the role of individual dietary fibers for use in regulating inflammation in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Armstrong
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Inderdeep Mander
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Armstrong
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Interactive effects of molecular weight and degree of substitution on biological activities of arabinoxylan and its hydrolysates from triticale bran. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1409-1418. [PMID: 33161077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylan (AX) has many beneficial health effects that are closely related to its structural characteristics. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of molecular weight (Mw) and degree of substitution (DS) on the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of triticale bran AX and its hydrolysates in vitro. At low and similar Mw, the antioxidant activity of AX was inversely proportional to its DS. When DS was close, the antioxidant activity of AX was inversely proportional to its Mw at high DS, but the opposite result was found at low DS. As for the hypoglycemic performance, when DS was similar, the hypoglycemic activity of AX was proportional to its Mw. At low and similar Mw, the α-glucosidase inhibitory ability and glucose adsorption ability of AX was positively correlated with DS, whereas the α-amylase inhibitory ability and glucose delayed absorption ability showed the opposite results. Mw and DS had significant effects on the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of AX, and these two factors often need to be combined to explain the varied effects under different conditions.
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14
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The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e21. [PMID: 32595966 PMCID: PMC7303790 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from its role as a digestive and absorptive organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital immune organ that encompasses roughly 70 % of the total immune cells of the body. As such, the physical, chemical and nutrient composition of the diet influences overall GI function, effectively as an immune organ. With the improvement in feed technology, agro-industrial co-products that are high in fibre have been widely used as a feed ingredient in the diets of pigs and poultry. Arabinoxylan (AX) and mannan are the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharides present in cereal grain and co-product ingredients used in the livestock industry. When monogastric animals consume diets containing high amounts of AX and mannans, stimulation of GI immune cells may occur. This involves the activation of several cellular and molecular pathways of the immune system and requires a considerable amount of energy and nutrients to be expended by the animal, which may ultimately influence overall health and growth performance of animals. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of AX and mannan in immune modulation will be helpful in modulating untoward GI immune responses, thereby minimising nutrient and energy expenditure toward this effort. This review will summarise pertinent research on the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing AX and mannans in immune modulation in order to preserve gut integrity.
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Key Words
- A:X, arabinose:xylose
- AX, arabinoxylan
- Arabinoxylan
- CLTD, carbohydrate recognition domain
- DC, dendritic cells
- GGM, galactoglucomannan
- GH, glycosidic hydrolase
- GI, gastrointestinal
- Immune modulation
- MBL, mannose-binding lectin
- MOS, mannan oligosaccharide
- MR, mannose receptor
- Mannan
- Oligosaccharides
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- Polysaccharides
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- XOS, xylo-oligosaccharide
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15
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Dong N, Li X, Xue C, Zhang L, Wang C, Xu X, Shan A. Astragalus polysaccharides alleviates LPS-induced inflammation via the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5525-5540. [PMID: 32037545 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early weaning usually causes intestinal disorders, enteritis, and diarrhea in young animals and human infants. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) possesses anti-inflammatory activity. To study the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of APS and its potential effects on intestinal health, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) study in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) in vitro. In addition, LPS-stimulated BALB/c mice were used to study the effects of APS on intestinal inflammation in vivo. The results from the RNA-seq analysis show that there were 107, 756, and 5 differentially expressed genes in the control versus LPS, LPS versus LPS+APS, and control versus LPS+APS comparison groups, respectively. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis indicated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways play significant roles in the regulation of inflammatory factors and chemokine expression by APS. Further verification of the above two pathways by using western blot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the gene expression levels of the phosphorylated p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and NF-κB p65 were inhibited by APS, while the expression of IκB-α protein was significantly increased (p < .05), indicating that APS inhibits the production of inflammatory factors and chemokines by the inhibition of activation of the MAPK and NF-κB inflammatory pathways induced by LPS stimulation. Animal experiments further demonstrated that prefeeding APS in BALB/c mice can alleviate the expression of the jejunal inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-Iβ, and tumor necrosis factor-α induced by LPS stimulation and improve jejunal villus morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xinran Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Chenyu Xue
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Chensi Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xinyao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
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16
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Cereal-derived arabinoxylans: Structural features and structure–activity correlations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Liang S, Mao Y, Liao M, Xu Y, Chen Y, Huang X, Wei C, Wu C, Wang Q, Pan X, Tang W. Gut microbiome associated with APC gene mutation in patients with intestinal adenomatous polyps. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:135-146. [PMID: 31892851 PMCID: PMC6930378 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.37399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The 'adenoma-carcinoma sequence' is a well-recognized model of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. However, the interaction between gut microbiota and genetic variation in the initiation of CRC is not clear. Our study attempts to demonstrate the relationship between gut microbiota and host genetics in patients with intestinal adenomatous polyps. Method: The entire exon region of the APC gene was sequenced in 35 patients with pathologically diagnosed adenomatous polyps. Patients with highly pathogenic APC mutation were classified as the case group, while the others were classified as the control group. The patients'stool and serum samples were respectively collected for metagenomics and metabolomics measurements. Results: In the analysis of gut microbiome, there were three most important species, in which Fusobacterium_mortiferum was significantly increased while Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum were significantly decreased in the case group. The significantly low abundance of the Photosynthesis pathway in patients with APC mutation was due to the low abundance of species Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum. Moreover, there were two clusters of KEGG pathways correlated with two clusters of species characterized by Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii and Fusobacterium_mortiferum. As to serum metabolomics, the abundance of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid and 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine were significantly higher in patients with APC mutation, while the abundance of 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid,7-Ketocholesterol, DL-lactate, and L-Pyroglutamic acid were significantly higher in controlgroup. After analyzing the metabolome and microbiome data by sparCCmethod, we found that there was a significantly negative correlation between the abundance of Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii and Fusobacterium_mortiferum, and a significantly positive correlation between Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii abundance and the steroid hormone Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) in serum. Conclusions: Host's APC mutation was closely related to the changes of gut microbiota and serum metabolites, and some species of gut microbiome like Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii and Fusobacterium_mortiferum might have the potential to predict the development of CRC from intestinal adenomatous polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liang
- Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yan Mao
- Oncology Department, Nanning Second People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530031, China
| | - Ming Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.,Department of Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yansong Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Chuangyi Wei
- Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Changtao Wu
- Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
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18
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Cai Y, Folkerts J, Folkerts G, Maurer M, Braber S. Microbiota-dependent and -independent effects of dietary fibre on human health. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:1363-1381. [PMID: 31663129 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibre, such as indigestible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, occurs in many foods and has gained considerable importance related to its beneficial effects on host health and specific diseases. Dietary fibre is neither digested nor absorbed in the small intestine and modulates the composition of the gut microbiota. New evidence indicates that dietary fibre also interacts directly with the epithelium and immune cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract by microbiota-independent effects. This review focuses on how dietary fibre improves human health and the reported health benefits that are connected to molecular pathways, in (a) a microbiota-independent manner, via interaction with specific surface receptors on epithelial and immune cells regulating intestinal barrier and immune function, and (b) a microbiota-dependent manner via maintaining intestinal homeostasis by promoting beneficial microbes, including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, limiting the growth, adhesion, and cytotoxicity of pathogenic microbes, as well as stimulating fibre-derived microbial short-chain fatty acid production. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cai
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Folkerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Biomarkers of Whole-Grain and Cereal-Fiber Intake in Human Studies: A Systematic Review of the Available Evidence and Perspectives. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122994. [PMID: 31817759 PMCID: PMC6950731 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High whole-grain consumption is related to better health outcomes. The specific physiological effect of these compounds is still unrevealed, partly because the accurate estimation of the intake of whole grains from dietary assessments is difficult and prone to bias, due to the complexity of the estimation of the intake by the consumer. A biomarker of whole-grain intake and type of whole-grain intake would be useful for quantifying the exposure to whole-grain intake. In this review, we aim to review the evidence on the potential biomarkers for whole-grain intake in the literature. We conducted a systematic search in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database. In total, 39 papers met the inclusion criteria following the PRISMA guidelines and were included. The relative validity, responsiveness, and reproducibility of these markers were assessed for short-, medium-, and long-term exposure as important criteria for the potential use of these biomarkers from a clinical and research perspective. We found three major groups of biomarkers: (1) alkylresorcinol, as well as its homologs and metabolites, assessed in plasma, adipose tissue biopsies, erythrocyte membranes, and urine; (2) avenacosides, assessed in urine samples; and (3) benzoxazinoid-derived phenylacetamide sulfates, assessed in blood and urine samples. The reviewed biomarkers may be used for improved assessment of associations between whole-grain intake and health outcomes.
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20
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Awika JM, Rose DJ, Simsek S. Complementary effects of cereal and pulse polyphenols and dietary fiber on chronic inflammation and gut health. Food Funct 2018. [PMID: 29532826 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cereal grains and grain pulses are primary staples often consumed together, and contribute a major portion of daily human calorie and protein intake globally. Protective effects of consuming whole grain cereals and grain pulses against various inflammation-related chronic diseases are well documented. However, potential benefits of combined intake of whole cereals and pulses beyond their complementary amino acid nutrition is rarely considered in literature. There is ample evidence that key bioactive components of whole grain cereals and pulses are structurally different and thus may be optimized to provide synergistic/complementary health benefits. Among the most important whole grain bioactive components are polyphenols and dietary fiber, not only because of their demonstrated biological function, but also their major impact on consumer choice of whole grain/pulse products. This review highlights the distinct structural differences between key cereal grain and pulse polyphenols and non-starch polysaccharides (dietary fiber), and the evidence on specific synergistic/complementary benefits of combining the bioactive components from the two commodities. Interactive effects of the polyphenols and fiber on gut microbiota and associated benefits to colon health, and against systemic inflammation, are discussed. Processing technologies that can be used to further enhance the interactive benefits of combined cereal-pulse bioactive compounds are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Awika
- Cereal Quality Laboratory, Soil & Crop Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. and Nutrition and Food Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Devin J Rose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Senay Simsek
- North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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21
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to discuss recent research on arabinoxylans from rice bran and wheat byproducts and their immunomodulatory potentials. Also, a potential receptor for arabinoxylans is proposed in relation to arabinoxylans structure.
Design/methodology/approach
This review summarises recent publications on arabinoxylans from rice bran and wheat, classification of arabinoxylans, a brief background on their method of extraction and their immunomodulatory potentials as they induce pro-inflammatory response in vitro, in vivo and in humans. The mechanism of action in which arabinoxylans modulate the immune activity is yet to be discovered, However, the authors have proposed a potential receptor for arabinoxylans in relation to arabinoxylans structure and molecular weight.
Findings
The effects of arabinoxylans from rice bran and wheat on the immune response was found to cause a pro-inflammatory response in vitro, in vivo and in humans. Also, the immune response depends on arabinoxylans structure, the degree of branching and origin.
Originality/value
This review paper focuses on the effects of arabinoxylans from rice bran and wheat on immunomodulatory potentials in vitro, in vivo and in humans. A new mechanism of action has been proposed based on the literature and via linking between arabinoxylans and lipopolysaccharide structure, molecular weight and suggested proposed receptor, which might be activated via both of them.
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22
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Fadel A, Plunkett A, Li W, Tessu Gyamfi VE, Nyaranga RR, Fadel F, Dakak S, Ranneh Y, Salmon Y, Ashworth JJ. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by arabinoxylans. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmannan Fadel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Plunkett
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Weili Li
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation; University of Chester; Chester CH1 4BJ United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Elewosi Tessu Gyamfi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Roma Nyaranga
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Fadel
- Independent Researcher, Al-Baha University; Al Bahah Saudi Arabia
| | - Suaad Dakak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; Al-Ahliyya Amman University; Amman Jordan
| | - Yazan Ranneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Yasser Salmon
- Veteriner Fakultesi, Istanbul Universitesi; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Jason J Ashworth
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
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23
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Fadel A, Mahmoud AM, Ashworth JJ, Li W, Ng YL, Plunkett A. Health-related effects and improving extractability of cereal arabinoxylans. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:819-831. [PMID: 29133103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AXs) are major dietary fibers. They are composed of backbone chains of β-(1-4)-linked xylose residues to which α-l-arabinose are linked in the second and/or third carbon positions. Recently, AXs have attracted a great deal of attention because of their biological activities such as their immunomodulatory potential. Extraction of AXs has some difficulties; therefore, various methods have been used to increase the extractability of AXs with varying degrees of success, such as alkaline, enzymatic, mechanical extraction. However, some of these treatments have been reported to be either expensive, such as enzymatic treatments, or produce hazardous wastes and are non-environmentally friendly, such as alkaline treatments. On the other hand, mechanical assisted extraction, especially extrusion cooking, is an innovative pre-treatment that has been used to increase the solubility of AXs. The aim of the current review article is to point out the health-related effects and to discuss the current research on the extraction methods of AXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmannan Fadel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition at the Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jason J Ashworth
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Weili Li
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Lam Ng
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Plunkett
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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