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Chen SH, Weiss KL, Stanley C, Bhowmik D. Structural characterization of an intrinsically disordered protein complex using integrated small-angle neutron scattering and computing. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4772. [PMID: 37646172 PMCID: PMC10503416 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing structural ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins is essential for studying structure-function relationships. Due to the different neutron scattering lengths of hydrogen and deuterium, selective labeling and contrast matching in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) becomes an effective tool to study dynamic structures of disordered systems. However, experimental timescales typically capture measurements averaged over multiple conformations, leaving complex SANS data for disentanglement. We hereby demonstrate an integrated method to elucidate the structural ensemble of a complex formed by two IDRs. We use data from both full contrast and contrast matching with residue-specific deuterium labeling SANS experiments, microsecond all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with four molecular mechanics force fields, and an autoencoder-based deep learning (DL) algorithm. From our combined approach, we show that selective deuteration provides additional information that helps characterize structural ensembles. We find that among the four force fields, a99SB-disp and CHARMM36m show the strongest agreement with SANS and NMR experiments. In addition, our DL algorithm not only complements conventional structural analysis methods but also successfully differentiates NMR and MD structures which are indistinguishable on the free energy surface. Lastly, we present an ensemble that describes experimental SANS and NMR data better than MD ensembles generated by one single force field and reveal three clusters of distinct conformations. Our results demonstrate a new integrated approach for characterizing structural ensembles of IDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena H. Chen
- Computational Sciences and Engineering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Kevin L. Weiss
- Neutron Scattering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Christopher Stanley
- Computational Sciences and Engineering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Debsindhu Bhowmik
- Computational Sciences and Engineering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
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2
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Flynn AJ, Miller K, Codjoe JM, King MR, Haswell ES. Mechanosensitive ion channels MSL8, MSL9, and MSL10 have environmentally sensitive intrinsically disordered regions with distinct biophysical characteristics in vitro. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e515. [PMID: 37547488 PMCID: PMC10400277 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) are highly dynamic sequences that rapidly sample a collection of conformations over time. In the past several decades, IDRs have emerged as a major component of many proteomes, comprising ~30% of all eukaryotic protein sequences. Proteins with IDRs function in a wide range of biological pathways and are notably enriched in signaling cascades that respond to environmental stresses. Here, we identify and characterize intrinsic disorder in the soluble cytoplasmic N-terminal domains of MSL8, MSL9, and MSL10, three members of the MscS-like (MSL) family of mechanosensitive ion channels. In plants, MSL channels are proposed to mediate cell and organelle osmotic homeostasis. Bioinformatic tools unanimously predicted that the cytosolic N-termini of MSL channels are intrinsically disordered. We examined the N-terminus of MSL10 (MSL10N) as an exemplar of these IDRs and circular dichroism spectroscopy confirms its disorder. MSL10N adopted a predominately helical structure when exposed to the helix-inducing compound trifluoroethanol (TFE). Furthermore, in the presence of molecular crowding agents, MSL10N underwent structural changes and exhibited alterations to its homotypic interaction favorability. Lastly, interrogations of collective behavior via in vitro imaging of condensates indicated that MSL8N, MSL9N, and MSL10N have sharply differing propensities for self-assembly into condensates, both inherently and in response to salt, temperature, and molecular crowding. Taken together, these data establish the N-termini of MSL channels as intrinsically disordered regions with distinct biophysical properties and the potential to respond uniquely to changes in their physiochemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J. Flynn
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kari Miller
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jennette M. Codjoe
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Matthew R. King
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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3
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Shrestha UR, Smith JC, Petridis L. Full structural ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins from unbiased molecular dynamics simulations. Commun Biol 2021; 4:243. [PMID: 33623120 PMCID: PMC7902620 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is widely used to complement ensemble-averaged experiments of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). However, MD often suffers from limitations of inaccuracy. Here, we show that enhancing the sampling using Hamiltonian replica-exchange MD (HREMD) led to unbiased and accurate ensembles, reproducing small-angle scattering and NMR chemical shift experiments, for three IDPs of varying sequence properties using two recently optimized force fields, indicating the general applicability of HREMD for IDPs. We further demonstrate that, unlike HREMD, standard MD can reproduce experimental NMR chemical shifts, but not small-angle scattering data, suggesting chemical shifts are insufficient for testing the validity of IDP ensembles. Surprisingly, we reveal that despite differences in their sequence, the inter-chain statistics of all three IDPs are similar for short contour lengths (< 10 residues). The results suggest that the major hurdle of generating an accurate unbiased ensemble for IDPs has now been largely overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsab R Shrestha
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Loukas Petridis
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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4
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Fatafta H, Samantray S, Sayyed-Ahmad A, Coskuner-Weber O, Strodel B. Molecular simulations of IDPs: From ensemble generation to IDP interactions leading to disorder-to-order transitions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 183:135-185. [PMID: 34656328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure but do exhibit some dynamical and structural ordering. The structural plasticity of IDPs indicates that entropy-driven motions are crucial for their function. Many IDPs undergo function-related disorder-to-order transitions upon by their interaction with specific binding partners. Approaches that are based on both experimental and theoretical tools enable the biophysical characterization of IDPs. Molecular simulations provide insights into IDP structural ensembles and disorder-to-order transition mechanisms. However, such studies depend strongly on the chosen force field parameters and simulation techniques. In this chapter, we provide an overview of IDP characteristics, review all-atom force fields recently developed for IDPs, and present molecular dynamics-based simulation methods that allow IDP ensemble generation as well as the characterization of disorder-to-order transitions. In particular, we introduce metadynamics, replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations, and also kinetic models resulting from Markov State modeling, and provide various examples for the successful application of these simulation methods to IDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Fatafta
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Suman Samantray
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; AICES Graduate School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Orkid Coskuner-Weber
- Molecular Biotechnology, Turkish-German University, Sahinkaya Caddesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Moses D, Yu F, Ginell GM, Shamoon NM, Koenig PS, Holehouse AS, Sukenik S. Revealing the Hidden Sensitivity of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins to their Chemical Environment. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10131-10136. [PMID: 33191750 PMCID: PMC8092420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered protein-regions (IDRs) make up roughly 30% of the human proteome and are central to a wide range of biological processes. Given a lack of persistent tertiary structure, all residues in IDRs are, to some extent, solvent exposed. This extensive surface area, coupled with the absence of strong intramolecular contacts, makes IDRs inherently sensitive to their chemical environment. We report a combined experimental, computational, and analytical framework for high-throughput characterization of IDR sensitivity. Our framework reveals that IDRs can expand or compact in response to changes in their solution environment. Importantly, the direction and magnitude of conformational change depend on both protein sequence and cosolute identity. For example, some solutes such as short polyethylene glycol chains exert an expanding effect on some IDRs and a compacting effect on others. Despite this complex behavior, we can rationally interpret IDR responsiveness to solution composition changes using relatively simple polymer models. Our results imply that solution-responsive IDRs are ubiquitous and can provide an additional layer of regulation to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moses
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, Merced, CA
- Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines (CCBM), University of California, Merced, CA
| | - Feng Yu
- Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines (CCBM), University of California, Merced, CA
- Quantitative Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, CA
| | - Garrett M. Ginell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Patrick S. Koenig
- Quantitative Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, CA
| | - Alex S. Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shahar Sukenik
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, Merced, CA
- Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines (CCBM), University of California, Merced, CA
- Quantitative Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, CA
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6
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NFAT5, which protects against hypertonicity, is activated by that stress via structuring of its intrinsically disordered domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20292-20297. [PMID: 32747529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911680117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) is a transcription factor (TF) that mediates protection from adverse effects of hypertonicity by increasing transcription of genes, including those that lead to cellular accumulation of protective organic osmolytes. NFAT5 has three intrinsically ordered (ID) activation domains (ADs). Using the NFAT5 N-terminal domain (NTD), which contains AD1, as a model, we demonstrate by biophysical methods that the NTD senses osmolytes and hypertonicity, resulting in stabilization of its ID regions. In the presence of sufficient NaCl or osmolytes, trehalose and sorbitol, the NFAT5 NTD undergoes a disorder-to-order shift, adopting higher average secondary and tertiary structure. Thus, NFAT5 is activated by the stress that it protects against. In its salt and/or osmolyte-induced more ordered conformation, the NTD interacts with several proteins, including HMGI-C, which is known to protect against apoptosis. These findings raise the possibility that the increased intracellular ionic strength and elevated osmolytes caused by hypertonicity activate and stabilize NFAT5.
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7
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Puster LO, Stanley CB, Uversky VN, Curtis JE, Krueger S, Chu Y, Peterson CB. Characterization of an Extensive Interface on Vitronectin for Binding to Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1: Adoption of Structure in an Intrinsically Disordered Region. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5117-5134. [PMID: 31793295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements were pursued to study human vitronectin, a protein found in tissues and the circulation that regulates cell adhesion/migration and proteolytic cascades that govern hemostasis and pericellular proteolysis. Many of these functions occur via interactions with its binding partner, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the chief inhibitor of proteases that lyse and activate plasminogen. We focused on a region of vitronectin that remains uncharacterized from previous X-ray scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and computational modeling approaches and which we propose is involved in binding to PAI-1. This region, which bridges the N-terminal somatomedin B (SMB) domain with a large central β-propeller domain of vitronectin, appears unstructured and has characteristics of an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD). The effect of osmolytes was evaluated using circular dichroism and SANS to explore the potential of the IDD to undergo a disorder-to-order transition. The results suggest that the IDD favors a more ordered structure under osmotic pressure; SANS shows a smaller radius of gyration (Rg) and a more compact fold of the IDD upon addition of osmolytes. To test whether PAI-1 binding is also coupled to folding within the IDD structure, a set of SANS experiments with contrast variation were performed on the complex of PAI-1 with a vitronectin fragment corresponding to the N-terminal 130 amino acids (denoted the SMB-IDD because it contains the SMB domain and IDD in linear sequence). Analysis of the SANS data using the Ensemble Optimization Method confirms that the SMB-IDD adopts a more compact configuration when bound to PAI-1. Calculated structures for the PAI-1:SMB-IDD complex suggest that the IDD provides an interaction surface outside of the primary PAI-1-binding site located within the SMB domain; this binding is proposed to lead to the assembly of higher-order structures of vitronectin and PAI-1 commonly found in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia O Puster
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Christopher B Stanley
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology , Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow region 142290 , Russia
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Yuzhuo Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Cynthia B Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
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8
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Abstract
Cells of the vast majority of organisms are subject to temperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength, and other stresses. We discuss these effects in the light of protein folding and protein interactions in vitro, in complex environments, in cells, and in vivo. Protein phase diagrams provide a way of organizing different structural ensembles that occur under stress and how one can move among ensembles. Experiments that perturb biomolecules in vitro or in cells by stressing them have revealed much about the underlying forces that are competing to control protein stability, folding, and function. Two phenomena that emerge and serve to broadly classify effects of the cellular environment are crowding (mainly due to repulsive forces) and sticking (mainly due to attractive forces). The interior of cells is closely balanced between these emergent effects, and stress can tip the balance one way or the other. The free energy scale involved is small but significant on the scale of the "on/off switches" that control signaling in cells or of protein-protein association with a favorable function such as increased enzyme processivity. Quantitative tools from biophysical chemistry will play an important role in elucidating the world of crowding and sticking under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Boob
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
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9
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Zamora-Briseño JA, Reyes-Hernández SJ, Zapata LCR. Does water stress promote the proteome-wide adjustment of intrinsically disordered proteins in plants? Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:807-812. [PMID: 29860709 PMCID: PMC6111090 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant response to water stress involves the activation of mechanisms expected to help them cope with water scarcity. Among these mechanisms, proteome-wide adjustment is well known. This includes actions to save energy, protect cellular and molecular components, and maintain vital functions of the cell. Intrinsically disordered proteins, which are proteins without a rigid three-dimensional structure, are seen as emerging multifunctional cellular components of proteomes. They are highly abundant in eukaryotic proteomes, and numerous functions for these proteins have been proposed. Here, we discuss several reasons why the collection of intrinsically disordered proteins in a proteome (disordome) could be subjected to an active regulation during conditions of water scarcity in plants. We also discuss the potential misinterpretations of disordome content estimations made so far due to bias-prone data and the need for reliable analysis based on experimental data in order to acknowledge the plasticity nature of the disordome.
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10
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Pham QD, Wolde-Kidan A, Gupta A, Schlaich A, Schneck E, Netz RR, Sparr E. Effects of Urea and TMAO on Lipid Self-Assembly under Osmotic Stress Conditions. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6471-6482. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Dat Pham
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanuel Wolde-Kidan
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anirudh Gupta
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaich
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Roland R. Netz
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Sant'Anna-Silva ACB, Santos GC, Campos SPC, Oliveira Gomes AM, Pérez-Valencia JA, Rumjanek FD. Metabolic Profile of Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines Relies on a Higher Demand of Lipid Metabolism in Metastatic Cells. Front Oncol 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 29456966 PMCID: PMC5801303 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are subjected to a broad range of selective pressures. As a result of the imposed stress, subpopulations of surviving cells exhibit individual biochemical phenotypes that reflect metabolic reprograming. The present work aimed at investigating metabolic parameters of cells displaying increasing degrees of metastatic potential. The metabolites present in cell extracts fraction of tongue fibroblasts and of cell lines derived from human tongue squamous cell carcinoma lineages displaying increasing metastatic potential (SCC9 ZsG, LN1 and LN2) were analyzed by 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Living, intact cells were also examined by the non-invasive method of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) based on the auto fluorescence of endogenous NADH. The cell lines reproducibly exhibited distinct metabolic profiles confirmed by Partial Least-Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of the spectra. Measurement of endogenous free and bound NAD(P)H relative concentrations in the intact cell lines showed that ZsG and LN1 cells displayed high heterogeneity in the energy metabolism, indicating that the cells would oscillate between glycolysis and oxidative metabolism depending on the microenvironment’s composition. However, LN2 cells appeared to have more contributions to the oxidative status, displaying a lower NAD(P)H free/bound ratio. Functional experiments of energy metabolism, mitochondrial physiology, and proliferation assays revealed that all lineages exhibited similar energy features, although resorting to different bioenergetics strategies to face metabolic demands. These differentiated functions may also promote metastasis. We propose that lipid metabolism is related to the increased invasiveness as a result of the accumulation of malonate, methyl malonic acid, n-acetyl and unsaturated fatty acids (CH2)n in parallel with the metastatic potential progression, thus suggesting that the NAD(P)H reflected the lipid catabolic/anabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina B Sant'Anna-Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilson C Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem I (CENABIO I)/Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (CNRMN), Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Biomoléculas (bioNMR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samir P Costa Campos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Marco Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan Alberto Pérez-Valencia
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Franklin David Rumjanek
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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