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John J, Pillai AA, John J, Thomas RL, Thomas J, Thomas V, Unnikrishnan NV, Prakash P. Resonant energy transfer among naturally available bio materials for white light emission. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38829307 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2360687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In this work we have studied the fluorescence of natural dyes and generated nearly pure white light with chromaticity intensity (CIE) coordinate (0.35,0.35). The colour rendering index (CRI) and colour temperature corresponding to the CIE coordinate are calculated and these dyes are ideal for cool white light emission. It was observed that a broadband and simultaneous emission involving anthocyanin and polyphenol ellergic acid from jamun, curcumin and chlorophyll from spinach leaves played a vital role in obtaining a CIE index close to that of pure white light. The white light emission is due to the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from curcumin to anthocyanin and ellergic acid to curcumin. Efficiency of FRET is calculated and different possibilities studied. For the polyphenol ellergic acid, curcumin FRET pair the spectral overlap integral and the efficiency are 3.29 × 10-24 m2, 99.97% and for the curcumin, anthocyanin pair, they are 4.03 × 10-24 m2, 76%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josmi John
- Center for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, Christian College Chengannur, University of Kerala, Alappuzha, India
| | - Ajai A Pillai
- Center for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, Christian College Chengannur, University of Kerala, Alappuzha, India
| | - Jancy John
- Center for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, Christian College Chengannur, University of Kerala, Alappuzha, India
| | - Rose Leena Thomas
- Department of Physics, St. Joseph's College for Women, University of Kerala, Alappuzha, India
| | | | - Vinoy Thomas
- Center for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, Christian College Chengannur, University of Kerala, Alappuzha, India
| | - N V Unnikrishnan
- School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - P Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, India
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2
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Sun D, Wu S, Li X, Ge B, Zhou C, Yan X, Ruan R, Cheng P. The Structure, Functions and Potential Medicinal Effects of Chlorophylls Derived from Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:65. [PMID: 38393036 PMCID: PMC10890356 DOI: 10.3390/md22020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be natural producers of bioactive pigments, with the production of pigments from microalgae being a sustainable and economical strategy that promises to alleviate growing demand. Chlorophyll, as the main pigment of photosynthesis, has been widely studied, but its medicinal applications as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor reagent are still poorly understood. Chlorophyll is the most important pigment in plants and algae, which not only provides food for organisms throughout the biosphere, but also plays an important role in a variety of human and man-made applications. The biological activity of chlorophyll is closely related to its chemical structure; its specific structure offers the possibility for its medicinal applications. This paper reviews the structural and functional roles of microalgal chlorophylls, commonly used extraction methods, and recent advances in medicine, to provide a theoretical basis for the standardization and commercial production and application of chlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Songlin Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China;
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (D.S.); (S.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.)
- Center for Biorefining, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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3
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Feng H, Zhang J, Shu W, Bai X, Song L, Chen Y. Highly Accurate Pneumatically Tunable Optofluidic Distributed Feedback Dye Lasers. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:68. [PMID: 38258186 PMCID: PMC10820426 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Optofluidic dye lasers integrated into microfluidic chips are promising miniature coherent light sources for biosensing. However, achieving the accurate and efficient tuning of lasers remains challenging. This study introduces a novel pneumatically tunable optofluidic distributed feedback (DFB) dye laser in a multilayer microfluidic chip. The dye laser device integrates microfluidic channels, grating structures, and vacuum chambers. A second-order DFB grating configuration is utilized to ensure single-mode lasing. The application of vacuum pressure to the chambers stretches the soft grating layer, enabling the sensitive tuning of the lasing wavelength at a high resolution of 0.25 nm within a 7.84 nm range. The precise control of pressure and laser tuning is achieved through an electronic regulator. Additionally, the integrated microfluidic channels and optimized waveguide structure facilitate efficient dye excitation, resulting in a low pump threshold of 164 nJ/pulse. This pneumatically tunable optofluidic DFB laser, with its high-resolution wavelength tuning range, offers new possibilities for the development of integrated portable devices for biosensing and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.F.); (J.Z.); (W.S.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
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4
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Early warning and diagnostic visualization of Sclerotinia infected tomato based on hyperspectral imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21140. [PMID: 36477460 PMCID: PMC9729219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research explored the feasibility of early warning and diagnostic visualization of Sclerotinia infected tomato by using hyperspectral imaging technology. Healthy tomato plants and tomato plants with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were cultivated, and hyperspectral images at 400-1000 nm were collected from healthy and infected tomato leaves at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of incubation. After preprocessing the spectra with first derivative (FD), second derivative (SD), standard normal variant (SNV), and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to construct tomato sclerotinia identification model and select the best preprocessing method. On this basis, two band screening methods, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA), were introduced to reduce data redundancy and improve the model's prediction accuracy. The results showed that the accuracy of the validation sets and operation speed of the CARS-PLS and CARS-SVM models were 87.88% and 1.8 s, and 87.95% and 1.78 s, respectively. The experiment was based on the SNV-CARS-SVM prediction model combined with image processing, spectral extraction, and visualization analysis methods to create diagnostic visualization software, which opens a new avenue to the implementation of online monitoring and early warning system for sclerotinia infected tomato.
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Demonstration of intracellular real-time molecular quantification via FRET-enhanced optical microcavity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6685. [PMID: 36335126 PMCID: PMC9637138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell analysis is crucial for elucidating cellular diversity and heterogeneity as well as for medical diagnostics operating at the ultimate detection limit. Although superbly sensitive biosensors have been developed using the strongly enhanced evanescent fields provided by optical microcavities, real-time quantification of intracellular molecules remains challenging due to the extreme low quantity and limitations of the current techniques. Here, we introduce an active-mode optical microcavity sensing stage with enhanced sensitivity that operates via Förster resonant energy transferring (FRET) mechanism. The mutual effects of optical microcavity and FRET greatly enhances the sensing performance by four orders of magnitude compared to pure Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavity sensing system. We demonstrate distinct sensing mechanism of FRET-WGM from pure WGM. Predicted lasing wavelengths of both donor and acceptor by theoretical calculations are in perfect agreement with the experimental data. The proposed sensor enables quantitative molecular analysis at single cell resolution, and real-time monitoring of intracellular molecules over extended periods while maintaining the cell viability. By achieving high sensitivity at single cell level, our approach provides a path toward FRET-enhanced real-time quantitative analysis of intracellular molecules.
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6
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Zhao X, Chen Y, Guo Z, Zhou Y, Guo J, Liu Z, Zhang X, Xiao L, Fei Y, Wu X. Tunable optofluidic microbubble lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:8317-8329. [PMID: 35299575 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic microlenses are one of the crucial components in many miniature lab-on-chip systems. However, many optofluidic microlenses are fabricated through complex micromachining and tuned by high-precision actuators. We propose a kind of tunable optofluidic microbubble lens that is made by the fuse-and-blow method with a fiber fusion splicer. The optical focusing properties of the microlens can be tuned by changing the refractive index of the liquid inside. The focal spot size is 2.8 µm and the focal length is 13.7 µm, which are better than those of other tunable optofluidic microlenses. The imaging capability of the optofluidic microbubble lens is demonstrated under a resolution test target and the imaging resolution can reach 1 µm. The results indicate that the optofluidic microbubble lens possesses good focusing properties and imaging capability for many applications, such as cell counting, optical trapping, spatial light coupling, beam shaping and imaging.
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7
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Wang C, Gong C, Zhang Y, Qiao Z, Yuan Z, Gong Y, Chang GE, Tu WC, Chen YC. Programmable Rainbow-Colored Optofluidic Fiber Laser Encoded with Topologically Structured Chiral Droplets. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11126-11136. [PMID: 34137585 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic lasers are emerging building blocks with immense potential in the development of miniaturized light sources, integrated photonics, and sensors. The capability of on-demand lasing output with programmable and continuous wavelength tunability over a broad spectral range enables key functionalities in wavelength-division multiplexing and manipulation of light-matter interactions. However, the ability to control multicolor lasing characteristics within a small mode volume with high reconfigurability remains challenging. The color gamut is also restricted by the number of dyes and emission wavelength of existing materials. In this study, we introduce a fully programmable multicolor laser by encapsulating organic-dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal microdroplet lasers in an optofluidic fiber. A mechanism for tuning laser emission wavelengths was proposed by manipulating the topologically induced nanoshell structures in microdroplets with different chiral dopant concentrations. Precision control of distinctive lasing wavelengths and colors covering the entire visible spectra was achieved, including monochromatic lasing, dual-color lasing, tri-color lasing, and white colored lasing with tunable color temperatures. Our findings revealed a CIE color map with 145% more perceptible colors than the standard RGB space, shedding light on the development of programmable lasers, multiplexed encoding, and biomedical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chaoyang Gong
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhen Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Yuan
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guo-En Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Tu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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8
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Gong X, Feng S, Qiao Z, Chen YC. Imaging-Based Optofluidic Biolaser Array Encapsulated with Dynamic Living Organisms. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5823-5830. [PMID: 33734676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic biolasers have emerged as promising tools for biomedical analysis due to their strong light-matter interactions and miniaturized size. Recent developments in optofluidic lasers have opened a new Frontier in monitoring biological processes. However, most biolasers require precise recording of the lasing spectrum at the single cavity level, which limits its application in high-throughput applications. Herein, a microdroplet laser array encapsulated with living Escherichia coli was printed on highly reflective mirrors, where laser emission images were employed to reflect the dynamic changes in living organisms. The concept of image-based lasing analysis was proposed by quantifying the integrated pixel intensity of the lasing image from whispering-gallery modes. Finally, dynamic interactions between E. coli and antibiotic drugs were compared under fluorescence and laser emission images. The amplification that occurred during laser generation enabled the quantification of tiny biological changes in the gain medium. Laser imaging presented a significant increase in integrated pixel intensity by 2 orders of magnitude. Our findings demonstrate that image-based lasing analysis is more sensitive to dynamic changes than fluorescence analysis, paving the way for high-throughput on-chip laser analysis of living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Gong
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., 639798, Singapore
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhen Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., 639798, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr., 639798, Singapore
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9
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Toropov N, Cabello G, Serrano MP, Gutha RR, Rafti M, Vollmer F. Review of biosensing with whispering-gallery mode lasers. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:42. [PMID: 33637696 PMCID: PMC7910454 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lasers are the pillars of modern optics and sensing. Microlasers based on whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) are miniature in size and have excellent lasing characteristics suitable for biosensing. WGM lasers have been used for label-free detection of single virus particles, detection of molecular electrostatic changes at biointerfaces, and barcode-type live-cell tagging and tracking. The most recent advances in biosensing with WGM microlasers are described in this review. We cover the basic concepts of WGM resonators, the integration of gain media into various active WGM sensors and devices, and the cutting-edge advances in photonic devices for micro- and nanoprobing of biological samples that can be integrated with WGM lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Toropov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Gema Cabello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mariana P Serrano
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Rithvik R Gutha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matías Rafti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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10
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Yuan Z, Tan X, Gong X, Gong C, Cheng X, Feng S, Fan X, Chen YC. Bioresponsive microlasers with tunable lasing wavelength. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1608-1615. [PMID: 33439198 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lasing particles are emerging tools for amplifying light-matter interactions at the biointerface by exploiting its strong intensity and miniaturized size. Recent advances in implementing laser particles into living cells and tissues have opened a new frontier in biological imaging, monitoring, and tracking. Despite remarkable progress in micro- and nanolasers, lasing particles with surface functionality remain challenging due to the low mode-volume while maintaining a high Q-factor. Herein, we report the novel concept of bioresponsive microlasers by exploiting interfacial energy transfer based on whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microdroplet cavities. Lasing wavelengths were manipulated by energy transfer-induced changes of a gain spectrum resulting from the binding molecular concentrations at the cavity surface. Both protein-based and enzymatic-based interactions were demonstrated, shedding light on the development of functional microlasers. Finally, tunable lasing wavelengths over a broad spectral range were achieved by selecting different donor/acceptor pairs. This study not only opens new avenues for biodetection, but also provides deep insights into how molecules modulate laser light at the biointerface, laying the foundation for the development of smart bio-photonic devices at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Yuan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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11
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Wang X, Pan M, Shi Z, Yu D, Huang F. Protein Nanobarrel for Integrating Chlorophyll a Molecules and Its Photochemical Performance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:399-405. [PMID: 35014291 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from biology's effectiveness in nanoscale organization of chlorophylls for photosynthesis, we describe here a design for chlorophyll-protein conjugates that exploits the central hydrophobic cavity of GroEL protein nanobarrel as a binding pocket for chlorophyll. We found water-soluble conjugates of chlorophyll with GroEL could be easily generated via detergent dialysis. The number of chlorophyll units bound to GroEL is tunable by varying the equilibrium concentration of chlorophyll during dialysis. Meanwhile, it is shown that an increase in the entrapped chlorophyll amount leads to an improvement of chlorophyll-GroEL photostability. Using methyl viologen as an electron acceptor, we demonstrate that chlorophyll-GroEL has photoreduction activity, which is also switchable in on/off illumination mode. Finally, it is shown that chlorophyll-GroEL-sensitized solar cells have good photoelectric properties, yielding a high photoelectric conversion efficiency of ∼0.9%. The current strategy may be adopted for integrating other photosensitizing dyes or for other photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Meihong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhuang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Daoyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
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12
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Roxby DN, Yuan Z, Krishnamoorthy S, Wu P, Tu W, Chang G, Lau R, Chen Y. Enhanced Biophotocurrent Generation in Living Photosynthetic Optical Resonator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903707. [PMID: 32537412 PMCID: PMC7284217 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy from photosynthetic living organisms is a potential solution for energy-harvesting and bioelectricity-generation issues. With the emerging interest in biophotovoltaics, extracting electricity from photosynthetic organisms remains challenging because of the low electron-transition rate and photon collection efficiency due to membrane shielding. In this study, the concept of "photosynthetic resonator" to amplify biological nanoelectricity through the confinement of living microalgae (Chlorella sp.) in an optical micro/nanocavity is demonstrated. Strong energy coupling between the Fabry-Perot cavity mode and photosynthetic resonance offers the potential of exploiting optical resonators to amplify photocurrent generation as well as energy harvesting. Biomimetic models and living photosynthesis are explored in which the power is increased by almost 600% and 200%, respectively. Systematic studies of photosystem fluorescence and photocurrent are simultaneously carried out. Finally, an optofluidic-based photosynthetic device is developed. It is envisaged that the key innovations proposed in this study can provide comprehensive insights in biological-energy sciences, suggesting a new avenue to amplify electrochemical signals using an optical cavity. Promising applications include photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, biofuel devices, and sustainable optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Roxby
- School of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Yuan
- School of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Sankaran Krishnamoorthy
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Pinchieh Wu
- Department of PhotonicsNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan CityTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Chen Tu
- Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan CityTaiwan
| | - Guo‐En Chang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational Chung Cheng UniversityChiayiTaiwan
| | - Raymond Lau
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Yu‐Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
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14
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Abstract
The selective amplification of DNA in the polymerase chain reaction is used to exponentially increase the signal in molecular diagnostics for nucleic acids, but there are no analogous techniques for signal enhancement in clinical tests for proteins or cells. Instead, the signal from affinity-based measurements of these biomolecules depends linearly on the probe concentration. Substituting antibody-based probes tagged for fluorescent quantification with lasing detection probes would create a new platform for biomarker quantification based on optical rather than enzymatic amplification. Here, we construct a virus laser which bridges synthetic biology and laser physics, and demonstrate virus-lasing probes for biosensing. Our virus-lasing probes display an unprecedented > 10,000 times increase in signal from only a 50% increase in probe concentration, using fluorimeter-compatible optics, and can detect biomolecules at sub-100 fmol mL−1 concentrations. Many ligand-binding assays still rely on signals that scale linearly with probe concentration. The authors present lasing detection probes with a dye-labelled virus as the gain medium to optically amplify the signal, which could enable much higher signals than for fluorescent quantification.
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15
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He J, Hu S, Ren J, Cheng X, Hu Z, Wang N, Zhang H, Lam RHW, Tam HY. Biofluidic Random Laser Cytometer for Biophysical Phenotyping of Cell Suspensions. ACS Sens 2019; 4:832-840. [PMID: 30854844 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic profiling of single floating cells in liquid biopsies is the key to the era of precision medicine. A random laser in biofluids is a promising tool for the label-free characterization of the biophysical properties as a result of the high brightness and sharp peaks of the lasing spectra, yet previous reports were limited to the random laser in solid tissues with dense scattering. In this report, a random laser cytometer is demonstrated in an optofluidic device filled with gain medium and human breast normal/cancerous cells. The multiple lightscattering event induced by the microscale human cells promotes random lasing and influences the lasing properties in term of laser modes, spectral wavelengths, and lasing thresholds. A sensing strategy based on analyzing the lasing properties is developed to determine both the whole cell and the subcellular biophysical properties, and the malignant alterations of the cell suspensions are successfully detected. Our results provide a new approach to designing a label-free biophysical cytometer based on optofluidic random laser devices, which is advantageous for further research in the field of random laser bioapplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun He
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhuan Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong High-Throughput Sequencing Research Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jifeng Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhijia Hu
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
| | - Ning Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huangui Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong High-Throughput Sequencing Research Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hwa-Yaw Tam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Tang SJ, Liu Z, Qian YJ, Shi K, Sun Y, Wu C, Gong Q, Xiao YF. A Tunable Optofluidic Microlaser in a Photostable Conjugated Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804556. [PMID: 30311273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The optofluidic laser has become an important platform for biological sensing and medical diagnosis. To date, fluorescent dyes and proteins have been widely utilized as gain materials for biological analysis due to their good biocompatibility, but the limited photostability restricts their reliability and sensitivity. Here, an optofluidic microlaser with an ultralow threshold down to 7.8 µJ cm-2 in the ultrahigh-Q whispering-gallery microcavity, which is filled with a biocompatible conjugated polymer, is demonstrated. This conjugated polymer exhibits a significant enhancement in the lasing stability compared with a typical laser dye (Nile red). In the experiment, after 20 min of illumination with the excitation intensity of 23.2 MW cm-2 , the lasing intensity of the conjugated polymer experiences a decrease of less than 10%, while the lasing feature of Nile red completely disappears. Additionally, by mechanically stretching the resonator, the lasing frequency can be fine-tuned with the range of about 2 nm, exceeding the free spectral range of the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Zhihe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Kebin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
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17
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Chen YC, Chen Q, Wu X, Tan X, Wang J, Fan X. A robust tissue laser platform for analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1057-1065. [PMID: 29511754 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00084k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laser emission-based detection and imaging technology has attracted significant interest in biomedical research due to its high sensitivity, narrow linewidth, and superior spectral and spatial resolution. Recent advances have further revealed the potential to use laser emission to investigate chromatin dynamics, as well as to diagnose cancer tissues based on nuclear biomarkers. To move the laser emission based detection technology a step further towards practical use, in this work, we developed a highly robust tissue laser platform by microfabricating an SU8 spacer with a fixed height on the top mirror of the Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity, which allows generation of reproducible and stable lasing results regardless of tissue thickness. Then we applied this platform to achieve lasing emission from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tissues, which account for an overwhelming fraction of tissues collected for research and clinical use worldwide. We further showed that the cancer and normal FFPE lung tissues can be distinguished by their respective lasing thresholds. Two different tissue thicknesses (10 μm and 5 μm) commonly used in pathological labs were explored. Finally, we tested three additional types of tissues (colon, stomach, and breast) that were prepared independently by lab technicians in a pathology lab in China and shipped to the US in order to validate the general applicability and practicality of the laser emission-based technology as well as the corresponding sample preparation protocol and the tissue laser platform. Our work will not only vastly broaden the applications of laser emission-based detection/imaging technology but also help translate it from the laboratory to an automated system for clinical practice that may eventually benefit biomedicine and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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18
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Feng Z, Bai L. Advances of Optofluidic Microcavities for Microlasers and Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9030122. [PMID: 30424056 PMCID: PMC6187242 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidic microcavities with high Q factor have made rapid progress in recent years by using various micro-structures. On one hand, they are applied to microfluidic lasers with low excitation thresholds. On the other hand, they inspire the innovation of new biosensing devices with excellent performance. In this article, the recent advances in the microlaser research and the biochemical sensing field will be reviewed. The former will be categorized based on the structures of optical resonant cavities such as the Fabry⁻Pérot cavity and whispering gallery mode, and the latter will be classified based on the working principles into active sensors and passive sensors. Moreover, the difficulty of single-chip integration and recent endeavors will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Feng
- College of Physics and Materials Engineering, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Lan Bai
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian 116600, China.
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19
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Biswas S, Kumbhakar P. Continuous wave random lasing in naturally occurring biocompatible pigments and reduction of lasing threshold using triangular silver nanostructures as scattering media. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18812-18818. [PMID: 29171598 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06183h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Random lasers have enormous applications in several fields including speckle-free imaging and bio-imaging. Thus, recently, random laser (RL) generation (mostly under pulsed operation) has been demonstrated in several commercial organic dyes with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY). Although some commercial organic dyes have high PLQYs, these have several limitations; particularly, these dyes are not bio-compatible and thus cannot be used in in vivo bio-imaging. In this study, rarely reported bio-inspired continuous-wave (CW) RL generation has been demonstrated at ca. 674 nm, pumped by a low power He-Ne laser, in naturally occurring pigments of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves extract (HRLe). The lasing threshold was reduced by ∼2.4 times from 40.7 W cm-2 (without scatterer) to 16.8 W cm-2 using anisotropic triangular nanostructures of silver (TNS) as a scatterer with a typical number density of 8 × 1015 nos. per ml. Unprecedentedly, further RL generation at ca. 691.7 nm with spectrally narrowed emission modes with a line-width of ca. 1 nm along with a very low lasing threshold of 15 W cm-2 has been demonstrated in a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol doped with methylene blue dye and TNS. This study will initiate a new era of development of bio-inspired RL for bio-photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biswas
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, 713209 West Bengal, India.
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20
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Yong D, Ding D. Lasing with cell-endogenous fluorophores: parameters and conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13569. [PMID: 29051508 PMCID: PMC5648766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion of lasing with biologics has recently been realized and has rapidly developed with the collective objective of creating lasers in vivo. One major limitation of achieving this is the requirement of exogenous dyes and fluorescent materials. We thus investigate for the first time the possibility of lasing unlabelled cells, using just cell-endogenous fluorophores - the source of cell autofluorescence. In this work, we theoretically studied the lasing potential and efficiency of flavins and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) using a dye lasing model based on coupled rate equations. Analytical solutions for one- and two-photon pumped system were used in multi-parameter studies. We found that at physiological conditions, the more abundant NAD(P)H can be lased with a cavity quality factor of 105. We then recommended the tuning of intersystem crossing to make the lasing of flavins feasible even at their low physiological concentrations. Under conditions of reduced intersystem crossing, we concluded that it is more practical to lase unlabelled cells using flavins, because lasing thresholds and cavity quality factors were both at least an order lower. We also note the higher threshold requirements and lower efficiencies of two-photon pumping, but recognize its potential for realizing lasing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Yong
- Precision Measurements Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-04, 138634, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ding Ding
- Precision Measurements Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-04, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Chen YC, Tan X, Sun Q, Chen Q, Wang W, Fan X. Laser-emission imaging of nuclear biomarkers for high-contrast cancer screening and immunodiagnosis. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:724-735. [PMID: 29204310 PMCID: PMC5711465 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Detection of nuclear biomarkers such as nucleic acids and nuclear proteins is critical for early-stage cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Conventional methods relying on morphological assessment of cell nuclei in histopathology slides may be subjective, whereas colorimetric immunohistochemical and fluorescence-based imaging are limited by strong light absorption, broad-emission bands and low contrast. Here, we describe the development and use of a scanning laser-emission-based microscope that maps lasing emissions from nuclear biomarkers in human tissues. 41 tissue samples from 35 patients labelled with site-specific and biomarker-specific antibody-conjugated dyes were sandwiched in a Fabry-Pérot microcavity while an excitation laser beam built a laser-emission image. We observed multiple sub-cellular lasing emissions from cancer cell nuclei, with a threshold of tens of μJ/mm2, sub-micron resolution (<700 nm), and a lasing band in the few-nanometre range. Different lasing thresholds of nuclei in cancer and normal tissues enabled the identification and multiplexed detection of nuclear proteomic biomarkers, with a high sensitivity for early-stage cancer diagnosis. Laser-emission-based cancer screening and immunodiagnosis might find use in precision medicine and facilitate research in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaotian Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Qihan Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Qiushu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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22
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Heylman KD, Knapper KA, Horak EH, Rea MT, Vanga SK, Goldsmith RH. Optical Microresonators for Sensing and Transduction: A Materials Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700037. [PMID: 28627118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical microresonators confine light to a particular microscale trajectory, are exquisitely sensitive to their microenvironment, and offer convenient readout of their optical properties. Taken together, this is an immensely attractive combination that makes optical microresonators highly effective as sensors and transducers. Meanwhile, advances in material science, fabrication techniques, and photonic sensing strategies endow optical microresonators with new functionalities, unique transduction mechanisms, and in some cases, unparalleled sensitivities. In this progress report, the operating principles of these sensors are reviewed, and different methods of signal transduction are evaluated. Examples are shown of how choice of materials must be suited to the analyte, and how innovations in fabrication and sensing are coupled together in a mutually reinforcing cycle. A tremendously broad range of capabilities of microresonator sensors is described, from electric and magnetic field sensing to mechanical sensing, from single-molecule detection to imaging and spectroscopy, from operation at high vacuum to in live cells. Emerging sensing capabilities are highlighted and put into context in the field. Future directions are imagined, where the diverse capabilities laid out are combined and advances in scalability and integration are implemented, leading to the creation of a sensor unparalleled in sensitivity and information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Heylman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kassandra A Knapper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Erik H Horak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Morgan T Rea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sudheer K Vanga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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23
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Shi YZ, Xiong S, Chin LK, Yang Y, Zhang JB, Ser W, Wu JH, Chen TN, Yang ZC, Hao YL, Liedberg B, Yap PH, Zhang Y, Liu AQ. High-resolution and multi-range particle separation by microscopic vibration in an optofluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2017. [PMID: 28634603 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An optofluidic chip is demonstrated in experiments for high-resolution and multi-range particle separation through the optically-induced microscopic vibration effect, where nanoparticles are trapped in loosely overdamped optical potential wells created with combined optical and fluidic constraints. It is the first demonstration of separating single nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 60 to 100 nm with a resolution of 10 nm. Nanoparticles vibrate with an amplitude of 3-7 μm in the loosely overdamped potential wells in the microchannel. The proposed optofluidic device is capable of high-resolution particle separation at both nanoscale and microscale without reconfiguring the device. The separation of bacteria from other larger cells is accomplished using the same chip and operation conditions. The unique trapping mechanism and the superb performance in high-resolution and multi-range particle separation of the proposed optofluidic chip promise great potential for a diverse range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xian 710049, China
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24
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Chen YC, Chen Q, Zhang T, Wang W, Fan X. Versatile tissue lasers based on high-Q Fabry-Pérot microcavities. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:538-548. [PMID: 28098320 PMCID: PMC5289748 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01457g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biolasers are an emerging technology for next generation biochemical detection and clinical applications. Progress has recently been made to achieve lasing from biomolecules and single living cells. Tissues, which consist of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix, mimic more closely the actual complex biological environment in a living body and therefore are of more practical significance. Here, we developed a highly versatile tissue laser platform, in which tissues stained with fluorophores are sandwiched in a high-Q Fabry-Pérot microcavity. Distinct lasing emissions from muscle and adipose tissues stained respectively with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and hybrid muscle/adipose tissue with dual staining were achieved with a threshold of only ∼10 μJ mm-2. Additionally, we investigated how the tissue structure/geometry, tissue thickness, and staining dye concentration affect the tissue laser. Lasing emission from FITC conjugates (FITC-phalloidin) that specifically target F-actin in muscle tissues was also realized. It is further found that, despite the large fluorescence spectral overlap between FITC and BODIPY in tissues, their lasing emissions could be clearly distinguished and controlled due to their narrow lasing bands and different lasing thresholds, thus enabling highly multiplexed detection. Our tissue laser platform can be broadly applicable to various types of tissues/diseases. It provides a new tool for a wide range of biological and biomedical applications, such as diagnostics/screening of tissues and identification/monitoring of biological transformations in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Qiushu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
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25
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Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) is the only near-infrared dye approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. When injected in blood, ICG binds primarily to plasma proteins and lipoproteins, resulting in enhanced fluorescence. Recently, the optofluidic laser has emerged as a novel tool in bio-analysis. Laser emission has advantages over fluorescence in signal amplification, narrow linewidth, and strong intensity, leading to orders of magnitude increase in detection sensitivity and imaging contrast. Here we successfully demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first ICG lasing in human serum and whole blood with the clinical ICG concentrations and the pump intensity far below the clinically permissible level. Furthermore, we systematically study ICG laser emission within each major serological component (albumins, globulins, and lipoproteins) and reveal the critical elements and conditions responsible for lasing. Our work marks a critical step toward eventual clinical and biomedical applications of optofluidic lasers using FDA approved fluorophores, which may complement or even supersede conventional fluorescence-based sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Qiushu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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