1
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Malik U, Hubesch R, Koley P, Mazur M, Mehla S, Butti SK, Brandt M, Selvakannan PR, Bhargava S. Surface functionalized 3D printed metal structures as next generation recyclable SERS substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13406-13420. [PMID: 37850470 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Combining the design flexibility and rapid prototyping capabilities of additive manufacturing with photocatalytic and plasmonic functionalities is promising for the development of next-generation SERS applications such as point of care diagnostics and in situ monitoring of chemical reactions in fuels and chemical processing. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a well-matured additive manufacturing technique which generates metallic structures through localised melting and joining of metal powders using a laser. LPBF reduces material wastage during manufacturing, is applicable to a wide range of metals and alloys, and allows printing of complex internal structures. This feature article elaborates the use of soot templating, chemical vapour deposition and electroless plating techniques for grafting plasmonic and semiconductor nanoparticles on the surface of LPBF manufactured metallic substrates. The capability to fabricate different types of intricate metallic lattices using additive manufacturing is demonstrated and technical challenges in their adequate functionalization are elaborated. The developed methodology allows tailoring of the substrate structure, composition, morphology, plasmonic and photocatalytic activities and thus unveils a new class of recyclable SERS substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Malik
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Roxanne Hubesch
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paramita Koley
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Maciej Mazur
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 3001 Victoria, Australia
| | - Sunil Mehla
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sai Kishore Butti
- Chemical Engineering and Process Technology Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Milan Brandt
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 3001 Victoria, Australia
| | - P R Selvakannan
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Suresh Bhargava
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Merkel M, Noll P, Lilge L, Hausmann R, Henkel M. Design and evaluation of a 3D-printed, lab-scale perfusion bioreactor for novel biotechnological applications. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200554. [PMID: 37366016 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
3D-printing increased in significance for biotechnological research as new applications like lab-on-a-chip systems, cell culture devices or 3D-printed foods were uncovered. Besides mammalian cell culture, only few of those applications focus on the cultivation of microorganisms and none of these make use of the advantages of perfusion systems. One example for applying 3D-printing for bioreactor development is the microbial utilization of alternative substrates derived from lignocellulose, where dilute carbon concentrations and harmful substances present a major challenge. Furthermore, quickly manufactured and affordable 3D-printed bioreactors can accelerate early development phases through parallelization. In this work, a novel perfusion bioreactor system consisting of parts manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF) is presented and evaluated. Hydrophilic membranes are used for cell retention to allow the application of dilute substrates. Oxygen supply is provided by membrane diffusion via hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. An exemplary cultivation of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 supports the theoretical design by achieving competitive biomass concentrations of 18.4 g L-1 after 52 h. As a proof-of-concept for cultivation of microorganisms in perfusion mode, the described bioreactor system has application potential for bioconversion of multi-component substrate-streams in a lignocellulose-based bioeconomy, for in-situ product removal or design considerations of future applications for tissue cultures. Furthermore, this work provides a template-based toolbox with instructions for creating reference systems in different application scenarios or tailor-made bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Merkel
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Noll
- Cellular Agriculture, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Lars Lilge
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Henkel
- Cellular Agriculture, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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3
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Duan K, Orabi M, Warchock A, Al-Akraa Z, Ajami Z, Chun TH, Lo JF. Monolithically 3D-Printed Microfluidics with Embedded µTesla Pump. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14020237. [PMID: 36837937 PMCID: PMC9965163 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has earned a reputation for providing numerous transformative but disconnected devices and techniques. Active research seeks to address this challenge by integrating microfluidic components, including embedded miniature pumps. However, a significant portion of existing microfluidic integration relies on the time-consuming manual fabrication that introduces device variations. We put forward a framework for solving this disconnect by combining new pumping mechanics and 3D printing to demonstrate several novel, integrated and wirelessly driven microfluidics. First, we characterized the simplicity and performance of printed microfluidics with a minimum feature size of 100 µm. Next, we integrated a microtesla (µTesla) pump to provide non-pulsatile flow with reduced shear stress on beta cells cultured on-chip. Lastly, the integration of radio frequency (RF) device and a hobby-grade brushless motor completed a self-enclosed platform that can be remotely controlled without wires. Our study shows how new physics and 3D printing approaches not only provide better integration but also enable novel cell-based studies to advance microfluidic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Mohamad Orabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Alexus Warchock
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Zaynab Al-Akraa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Zeinab Ajami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Tae-Hwa Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joe F. Lo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
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4
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Temperini ME, Di Giacinto F, Romanò S, Di Santo R, Augello A, Polito R, Baldassarre L, Giliberti V, Papi M, Basile U, Niccolini B, Krasnowska EK, Serafino A, De Spirito M, Di Gaspare A, Ortolani M, Ciasca G. Antenna-enhanced mid-infrared detection of extracellular vesicles derived from human cancer cell cultures. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:530. [PMID: 36514065 PMCID: PMC9746222 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are sub-micrometer lipid-bound particles released by most cell types. They are considered a promising source of cancer biomarkers for liquid biopsy and personalized medicine due to their specific molecular cargo, which provides biochemical information on the state of parent cells. Despite this potential, EVs translation process in the diagnostic practice is still at its birth, and the development of novel medical devices for their detection and characterization is highly required. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate mid-infrared plasmonic nanoantenna arrays designed to detect, in the liquid and dry phase, the specific vibrational absorption signal of EVs simultaneously with the unspecific refractive index sensing signal. For this purpose, EVs are immobilized on the gold nanoantenna surface by immunocapture, allowing us to select specific EV sub-populations and get rid of contaminants. A wet sample-handling technique relying on hydrophobicity contrast enables effortless reflectance measurements with a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectro-microscope in the wavelength range between 10 and 3 µm. In a proof-of-principle experiment carried out on EVs released from human colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) cells, the protein absorption bands (amide-I and amide-II between 5.9 and 6.4 µm) increase sharply within minutes when the EV solution is introduced in the fluidic chamber, indicating sensitivity to the EV proteins. A refractive index sensing curve is simultaneously provided by our sensor in the form of the redshift of a sharp spectral edge at wavelengths around 5 µm, where no vibrational absorption of organic molecules takes place: this permits to extract of the dynamics of EV capture by antibodies from the overall molecular layer deposition dynamics, which is typically measured by commercial surface plasmon resonance sensors. Additionally, the described metasurface is exploited to compare the spectral response of EVs derived from cancer cells with increasing invasiveness and metastatic potential, suggesting that the average secondary structure content in EVs can be correlated with cell malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Thanks to the high protein sensitivity and the possibility to work with small sample volumes-two key features for ultrasensitive detection of extracellular vesicles- our lab-on-chip can positively impact the development of novel laboratory medicine methods for the molecular characterization of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleonora Temperini
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy ,grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Neuro and Nano Sciences IIT@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Giacinto
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy ,grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy ,grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Di Santo
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Augello
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Polito
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonetta Baldassarre
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Giliberti
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Neuro and Nano Sciences IIT@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy ,grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Basile
- grid.414603.4Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Niccolini
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ewa K. Krasnowska
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalucia Serafino
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy ,grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Gaspare
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy ,grid.509494.5NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Ortolani
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy ,grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Neuro and Nano Sciences IIT@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy ,grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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5
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Barrington H, Dickinson A, McGuire J, Yan C, Reid M. Computer Vision for Kinetic Analysis of Lab- and Process-Scale Mixing Phenomena. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:3073-3088. [PMID: 36437899 PMCID: PMC9680030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A software platform for the computer vision-enabled analysis of mixing phenomena of relevance to process scale-up is described. By bringing new and known time-resolved mixing metrics under one platform, hitherto unavailable comparisons of pixel-derived mixing metrics are exemplified across non-chemical and chemical processes. The analytical methods described are applicable using any camera and across an appreciable range of reactor scales, from development through to process scale-up. A case study in nucleophilic aromatic substitution run on a 5 L scale in a stirred tank reactor shows how camera and offline concentration analyses can be correlated. In some cases, it can be shown that camera data hold the power to predict reaction progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Barrington
- Department
of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Royal
College Building 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, U.K.
| | - Alan Dickinson
- Colorants
Technology Centre, FUJIFILM Imaging Colorants, Earls Road, Grangemouth FK3 8XG, U.K.
| | - Jake McGuire
- Department
of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Royal
College Building 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, U.K.
| | - Chunhui Yan
- Department
of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Royal
College Building 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, U.K.
| | - Marc Reid
- Department
of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Royal
College Building 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, U.K.,
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6
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Abstract
Resistive pulse sensors have been used to characterise everything from whole cells to small molecules. Their integration into microfluidic devices has simplified sample handling whilst increasing throughput. Typically, these devices measure a limited size range, making them prone to blockages in complex sample matrixes. To prolong their life and facilitate their use, samples are often filtered or prepared to match the sample with the sensor diameter. Here, we advance our tuneable flow resistive pulse sensor which utilises additively manufactured parts. The sensor allows parts to be easily changed, washed and cleaned, its simplicity and versatility allow components from existing nanopore fabrication techniques such as glass pipettes to be integrated into a single device. This creates a multi-nanopore sensor that can simultaneously measure particles from 0.1 to 30 μm in diameter. The orientation and controlled fluid flow in the device allow the sensors to be placed in series, whereby smaller particles can be measured in the presence of larger ones without the risk of being blocked. We illustrate the concept of a multi-pore flow resistive pulse sensor, by combining an additively manufactured tuneable sensor, termed sensor 1, with a fixed nanopore sensor, termed sensor 2. Sensor 1 measures particles as small as 10 μm in diameter, whilst sensor 2 can be used to characterise particles as small as 100 nm, depending upon its dimensions. We illustrate the dual pore sensor by measuring 1 and 10 μm particles simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Pollard
- School of Science, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Rushabh Maugi
- School of Science, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Mark Platt
- School of Science, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, LE11 3TU, UK.
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7
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Complementary catalysis and analysis within solid state additively manufactured metal micro flow reactors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5121. [PMID: 35332202 PMCID: PMC8948297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing is transforming how researchers and industrialists look to design and manufacture chemical devices to meet their specific needs. In this work, we report the first example of a flow reactor formed via the solid-state metal sheet lamination technique, Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM), with directly integrated catalytic sections and sensing elements. The UAM technology not only overcomes many of the current limitations associated with the additive manufacturing of chemical reactionware but it also significantly increases the functionality of such devices. A range of biologically important 1, 4-disubstituted 1, 2, 3-triazole compounds were successfully synthesised and optimised in-flow through a Cu mediated Huisgen 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition using the UAM chemical device. By exploiting the unique properties of UAM and continuous flow processing, the device was able to catalyse the proceeding reactions whilst also providing real-time feedback for reaction monitoring and optimisation.
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8
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Duarte LC, Pereira I, Maciel LIL, Vaz BG, Coltro WKT. 3D printed microfluidic mixer for real-time monitoring of organic reactions by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339252. [PMID: 34857139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is a technology that has revolutionized traditional rapid prototyping methods due to its ability to build microscale structures with customized geometries in a simple, fast, and low-cost way. In this sense, this article describes the development of a microfluidic mixing device to monitor chemical reactions by mass spectrometry (MS). Microfluidic mixers were designed containing 3D serpentine and Y-shaped microchannels, both with a pointed end for facilitating the spray formation. The devices were fabricated entirely by 3D printing with fusion deposition modeling (FDM) technology. As proof-of-concept, micromixers were evaluated through monitoring the Katritzky reaction by injecting simultaneously 2,4,6-triphenylpropyllium (TPP) and amino acid (glycine or alanine) solutions, each through a different reactor inlet. Reaction product was monitored online by MS at different flow rates. Mass spectra showed that the relative abundances of the products obtained with the device containing the 3D serpentine channel were three times greater than those obtained with the Y-channel device due to the turbulence generated by the barriers created inside microchannels. In addition, when compared to the conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique, the 3D serpentine mixer offered better performance measured in relation to the relative abundance values for the reaction products. These results as well as the instrumental simplicity indicate that 3D printed microfluidic mixer is a promising tool for monitoring organic reactions via MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Igor Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lanaia I L Maciel
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Abstract
Optofluidics represents the interaction of light and fluids on a chip that integrates microfluidics and optics, which provides a promising optical platform for manipulating and analyzing fluid samples. Recent years have witnessed a substantial growth in optofluidic devices, including the integration of optical and fluidic control units, the incorporation of diverse photonic nanostructures, and new applications. All these advancements have enabled the implementation of optofluidics with improved performance. In this review, the recent advances of fabrication techniques and cutting-edge applications of optofluidic devices are presented, with a special focus on the developments of imaging and sensing. Specifically, the optofluidic based imaging techniques and applications are summarized, including the high-throughput cytometry, biochemical analysis, and optofluidic nanoparticle manipulation. The optofluidic sensing section is categorized according to the modulation approaches and the transduction mechanisms, represented by absorption, reflection/refraction, scattering, and plasmonics. Perspectives on future developments and promising avenues in the fields of optofluidics are also provided.
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10
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Balakrishnan HK, Doeven EH, Merenda A, Dumée LF, Guijt RM. 3D printing for the integration of porous materials into miniaturised fluidic devices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:338796. [PMID: 34711329 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials facilitate the efficient separation of chemicals and particulate matter by providing selectivity through structural and surface properties and are attractive as sorbent owing to their large surface area. This broad applicability of porous materials makes the integration of porous materials and microfluidic devices important in the development of more efficient, advanced separation platforms. Additive manufacturing approaches are fundamentally different to traditional manufacturing methods, providing unique opportunities in the fabrication of fluidic devices. The complementary 3D printing (3DP) methods are each accompanied by unique opportunities and limitations in terms of minimum channel size, scalability, functional integration and automation. This review focuses on the developments in the fabrication of 3DP miniaturised fluidic devices with integrated porous materials, focusing polymer-based methods including fused filament fabrication (FFF), inkjet 3D printing and digital light projection (DLP). The 3DP methods are compared based on resolution, scope for multimaterial printing and scalability for manufacturing. As opportunities for printing pores are limited by resolution, the focus is on approaches to incorporate materials with sub-micron pores to be used as membrane, sorbent or stationary phase in separation science using Post-Print, Print-Pause-Print and In-Print processes. Technical aspects analysing the efficiency of the fabrication process towards scalable manufacturing are combined with application aspects evaluating the separation and/or extraction performance. The review is concluded with an overview on achievements and opportunities for manufacturable 3D printed membrane/sorbent integrated fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Kalathil Balakrishnan
- Deakin University, Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia; Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Deakin University, Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia
| | - Andrea Merenda
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia
| | - Ludovic F Dumée
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Centre on CO(2) and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Centre for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Deakin University, Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3320, Australia.
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11
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VEGF Detection via Simplified FLISA Using a 3D Microfluidic Disk Platform. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080270. [PMID: 34436072 PMCID: PMC8393963 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) is a commonly used, quantitative technique for detecting biochemical changes based on antigen–antibody binding reactions using a well-plate platform. As the manufacturing technology of microfluidic system evolves, FLISA can be implemented onto microfluidic disk platforms which allows the detection of trace biochemical reactions with high resolutions. Herein, we propose a novel microfluidic system comprising a disk with a three-dimensional incubation chamber, which can reduce the amount of the reagents to 1/10 and the required time for the entire process to less than an hour. The incubation process achieves an antigen–antibody binding reaction as well as the binding of fluorogenic substrates to target proteins. The FLISA protocol in the 3D incubation chamber necessitates performing the antibody-conjugated microbeads’ movement during each step in order to ensure sufficient binding reactions. Vascular endothelial growth factor as concentration with ng mL−1 is detected sequentially using a benchtop process employing this 3D microfluidic disk. The 3D microfluidic disk works without requiring manual intervention or additional procedures for liquid control. During the incubation process, microbead movement is controlled by centrifugal force from the rotating disk and the sedimentation by gravitational force at the tilted floor of the chamber.
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12
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Heard DM, Doobary S, Lennox AJJ. 3D Printed Reactionware for Synthetic Electrochemistry with Hydrogen Fluoride Reagents. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
| | - Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
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13
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Can 3D Printing Bring Droplet Microfluidics to Every Lab?-A Systematic Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030339. [PMID: 33810056 PMCID: PMC8004812 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing has steadily gained attention in both research and industry. Applications range from prototyping to small-scale production, with 3D printing offering reduced logistics overheads, better design flexibility and ease of use compared with traditional fabrication methods. In addition, printer and material costs have also decreased rapidly. These advantages make 3D printing attractive for application in microfluidic chip fabrication. However, 3D printing microfluidics is still a new area. Is the technology mature enough to print complex microchannel geometries, such as droplet microfluidics? Can 3D-printed droplet microfluidic chips be used in biological or chemical applications? Is 3D printing mature enough to be used in every research lab? These are the questions we will seek answers to in our systematic review. We will analyze (1) the key performance metrics of 3D-printed droplet microfluidics and (2) existing biological or chemical application areas. In addition, we evaluate (3) the potential of large-scale application of 3D printing microfluidics. Finally, (4) we discuss how 3D printing and digital design automation could trivialize microfluidic chip fabrication in the long term. Based on our analysis, we can conclude that today, 3D printers could already be used in every research lab. Printing droplet microfluidics is also a possibility, albeit with some challenges discussed in this review.
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Balakrishnan HK, Badar F, Doeven EH, Novak JI, Merenda A, Dumée LF, Loy J, Guijt RM. 3D Printing: An Alternative Microfabrication Approach with Unprecedented Opportunities in Design. Anal Chem 2020; 93:350-366. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Kalathil Balakrishnan
- Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Faizan Badar
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - James I. Novak
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Andrea Merenda
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Ludovic F. Dumée
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 0000, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 0000, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 0000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jennifer Loy
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Centre for Rural and Regional Futures, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
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Nielsen AV, Beauchamp MJ, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. 3D Printed Microfluidics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:45-65. [PMID: 31821017 PMCID: PMC7282950 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional microfabrication techniques suffer from several disadvantages, including the inability to create truly three-dimensional (3D) architectures, expensive and time-consuming processes when changing device designs, and difficulty in transitioning from prototyping fabrication to bulk manufacturing. 3D printing is an emerging technique that could overcome these disadvantages. While most 3D printed fluidic devices and features to date have been on the millifluidic size scale, some truly microfluidic devices have been shown. Currently, stereolithography is the most promising approach for routine creation of microfluidic structures, but several approaches under development also have potential. Microfluidic 3D printing is still in an early stage, similar to where polydimethylsiloxane was two decades ago. With additional work to advance printer hardware and software control, expand and improve resin and printing material selections, and realize additional applications for 3D printed devices, we foresee 3D printing becoming the dominant microfluidic fabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
| | - Michael J Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA;
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Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of stereolithography (SLA) 3D-printed catalyst-impregnated devices and their evaluation in the organocatalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of N–Me–indole with trans-β-nitrostyrene. Using a low-cost SLA 3D printer and freeware design software, different devices were designed and 3D-printed using a photopolymerizable resin containing a thiourea-based organocatalyst. The architectural control offered by the 3D-printing process allows a straightforward production of devices endowed with different shapes and surface areas, with high reproducibility. The 3D-printed organocatalytic materials promoted the formation of the desired product up to a 79% yield, although with longer reaction times compared to reactions under homogeneous conditions.
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Harding MJ, Brady S, O'Connor H, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Edwards MD, Tracy S, Dowling D, Gibson G, Girard KP, Ferguson S. 3D printing of PEEK reactors for flow chemistry and continuous chemical processing. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00408d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed parts in PEEK for flow chemistry and continuous processing produced using fused filament fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harding
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
- I-form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing
| | - Sarah Brady
- I-form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Heather O'Connor
- I-form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Rafael Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals
| | - Matthew D. Edwards
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Saoirse Tracy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Denis Dowling
- I-form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Geoff Gibson
- Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals
- Ringaskiddy
- Ireland
| | | | - Steven Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
- I-form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing
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Penny MR, Hilton ST. Design and development of 3D printed catalytically-active stirrers for chemical synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00492k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In a novel approach, 3D-printed pTsOH containing stirrer beads have been used to catalyse the Mannich reaction.
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Liu C, Li Y, Liu BF. Micromixers and their applications in kinetic analysis of biochemical reactions. Talanta 2019; 205:120136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Monaghan TW, Harding MJ, Christie SDR, Friel RJ. In-situ time resolved spectrographic measurement using an additively manufactured metallic micro-fluidic analysis platform. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224492. [PMID: 31765375 PMCID: PMC6876875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microfluidic reactionware allows small volumes of reagents to be utilized for highly controlled flow chemistry applications. By integrating these microreactors with onboard analytical systems, the devices change from passive ones to active ones, increasing their functionality and usefulness. A pressing application for these active microreactors is the monitoring of reaction progress and intermediaries with respect to time, shedding light on important information about these real-time synthetic processes. Objective In this multi-disciplinary study the objective was to utilise advanced digital fabrication to research metallic, active microreactors with integrated fibre optics for reaction progress monitoring of solvent based liquids, incompatible with previously researched polymer devices, in combination with on-board Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for real-time reaction monitoring. Method A solid-state, metal-based additive manufactured system (Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing) combined with focussed ion beam milling, that permitted the accurate embedment of delicate sensory elements directly at the point of need within aluminium layers, was researched as a method to create active, metallic, flow reactors with on-board sensing. This outcome was then used to characterise and correctly identify concentrations of UV-active water-soluble B-vitamin nicotinamide and fluorescein. A dilution series was formed from 0.01–1.75 mM; which was pumped through the research device and monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy. Results The results uniquely showed the in-situ ion milling of ultrasonically embedded optical fibres resulted in a metallic microfluidic reaction and monitoring device capable of measuring solvent solutions from 18 μM to 18 mM of nicotinamide and fluorescein, in real time. This level of accuracy highlights that the researched device and methods are capable of real-time spectrographic analysis of a range of chemical reactions outside of those possible with polymer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. J. Harding
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S. D. R. Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - R. J. Friel
- School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Kinetics of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in a 3-D Printed Stainless Steel Microreactor Using Different Mesoporous Silica Supported Co-Ru Catalysts. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis was carried out in a 3D printed stainless steel (SS) microchannel microreactor using bimetallic Co-Ru catalysts on three different mesoporous silica supports. CoRu-MCM-41, CoRu-SBA-15, and CoRu-KIT-6 were synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method and characterized by Brunner–Emmett–Teller (BET), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), SEM-EDX, TEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The mesoporous catalysts show the long-range ordered structure as supported by BET and low-angle XRD studies. The TPR profiles of metal oxides with H2 varied significantly depending on the support. These catalysts were coated inside the microchannels using polyvinyl alcohol and kinetic performance was evaluated at three different temperatures, in the low-temperature FT regime (210–270 °C), at different Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in the range of 3.15–25.2 kgcat.h/kmol using a syngas ratio of H2/CO = 2. The mesoporous supports have a significant effect on the FT kinetics and stability of the catalyst. The kinetic models (FT-3, FT-6), based on the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, were found to be statistically and physically relevant for FT synthesis using CoRu-MCM-41 and CoRu-KIT-6. The kinetic model equation (FT-2), derived using Eley–Rideal mechanism, is found to be relevant for CoRu-SBA-15 in the SS microchannel microreactor. CoRu-KIT-6 was found to be 2.5 times more active than Co-Ru-MCM-41 and slightly more active than CoRu-SBA-15, based on activation energy calculations. CoRu-KIT-6 was ~3 and ~1.5 times more stable than CoRu-SBA-15 and CoRu-MCM-41, respectively, based on CO conversion in the deactivation studies.
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Rimington RP, Capel AJ, Chaplin KF, Fleming JW, Bandulasena HCH, Bibb RJ, Christie SDR, Lewis MP. Differentiation of Bioengineered Skeletal Muscle within a 3D Printed Perfusion Bioreactor Reduces Atrophic and Inflammatory Gene Expression. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5525-5538. [PMID: 33464072 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered skeletal muscle tissues benefit from dynamic culture environments which facilitate the appropriate provision of nutrients and removal of cellular waste products. Biologically compatible perfusion systems hold the potential to enhance the physiological biomimicry of in vitro tissues via dynamic culture, in addition to providing technological advances in analytical testing and live cellular imaging for analysis of cellular development. To meet such diverse requirements, perfusion systems require the capacity and adaptability to incorporate multiple cell laden constructs of both monolayer and bioengineered tissues. This work reports perfusion systems produced using additive manufacturing technology for the in situ phenotypic development of myogenic precursor cells in monolayer and bioengineered tissue. Biocompatibility of systems 3D printed using stereolithography (SL), laser sintering (LS), and PolyJet outlined preferential morphological development within both SL and LS devices. When exposed to intermittent perfusion in the monolayer, delayed yet physiologically representative cellular proliferation, MyoD and myogenin transcription of C2C12 cells was evident. Long-term (8 days) intermittent perfusion of monolayer cultures outlined viable morphological and genetic in situ differentiation for the live cellular imaging of myogenic development. Continuous perfusion cultures (13 days) of bioengineered skeletal muscle tissues outlined in situ myogenic differentiation, forming mature multinucleated myotubes. Here, reductions in IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines, myostatin, and MuRF-1 atrophic mRNA expression were observed. Comparable myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform transcription profiles were evident between conditions; however, total mRNA expression was reduced in perfusion conditions. Decreased transcription of MuRF1 and subsequent reduced ubiquitination of the MyHC protein allude to a decreased requirement for transcription of MyHC isoform transcripts. Together, these data appear to indicate that 3D printed perfusion systems elicit enhanced stability of the culture environment, resulting in a reduced basal requirement for MyHC gene expression within bioengineered skeletal muscle tissue.
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Su W, Li Y, Zhang L, Sun J, Liu S, Ding X. Typography-Like 3D-Printed Templates for the Lithography-Free Fabrication of Microfluidic Chips. SLAS Technol 2019; 25:82-87. [PMID: 31381466 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319867903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Typography-like templates for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chips using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printer are presented. This rapid and fast proposed scheme did not require complicated photolithographic fabrication facilities and could deliver resolutions of ~100 μm. Polylactic acid (PLA) was adopted as the material to generate the 3D-printed units, which were then carefully assembled on a glass substrate using a heat-melt-curd strategy. This craft of bonding offers a cost-effective way to design and modify the templates of microfluidic channels, thus reducing the processing time of microfluidic chips. Finally, a flexible microfluidic chip to be employed for cell-based drug screening was developed based on the modularized 3D-printed templates. The lithography-free, typography-like, 3D-printed templates create a modularized fabrication process and promote the prevalence of integrated microfluidic systems with minimal requirements and improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiong Su
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuopeng Liu
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y. Three-dimensional-printing for microfluidics or the other way around? Int J Bioprint 2019; 5:192. [PMID: 32596534 PMCID: PMC7294695 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As microfluidic devices are designed to tackle more intricate tasks, the architecture of microfluidic devices becomes more complex, and more sophisticated fabrication techniques are in demand. Therefore, it is sensible to fabricate microfluidic devices by three-dimensional (3D)-printing, which is well-recognized for its unique ability to monolithically fabricate complex structures using a near-net-shape additive manufacturing process. Many 3D-printed microfluidic platforms have been demonstrated but can 3D-printed microfluidics meet the demanding requirements in today's context, and has microfluidics truly benefited from 3D-printing? In contrast to 3D-printed microfluidics, some go the other way around and exploit microfluidics for 3D-printing. Many innovative printing strategies have been made possible with microfluidics-enabled 3D-printing, although the limitations are also largely evident. In this perspective article, we take a look at the current development in 3D-printed microfluidics and microfluidics-enabled 3D printing with a strong focus on the limitations of the two technologies. More importantly, we attempt to identify the innovations required to overcome these limitations and to develop new high-value applications that would make a scientific and social impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Singapore 3D-Printing Center, HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Scotti G, Nilsson SM, Matilainen VP, Haapala M, Boije af Gennäs G, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Salminen A, Kotiaho T. Simple 3D printed stainless steel microreactors for online mass spectrometric analysis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02002. [PMID: 31312730 PMCID: PMC6609794 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple flow chemistry microreactor with an electrospray ionization tip for real time mass spectrometric reaction monitoring is introduced. The microreactor was fabricated by a laser-based additive manufacturing technique from acid-resistant stainless steel 316L. The functionality of the microreactor was investigated by using an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder and subsequent retro Diels-Alder reaction for testing. Challenges and problems encountered are discussed and improvements proposed. Adsorption of reagents to the rough stainless steel channel walls, short length of the reaction channel, and making a proper ESI tip present challenges, but the microreactor is potentially useful as a disposable device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmario Scotti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia M.E. Nilsson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville-Pekka Matilainen
- Laser Processing Research Group, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Tuotantokatu 2, FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gustav Boije af Gennäs
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Salminen
- Laser Processing Research Group, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Tuotantokatu 2, FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Loo JFC, Ho AHP, Turner APF, Mak WC. Integrated Printed Microfluidic Biosensors. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1104-1120. [PMID: 30992149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrated printed microfluidic biosensors are one of the most recent point-of-care (POC) sensor developments. Fast turnaround time for production and ease of customization, enabled by the integration of recognition elements and transducers, are key for on-site biosensing for both healthcare and industry and for speeding up translation to real-life applications. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in printed microfluidics, from the 2D to the 4D level, accompanied by novel sensing element integration. We also explore the latest trends in integrated printed microfluidics for healthcare, especially POC diagnostics, and food safety applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky F C Loo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Aaron H P Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | | | - Wing Cheung Mak
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
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Michalec M, Koncki R, Tymecki Ł. Optoelectronic detectors for flow analysis systems manufactured by means of rapid prototyping technology. Talanta 2019; 198:169-178. [PMID: 30876546 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Universal, customizable design of 3D printed photometric, and fluorometric flow-through detectors have been presented. The developed designs were fabricated with the use of the most affordable 3D printing technique, namely Fused Filament Fabrication, and require neither hardware nor tools to assemble. Numerous variants of detector geometries have also been presented. The designed parameters varied both in aperture (i.e., the internal diameter of the flow channel in an optical path) and in thickness of an absorbing layer. As expected, the geometry of the channels resulted in changes in the internal volumes. Two concepts of fluorometric detectors have also been described. The utility of all developed flow-through detectors was proven with the use of mechanized calibrations of both photometric and fluorometric experiments. Analytical parameters were characterized with the use of two model dyes: bromothymol blue and fluorescein for photometric and fluorometric experiments, respectively. The repeatability of the 3D printed vessels was found at 3.5-8.0% of the mean relative standard deviation (RSD), depending on the construction of the vessel, which is comparable to rather expensive commercially available flow cells. The compatibility of used 3D printing materials was also examined. For both variants of detection light emitting diodes were applied as light emitters. As the light detectors, both CCD spectrophotometers and light-emitting diodes were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Michalec
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; University of Warsaw, MISMaP College, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Koncki
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Tymecki
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Hampson SM, Pollard M, Hauer P, Salway H, Christie SDR, Platt M. Additively Manufactured Flow-Resistive Pulse Sensors. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2947-2954. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Hampson
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hauer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Hayden Salway
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. R. Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Platt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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FAN YQ, WANG HL, GAO KX, LIU JJ, CHAI DP, ZHANG YJ. Applications of Modular Microfluidics Technology. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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An open-source approach to automation in organic synthesis: The flow chemical formation of benzamides using an inline liquid-liquid extraction system and a homemade 3-axis autosampling/product-collection device. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Trobe M, Burke MD. The Molecular Industrial Revolution: Automated Synthesis of Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4192-4214. [PMID: 29513400 PMCID: PMC5912692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Today we are poised for a transition from the highly customized crafting of specific molecular targets by hand to the increasingly general and automated assembly of different types of molecules with the push of a button. Creating machines that are capable of making many different types of small molecules on demand, akin to that which has been achieved on the macroscale with 3D printers, is challenging. Yet important progress is being made toward this objective with two complementary approaches: 1) Automation of customized synthesis routes to different targets by machines that enable the use of many reactions and starting materials, and 2) automation of generalized platforms that make many different targets using common coupling chemistry and building blocks. Continued progress in these directions has the potential to shift the bottleneck in molecular innovation from synthesis to imagination, and thereby help drive a new industrial revolution on the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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34
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Trobe M, Burke MD. Die molekulare industrielle Revolution: zur automatisierten Synthese organischer Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
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35
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Rossi S, Puglisi A, Benaglia M. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing in Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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36
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Credi C, Griffini G, Levi M, Turri S. Biotinylated Photopolymers for 3D-Printed Unibody Lab-on-a-Chip Optical Platforms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702831. [PMID: 29141120 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the first demonstration of straightforward fabrication of monolithic unibody lab-on-a-chip (ULOCs) integrating bioactive micrometric 3D scaffolds by means of multimaterial stereolithography (SL). To this end, a novel biotin-conjugated photopolymer is successfully synthesized and optimally formulated to achieve high-performance SL-printing resolution, as demonstrated by the SL-fabrication of biotinylated structures smaller than 100 µm. By optimizing a multimaterial single-run SL-based 3D-printing process, such biotinylated microstructures are incorporated within perfusion microchambers whose excellent optical transparency enables real-time optical microscopy analyses. Standard biotin-binding assays confirm the existence of biotin-heads on the surfaces of the embedded 3D microstructures and allow to demonstrate that the biofunctionality of biotin is not altered during the SL-printing, thus making it exploitable for further conjugation with other biomolecules. As a step forward, an in-line optical detection system is designed, prototyped via SL-printing and serially connected to the perfusion microchambers through customized world-to-chip connectors. Such detection system is successfully employed to optically analyze the solution flowing out of the microchambers, thus enabling indirect quantification of the concentration of target interacting biomolecules. The successful application of this novel biofunctional photopolymer as SL-material enables to greatly extend the versatility of SL to directly fabricate ULOCs with intrinsic biofunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Credi
- Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marinella Levi
- Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Turri
- Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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37
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Qiu J, Gao Q, Zhao H, Fu J, He Y. Rapid Customization of 3D Integrated Microfluidic Chips via Modular Structure-Based Design. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2606-2616. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qing Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yong He
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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38
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Beauchamp MJ, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. Moving from millifluidic to truly microfluidic sub-100-μm cross-section 3D printed devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4311-4319. [PMID: 28612085 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has generated considerable excitement in recent years regarding the extensive possibilities of this enabling technology. One area in which 3D printing has potential, not only for positive impact but also for substantial improvement, is microfluidics. To date many researchers have used 3D printers to make fluidic channels directed at point-of-care or lab-on-a-chip applications. Here, we look critically at the cross-sectional sizes of these 3D printed fluidic structures, classifying them as millifluidic (larger than 1 mm), sub-millifluidic (0.5-1.0 mm), large microfluidic (100-500 μm), or truly microfluidic (smaller than 100 μm). Additionally, we provide our prognosis for making 10-100-μm cross-section microfluidic features with custom-formulated resins and stereolithographic printers. Such 3D printed microfluidic devices for bioanalysis will accelerate research through designs that can be easily created and modified, allowing improved assays to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Beauchamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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Harnessing open-source technology for low-cost automation in synthesis: Flow chemical deprotection of silyl ethers using a homemade autosampling system. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Rossi S, Porta R, Brenna D, Puglisi A, Benaglia M. Stereoselective Catalytic Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Homemade 3D-Printed Mesoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Riccardo Porta
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Davide Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
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41
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Rossi S, Porta R, Brenna D, Puglisi A, Benaglia M. Stereoselective Catalytic Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Homemade 3D-Printed Mesoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4290-4294. [PMID: 28345159 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed flow reactors were designed, fabricated from different materials (PLA, HIPS, nylon), and used for a catalytic stereoselective Henry reaction. The use of readily prepared and tunable 3D-printed reactors enabled the rapid screening of devices with different sizes, shapes, and channel dimensions, aimed at the identification of the best-performing reactor setup. The optimized process afforded the products in high yields, moderate diastereoselectivity, and up to 90 % ee. The method was applied to the continuous-flow synthesis of biologically active chiral 1,2-amino alcohols (norephedrine, metaraminol, and methoxamine) through a two-step sequence combining the nitroaldol reaction with a hydrogenation. To highlight potential industrial applications of this method, a multistep continuous synthesis of norephedrine has been realized. The product was isolated without any intermediate purifications or solvent switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Porta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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42
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Capel AJ, Wright A, Harding MJ, Weaver GW, Li Y, Harris RA, Edmondson S, Goodridge RD, Christie SDR. 3D printed fluidics with embedded analytic functionality for automated reaction optimisation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:111-119. [PMID: 28228852 PMCID: PMC5302008 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or ‘3D printing’ is being developed as a novel manufacturing process for the production of bespoke micro- and milliscale fluidic devices. When coupled with online monitoring and optimisation software, this offers an advanced, customised method for performing automated chemical synthesis. This paper reports the use of two additive manufacturing processes, stereolithography and selective laser melting, to create multifunctional fluidic devices with embedded reaction monitoring capability. The selectively laser melted parts are the first published examples of multifunctional 3D printed metal fluidic devices. These devices allow high temperature and pressure chemistry to be performed in solvent systems destructive to the majority of devices manufactured via stereolithography, polymer jetting and fused deposition modelling processes previously utilised for this application. These devices were integrated with commercially available flow chemistry, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis equipment, allowing automated online and inline optimisation of the reaction medium. This set-up allowed the optimisation of two reactions, a ketone functional group interconversion and a fused polycyclic heterocycle formation, via spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Capel
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Andrew Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Matthew J Harding
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - George W Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Russell A Harris
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steve Edmondson
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ruth D Goodridge
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Steven D R Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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43
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Okafor O, Weilhard A, Fernandes JA, Karjalainen E, Goodridge R, Sans V. Advanced reactor engineering with 3D printing for the continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has been employed to manufacture advanced reactor geometries based on miniaturised continuous-flow oscillatory baffled reactors (mCOBRs) and they have been applied for the fouling free continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles with optimal size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Okafor
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Andreas Weilhard
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory
| | | | | | - Ruth Goodridge
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Victor Sans
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory
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44
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Scotti G, Nilsson SME, Haapala M, Pöhö P, Boije af Gennäs G, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Kotiaho T. A miniaturised 3D printed polypropylene reactor for online reaction analysis by mass spectrometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first miniaturised 3D printed polypropylene reactor with an integrated nanoelectrospray ionisation capillary and a stir bar for mass spectrometric online reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmario Scotti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Sofia M. E. Nilsson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Päivi Pöhö
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Gustav Boije af Gennäs
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
- Department of Chemistry
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45
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Gutmann B, Köckinger M, Glotz G, Ciaglia T, Slama E, Zadravec M, Pfanner S, Maier MC, Gruber-Wölfler H, Oliver Kappe C. Design and 3D printing of a stainless steel reactor for continuous difluoromethylations using fluoroform. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The design and 3D printing of a stainless steel reactor for reaction with a gaseous reagent is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Manuel Köckinger
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Tania Ciaglia
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Eyke Slama
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
| | - Matej Zadravec
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
| | | | - Manuel C. Maier
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering
| | - Heidrun Gruber-Wölfler
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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