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Drainas AP, Hsu WH, Dallas AE, Poltorack CD, Kim JW, He A, Coles GL, Baron M, Bassik MC, Sage J. GCN2 is a determinant of the response to WEE1 kinase inhibition in small-cell lung cancer. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114606. [PMID: 39120974 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) are in dire need of more effective therapeutic options. Frequent disruption of the G1 checkpoint in SCLC cells creates a dependency on the G2/M checkpoint to maintain genomic integrity. Indeed, in pre-clinical models, inhibiting the G2/M checkpoint kinase WEE1 shows promise in inhibiting SCLC growth. However, toxicity and acquired resistance limit the clinical effectiveness of this strategy. Here, using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens in vitro and in vivo, we identified multiple factors influencing the response of SCLC cells to the WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775, including the GCN2 kinase and other members of its signaling pathway. Rapid activation of GCN2 upon AZD1775 treatment triggers a stress response in SCLC cells. Pharmacological or genetic activation of the GCN2 pathway enhances cancer cell killing by AZD1775. Thus, activation of the GCN2 pathway represents a promising strategy to increase the efficacy of WEE1 inhibitors in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros P Drainas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alec E Dallas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carson D Poltorack
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jun W Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andy He
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garry L Coles
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maya Baron
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Sheta YS, Sarg MT, Abdulrahman FG, Nossier ES, Husseiny EM. Novel imidazolone derivatives as potential dual inhibitors of checkpoint kinases 1 and 2: Design, synthesis, cytotoxicity evaluation, and mechanistic insights. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107471. [PMID: 38823311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Applying various drug design strategies including ring variation, substituents variation, and ring fusion, two series of 2-(alkylthio)-5-(arylidene/heteroarylidene)imidazolones and imidazo[1,2-a]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed and prepared as dual potential Chk1 and Chk2 inhibitors. The newly synthesized hybrids were screened in NCI 60 cell line panel where the most active derivatives 4b, d-f, and 6a were further estimated for their five dose antiproliferative activity against the most sensitive tumor cells including breast MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 and non-small cell lung cancer EKVX as well as normal WI-38 cell. Noticeably, increasing the carbon chain attached to thiol moiety at C-2 of imidazolone scaffold elevated the cytotoxic activity. Hence, compounds 4e and 4f, containing S-butyl fragment, exhibited the most antiproliferative activity against the tested cells where 4f showed extremely potent selectivity toward them. As well, compound 6a, containing imidazothienopyrimidine core, exerted significant cytotoxic activity and selectivity toward the examined cells. The mechanistic investigation of the most active cytotoxic analogs was achieved through the evaluation of their inhibitory activity against Chk1 and Chk2. Results revealed that 4f displayed potent dual inhibition of both Chk1 and Chk2 with IC50 equal 0.137 and 0.25 μM, respectively. It also promoted its antiproliferative and Chk suppression activity via EKVX cell cycle arrest at S phase through stimulating the apoptotic approach. The apoptosis induction was also emphasized by elevating the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, that are accompanied by Bcl-2 diminution. The in silico molecular docking and ADMET profiles of the most active analogs have been carried out to evaluate their potential as significant anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin S Sheta
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa T Sarg
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma G Abdulrahman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman S Nossier
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt; The National Committee of Drugs, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo 11516, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt.
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Rathi S, Oh JH, Zhang W, Mladek AC, Garcia DA, Xue Z, Burgenske DM, Zhang W, Le J, Zhong W, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Preclinical Systemic Pharmacokinetics, Dose Proportionality, and Central Nervous System Distribution of the ATM Inhibitor WSD0628, a Novel Radiosensitizer for the Treatment of Brain Tumors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:260-275. [PMID: 38858089 PMCID: PMC11264258 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy, a standard treatment option for many cancer patients, induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), leading to cell death. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a key regulator of DSB repair, and ATM inhibitors are being explored as radiosensitizers for various tumors, including primary and metastatic brain tumors. Efficacy of radiosensitizers for brain tumors may be influenced by a lack of effective drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. The objective of this study was to evaluate the systemic pharmacokinetics and mechanisms that influence the central nervous system (CNS) distribution of WSD0628, a novel and potent ATM inhibitor, in the mouse. Further, we have used these observations to form the basis of predicting effective exposures for clinical application. We observed a greater than dose proportional increase in exposure, likely due to saturation of clearance processes. Our results show that WSD0628 is orally bioavailable and CNS penetrant, with unbound partitioning in CNS (i.e., unbound tissue partition coefficient) between 0.15 and 0.3. CNS distribution is not limited by the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistant protein. WSD0628 is distributed uniformly among different brain regions. Thus, WSD0628 has favorable pharmacokinetic properties and potential for further exploration to determine the pharmacodynamics-pharmacokinetics efficacy relationship in CNS tumors. This approach will provide critical insights for the clinical translation of WSD0628 for the treatment of primary and secondary brain tumors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study evaluates the preclinical systemic pharmacokinetics, dose proportionality, and mechanisms influencing CNS distribution of WSD0628, a novel ATM inhibitor for the treatment of brain tumors. Results indicate that WSD0628 is orally bioavailable and CNS penetrant without efflux transporter liability. We also observed a greater than dose proportional increase in exposure in both the plasma and brain. These favorable pharmacokinetic properties indicate WSD0628 has potential for further exploration for use as a radiosensitizer in the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rathi
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Ju-Hee Oh
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Darwin A Garcia
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Zhiyi Xue
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Danielle M Burgenske
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Jiayan Le
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhong
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
| | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.R., J.-H.O., W.J.Z., W.Q.Z., J.L., W.F.E.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (A.C.M., D.A.G., Z.X., D.M.B., J.N.S.); and WayShine Biopharm, Shanghai, China (W.Z.)
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4
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Abu-Hashem AA, Hakami O, El-Shazly M, El-Nashar HAS, Yousif MNM. Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on the Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis-Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400050. [PMID: 38719741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer's, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Hakami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud N M Yousif
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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5
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Chen T, Xiao Z, Liu X, Wang T, Wang Y, Ye F, Su J, Yao X, Xiong L, Yang DH. Natural products for combating multidrug resistance in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107099. [PMID: 38342327 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently develop resistance to chemotherapeutic therapies and targeted drugs, which has been a significant challenge in cancer management. With the growing advances in technologies in isolation and identification of natural products, the potential of natural products in combating cancer multidrug resistance has received substantial attention. Importantly, natural products can impact multiple targets, which can be valuable in overcoming drug resistance from different perspectives. In the current review, we will describe the well-established mechanisms underlying multidrug resistance, and introduce natural products that could target these multidrug resistant mechanisms. Specifically, we will discuss natural compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, baicalein, chrysin and more, and their potential roles in combating multidrug resistance. This review article aims to provide a systematic summary of recent advances of natural products in combating cancer drug resistance, and will provide rationales for novel drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tingfang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Juan Su
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuan Yao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NY 11501, USA.
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6
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Advani D, Kumar P. Uncovering Cell Cycle Dysregulations and Associated Mechanisms in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Glimpse of Hope for Repurposed Drugs. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04130-7. [PMID: 38532240 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The cell cycle is the sequence of events orchestrated by a complex network of cell cycle proteins. Unlike normal cells, mature neurons subsist in a quiescent state of the cell cycle, and aberrant cell cycle activation triggers neuronal death accompanied by neurodegeneration. The periodicity of cell cycle events is choreographed by various mechanisms, including DNA damage repair, oxidative stress, neurotrophin activity, and ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Given the relevance of cell cycle processes in cancer and neurodegeneration, this review delineates the overlapping cell cycle events, signaling pathways, and mechanisms associated with cell cycle aberrations in cancer and the major neurodegenerative disorders. We suggest that dysregulation of some common fundamental signaling processes triggers anomalous cell cycle activation in cancer cells and neurons. We discussed the possible use of cell cycle inhibitors for neurodegenerative disorders and described the associated challenges. We propose that a greater understanding of the common mechanisms driving cell cycle aberrations in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders will open a new avenue for the development of repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Advani
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110042, India.
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El Mahdaoui A, Radi S, Draoui Y, El Massaoudi M, Ouahhoud S, Asehraou A, Bentouhami NE, Saalaoui E, Benabbes R, Robeyns K, Garcia Y. Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Genotoxicity, and Antifungal and Antibacterial Studies of Ni(II) and Cd(II) Pyrazole Amide Coordination Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:1186. [PMID: 38474698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized two coordination complexes based on pyrazole-based ligands, namely 1,5-dimethyl-N-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (L1) and 1,5-dimethyl-N-propyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (L2), with the aim to investigate bio-inorganic properties. Their crystal structures revealed a mononuclear complex [Ni(L1)2](ClO4)2 (C1) and a dinuclear complex [Cd2(L2)2]Cl4 (C2). Very competitive antifungal and anti-Fusarium activities were found compared to the reference standard cycloheximide. Additionally, L1 and L2 present very weak genotoxicity in contrast to the observed increase in genotoxicity for the coordination complexes C1 and C2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal El Mahdaoui
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Smaail Radi
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Youssef Draoui
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Massaoudi
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Sabir Ouahhoud
- Laboratory of Bioresource Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresource Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Nour Eddine Bentouhami
- Laboratory of Bioresource Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Ennouamane Saalaoui
- Laboratory of Bioresource Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Redouane Benabbes
- Laboratory of Bioresource Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed I, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (IMCN/MOST), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yann Garcia
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (IMCN/MOST), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Sun YM, Zhang YM, Shi HL, Yang S, Zhao YL, Liu HJ, Li C, Liu HL, Yang JP, Song J, Sun GZ, Yang JK. Enhancer-driven transcription of MCM8 by E2F4 promotes ATR pathway activation and glioma stem cell characteristics. Hereditas 2023; 160:29. [PMID: 37349788 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for glioma recurrence and drug resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying their maintenance remains unclear. This study aimed to identify enhancer-controlled genes involved in GSCs maintenance and elucidate the mechanisms underlying their regulation. METHODS We analyzed RNA-seq data and H3K27ac ChIP-seq data from GSE119776 to identify differentially expressed genes and enhancers, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis was performed for functional enrichment. Transcription factors were predicted using the Toolkit for Cistrome Data Browser. Prognostic analysis and gene expression correlation was conducted using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) data. Two GSC cell lines, GSC-A172 and GSC-U138MG, were isolated from A172 and U138MG cell lines. qRT-PCR was used to detect gene transcription levels. ChIP-qPCR was used to detect H3K27ac of enhancers, and binding of E2F4 to target gene enhancers. Western blot was used to analyze protein levels of p-ATR and γH2AX. Sphere formation, limiting dilution and cell growth assays were used to analyze GSCs growth and self-renewal. RESULTS We found that upregulated genes in GSCs were associated with ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated-and-Rad3-related kinase (ATR) pathway activation, and that seven enhancer-controlled genes related to ATR pathway activation (LIN9, MCM8, CEP72, POLA1, DBF4, NDE1, and CDKN2C) were identified. Expression of these genes corresponded to poor prognosis in glioma patients. E2F4 was identified as a transcription factor that regulates enhancer-controlled genes related to the ATR pathway activation, with MCM8 having the highest hazard ratio among genes positively correlated with E2F4 expression. E2F4 bound to MCM8 enhancers to promote its transcription. Overexpression of MCM8 partially restored the inhibition of GSCs self-renewal, cell growth, and the ATR pathway activation caused by E2F4 knockdown. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that E2F4-mediated enhancer activation of MCM8 promotes the ATR pathway activation and GSCs characteristics. These findings offer promising targets for the development of new therapies for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Meng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yi-Meng Zhang
- Medical Department, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Liang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yin-Long Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Lei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shijiazhuang Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Ji-Peng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Guo-Zhu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-Kai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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Qin S, Kitty I, Hao Y, Zhao F, Kim W. Maintaining Genome Integrity: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Orchestrate the Balancing Act of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10212. [PMID: 37373360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal DNA damages which lead to severe genome instability. Phosphorylation is one of the most important protein post-translation modifications involved in DSBs repair regulation. Kinases and phosphatases play coordinating roles in DSB repair by phosphorylating and dephosphorylating various proteins. Recent research has shed light on the importance of maintaining a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities in DSB repair. The interplay between kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in regulating DNA-repair processes, and alterations in their activity can lead to genomic instability and disease. Therefore, study on the function of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair is essential for understanding their roles in cancer development and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair regulation and highlight the advancements in the development of cancer therapies targeting kinases or phosphatases in DSBs repair pathways. In conclusion, understanding the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities in DSBs repair provides opportunities for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ichiwa Kitty
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalan Hao
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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10
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Gillespie MS, Ward CM, Davies CC. DNA Repair and Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1897. [PMID: 36980782 PMCID: PMC10047301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
First-line cancer treatments successfully eradicate the differentiated tumour mass but are comparatively ineffective against cancer stem cells (CSCs), a self-renewing subpopulation thought to be responsible for tumour initiation, metastasis, heterogeneity, and recurrence. CSCs are thus presented as the principal target for elimination during cancer treatment. However, CSCs are challenging to drug target because of numerous intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of drug resistance. One such mechanism that remains relatively understudied is the DNA damage response (DDR). CSCs are presumed to possess properties that enable enhanced DNA repair efficiency relative to their highly proliferative bulk progeny, facilitating improved repair of double-strand breaks induced by radiotherapy and most chemotherapeutics. This can occur through multiple mechanisms, including increased expression and splicing fidelity of DNA repair genes, robust activation of cell cycle checkpoints, and elevated homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge concerning improved genome integrity in non-transformed stem cells and CSCs, discuss therapeutic opportunities within the DDR for re-sensitising CSCs to genotoxic stressors, and consider the challenges posed regarding unbiased identification of novel DDR-directed strategies in CSCs. A better understanding of the DDR mediating chemo/radioresistance mechanisms in CSCs could lead to novel therapeutic approaches, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Gillespie
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.S.G.)
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ciara M. Ward
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.S.G.)
| | - Clare C. Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.S.G.)
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11
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Tozaki Y, Aoki H, Kato R, Toriuchi K, Arame S, Inoue Y, Hayashi H, Kubota E, Kataoka H, Aoyama M. The Combination of ATM and Chk1 Inhibitors Induces Synthetic Lethality in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030735. [PMID: 36765693 PMCID: PMC9913148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities induce the DNA damage response (DDR), which enables DNA repair at cell cycle checkpoints. Although the DDR is thought to function in preventing the onset and progression of cancer, DDR-related proteins are also thought to contribute to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and drug resistance by preventing irreparable genomic abnormalities from inducing cell death. In the present study, the combination of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM) and checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibition exhibited synergistic antitumor effects and induced synergistic lethality in colorectal cancer cells at a low dose. The ATM and Chk1 inhibitors synergistically promoted the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 by decreasing the phosphorylation levels of T14 and Y15. Furthermore, the combined treatment increased the number of sub-G1-stage cells, phospho-histone H2A.X-positive cells, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells among colon cancer cells, suggesting that the therapy induces apoptosis. Finally, the combined treatment exhibited a robust antitumor activity in syngeneic tumor model mice. These findings should contribute to the development of new treatments for colorectal cancer that directly exploit the genomic instability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tozaki
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Rina Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kohki Toriuchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Saki Arame
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-836-3451
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12
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Shu J, Wang X, Yang X, Zhao G. ATM inhibitor KU60019 synergistically sensitizes lung cancer cells to topoisomerase II poisons by multiple mechanisms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:882. [PMID: 36650267 PMCID: PMC9845372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases (TOP2) poisons represent one class of the most successful and widely prescribed chemotherapeutics, which is frontline therapy for a myriad of systemic cancers and solid tumors, including lymphomas, leukemias, and lung cancer. Despite this, treatment with this class of drugs induces unwanted side effects (including cardiovascular morbidity and secondary malignancies). Additionally, the emergence of drug resistance also greatly compromises the clinical use of these drugs. To enhance therapeutic efficiency while lowering unwanted side effects, new insights into effective combination therapy are required. In this study we found that KU60019, a novel, and highly specific ATM kinase inhibitor interferes with the association of ATM with TOP2β and stabilizes TOP2β-DNA cleavage complex, thereby impairing the repair of TOP2 poison-induced DSBs and contributes to genome stability, leading to accelerated cell death. In H1299 as well as in A549 lung cancer cell lines, biologically, KU60019 combined with VP-16 (one of the TOP2 poisons) synergistically suppressed the growth of cells and survival and triggered a much higher apoptosis rate. In summary, we provide a proof-of-concept strategy that ATM inhibitors combined with TOP2 poison would synergistically suppresses lung cancer cell survival as well as reduce DNA damage responses, thus may lowering the possibility of cardiotoxicity and secondary malignancy linked to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Shu
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guofang Zhao
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Road, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Ovejero-Sánchez M, González-Sarmiento R, Herrero AB. DNA Damage Response Alterations in Ovarian Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:448. [PMID: 36672401 PMCID: PMC9856346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR), a set of signaling pathways for DNA damage detection and repair, maintains genomic stability when cells are exposed to endogenous or exogenous DNA-damaging agents. Alterations in these pathways are strongly associated with cancer development, including ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. In OC, failures in the DDR have been related not only to the onset but also to progression and chemoresistance. It is known that approximately half of the most frequent subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), exhibit defects in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR), and current evidence indicates that probably all HGSCs harbor a defect in at least one DDR pathway. These defects are not restricted to HGSCs; mutations in ARID1A, which are present in 30% of endometrioid OCs and 50% of clear cell (CC) carcinomas, have also been found to confer deficiencies in DNA repair. Moreover, DDR alterations have been described in a variable percentage of the different OC subtypes. Here, we overview the main DNA repair pathways involved in the maintenance of genome stability and their deregulation in OC. We also recapitulate the preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of targeting the DDR to fight the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ovejero-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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14
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Josowitz AD, Bindra RS, Saltzman WM. Polymer nanocarriers for targeted local delivery of agents in treating brain tumors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:10.1088/1361-6528/ac9683. [PMID: 36179653 PMCID: PMC9940943 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac9683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the deadliest brain cancer, presents a multitude of challenges to the development of new therapies. The standard of care has only changed marginally in the past 17 years, and few new chemotherapies have emerged to supplant or effectively combine with temozolomide. Concurrently, new technologies and techniques are being investigated to overcome the pharmacokinetic challenges associated with brain delivery, such as the blood brain barrier (BBB), tissue penetration, diffusion, and clearance in order to allow for potent agents to successful engage in tumor killing. Alternative delivery modalities such as focused ultrasound and convection enhanced delivery allow for the local disruption of the BBB, and the latter in particular has shown promise in achieving broad distribution of agents in the brain. Furthermore, the development of polymeric nanocarriers to encapsulate a variety of cargo, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, have allowed for formulations that protect and control the release of said cargo to extend its half-life. The combination of local delivery and nanocarriers presents an exciting opportunity to address the limitations of current chemotherapies for GBM toward the goal of improving safety and efficacy of treatment. However, much work remains to establish standard criteria for selection and implementation of these modalities before they can be widely implemented in the clinic. Ultimately, engineering principles and nanotechnology have opened the door to a new wave of research that may soon advance the stagnant state of GBM treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Josowitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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15
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DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314672. [PMID: 36499000 PMCID: PMC9735783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy is a common event among cancer patients and a reason why new cancer therapies and therapeutic strategies need to be in continuous investigation and development. DNA damage response (DDR) comprises several pathways that eliminate DNA damage to maintain genomic stability and integrity, but different types of cancers are associated with DDR machinery defects. Many improvements have been made in recent years, providing several drugs and therapeutic strategies for cancer patients, including those targeting the DDR pathways. Currently, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP inhibitors) are the DDR inhibitors (DDRi) approved for several cancers, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. However, PARPi resistance is a growing issue in clinical settings that increases disease relapse and aggravate patients' prognosis. Additionally, resistance to other DDRi is also being found and investigated. The resistance mechanisms to DDRi include reversion mutations, epigenetic modification, stabilization of the replication fork, and increased drug efflux. This review highlights the DDR pathways in cancer therapy, its role in the resistance to conventional treatments, and its exploitation for anticancer treatment. Biomarkers of treatment response, combination strategies with other anticancer agents, resistance mechanisms, and liabilities of treatment with DDR inhibitors are also discussed.
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16
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Ahmed S, Alam W, Aschner M, Alsharif KF, Albrakati A, Saso L, Khan H. Natural products targeting the ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113797. [PMID: 36271573 PMCID: PMC9590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical for treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer requires novel efficacious treatment modalities. Natural remedies offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to available synthetic medication. Selective killing of cancer cells is privileged mainstream in cancer treatment, and targeted therapy represents the new tool with the potential to pursue this aim. The discovery of innovative therapies targeting essential components of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1)has offered a possibility of significant therapeutic improvement in oncology. The activation and inhibition of this pathway account for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity, respectively. Targeting this pathway can also aid to overcome the resistance of conventional chemo- or radiotherapy. This review enlightens the anticancer role of natural products by ATR-CHK1 activation and inhibition. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in natural products targeting ATR-CHK1 and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer lessening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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17
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Chen L, Yang F, Chen S, Tai J. Mechanisms on chemotherapy resistance of colorectal cancer stem cells and research progress of reverse transformation: A mini-review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:995882. [PMID: 36172536 PMCID: PMC9510709 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.995882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence and chemotherapy resistance are mainly responsible for poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Cancer stem cell (CSC) has been identified in many solid tumors, including CRC. Additionally, CSC cannot be completely killed during chemotherapy and develops resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, which is the main reason for tumor recurrence. This study reviews the main mechanisms of CSC chemotherapy resistance in CRC, including activation of DNA damage checkpoints, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inhibition of the overexpression of antiapoptotic regulatory factors, overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, maintenance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the dormant state of CSC. Advances in research to reverse chemotherapy resistance are also discussed. Our study can provide the promising potential for eliminating CSC and preventing tumor progression for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Funing Yang
- Pediatric Outpatient Clinic, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiandong Tai
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jiandong Tai
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18
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Safa AR. Drug and apoptosis resistance in cancer stem cells: a puzzle with many pieces. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:850-872. [PMID: 36627897 PMCID: PMC9771762 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer agents and apoptosis results in cancer relapse and is associated with cancer mortality. Substantial data have provided convincing evidence establishing that human cancers emerge from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which display self-renewal and are resistant to anticancer drugs, radiation, and apoptosis, and express enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal progression. CSCs represent a heterogeneous tumor cell population and lack specific cellular targets, which makes it a great challenge to target and eradicate them. Similarly, their close relationship with the tumor microenvironment creates greater complexity in developing novel treatment strategies targeting CSCs. Several mechanisms participate in the drug and apoptosis resistance phenotype in CSCs in various cancers. These include enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette membrane transporters, activation of various cytoprotective and survival signaling pathways, dysregulation of stemness signaling pathways, aberrant DNA repair mechanisms, increased quiescence, autophagy, increased immune evasion, deficiency of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins including c-FLIP [cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein], Bcl-2 family members, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, and PI3K/AKT signaling. Studying such mechanisms not only provides mechanistic insights into these cells that are unresponsive to drugs, but may lead to the development of targeted and effective therapeutics to eradicate CSCs. Several studies have identified promising strategies to target CSCs. These emerging strategies may help target CSC-associated drug resistance and metastasis in clinical settings. This article will review the CSCs drug and apoptosis resistance mechanisms and how to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Safa
- Correspondence to: Dr. Ahmad R. Safa, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 635 Barnhill Dr. MS A416, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. E-mail:
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19
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Targeting protein kinases in cancer stem cells. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:399-412. [PMID: 35607921 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of cancer cells within the tumor bulk that have emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence has shown the critical involvement of protein kinase signaling pathways in driving tumor development, cancer relapse, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Given that protein kinases are druggable targets for cancer therapy, tremendous efforts are being made to target CSCs with kinase inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and overview of the roles of protein kinases in various signaling pathways in CSC regulation and drug resistance. Furthermore, we provide an update on the preclinical and clinical studies for the use of kinase inhibitors alone or in combination with current therapies for effective cancer therapy. Despite great premises for the use of kinase inhibitors against CSCs, further investigations are needed to evaluate their efficiencies without any adverse effects on normal stem cells.
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20
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Rajabi F, Mozdarani H. Expression level of miR-155, miR-15a and miR-19a in peripheral blood of ductal carcinoma breast cancer patients: Possible bioindicators for cellular inherent radiosensitivity. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 126:104758. [PMID: 35337805 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Examination of cellular radiosensitivity (RS) helps prevent the adverse side-effects of Radiotherapy in exposed patients. We aim to study whether miRNA-155 (miR-155), miR-19a and miR-15a can predict inherent RS according to cellular RS in breast cancer (BC) patients. This study was done on the blood samples of 40 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) BC patients and 15 healthy women. G2 assay was performed to evaluate cellular RS. To study the expression level of these miRNAs in blood, qRT-PCR was used. The sensitivity and specificity of the studied miRNAs were assessed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The yield of spontaneous (SY) and radiation-induced (RIY) chromatid breaks (CBs) was significantly different between control and patient groups (p < 0.0001). A cut-off value was specified to make distinct the patients with cellular RS to those without. Expression of miR-15a was significantly downregulated (p < 0.0001) in BC patients. However, miR-19a showed upregulation in the blood of BC patients. It was also found the expression level of miR-155 and miR-19a were significantly associated with frequency of CBs (FCB) (p < 0.05). ROC curve analysis manifested that the miR-15a and miR-19a differentiate BC patients and healthy women with 0.91 and 0.68 yielding an area under the ROC curve, respectively. miR-155 and miR-19a discriminate between BC patients with and without cellular RS with area under the ROC curve 0.98 and 0.68. Our findings uncovered miR-155 and miR-19a could be applied as a bioindicator to predict cellular radiosensitivity of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajabi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Bukhari AB, Chan GK, Gamper AM. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for Cancer Therapy by Inhibiting the Kinase Wee1. Front Oncol 2022; 12:828684. [PMID: 35251998 PMCID: PMC8891215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.828684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells typically heavily rely on the G2/M checkpoint to survive endogenous and exogenous DNA damage, such as genotoxic stress due to genome instability or radiation and chemotherapy. The key regulator of the G2/M checkpoint, the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), is tightly controlled, including by its phosphorylation state. This posttranslational modification, which is determined by the opposing activities of the phosphatase cdc25 and the kinase Wee1, allows for a more rapid response to cellular stress than via the synthesis or degradation of modulatory interacting proteins, such as p21 or cyclin B. Reducing Wee1 activity results in ectopic activation of CDK1 activity and drives premature entry into mitosis with unrepaired or under-replicated DNA and causing mitotic catastrophe. Here, we review efforts to use small molecule inhibitors of Wee1 for therapeutic purposes, including strategies to combine Wee1 inhibition with genotoxic agents, such as radiation therapy or drugs inducing replication stress, or inhibitors of pathways that show synthetic lethality with Wee1. Furthermore, it become increasingly clear that Wee1 inhibition can also modulate therapeutic immune responses. We will discuss the mechanisms underlying combination treatments identifying both cell intrinsic and systemic anti-tumor activities.
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22
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Footprints of microRNAs in Cancer Biology. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101494. [PMID: 34680611 PMCID: PMC8533183 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Over the past years, various studies have demonstrated the role of aberrant miRNA expression in the onset of cancer. The mechanisms by which miRNA exerts its cancer-promoting or inhibitory effects are apparent through the various cancer hallmarks, which include selective proliferative advantage, altered stress response, vascularization, invasion and metastasis, metabolic rewiring, the tumor microenvironment and immune modulation; therefore, this review aims to highlight the association between miRNAs and the various cancer hallmarks by dissecting the mechanisms of miRNA regulation in each hallmark separately. It is hoped that the information presented herein will provide further insights regarding the role of cancer and serve as a guideline to evaluate the potential of microRNAs to be utilized as biomarkers and therapeutic targets on a larger scale in cancer research.
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Esposito F, Giuffrida R, Raciti G, Puglisi C, Forte S. Wee1 Kinase: A Potential Target to Overcome Tumor Resistance to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910689. [PMID: 34639030 PMCID: PMC8508993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the cell cycle, DNA suffers several lesions that need to be repaired prior to entry into mitosis to preserve genome integrity in daughter cells. Toward this aim, cells have developed complex enzymatic machinery, the so-called DNA damage response (DDR), which is able to repair DNA, temporarily stopping the cell cycle to provide more time to repair, or if the damage is too severe, inducing apoptosis. This DDR mechanism is considered the main source of resistance to DNA-damaging therapeutic treatments in oncology. Recently, cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a small subset of tumor cells, were identified as tumor-initiating cells. CSCs possess self-renewal potential and persistent tumorigenic capacity, allowing for tumor re-growth and relapse. Compared with cancer cells, CSCs are more resistant to therapeutic treatments. Wee1 is the principal gatekeeper for both G2/M and S-phase checkpoints, where it plays a key role in cell cycle regulation and DNA damage repair. From this perspective, Wee1 inhibition might increase the effectiveness of DNA-damaging treatments, such as radiotherapy, forcing tumor cells and CSCs to enter into mitosis, even with damaged DNA, leading to mitotic catastrophe and subsequent cell death.
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Liu L, Xu J, Zhai Z, Cao M, Huang Z, Xing Y, Chen J. O2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) diazeniumdiolate derivative induces G2/M arrest via PTEN-mediated inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1330-1339. [PMID: 34190329 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to investigate whether G2/M arrest caused by O2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) diazeniumdiolate derivative (JS-K) was related to PTEN-mediated inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS The cell apoptosis was detected by DAPI staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining. The cell cycle was analysed by PI staining. The expressions of cell cycle-related proteins, PTEN and PI3K/AKT pathway were measured by Western blot. The rat model of primary hepatic carcinoma was established with diethylnitrosamine to verify the antitumour effects of JS-K. KEY FINDINGS The morphological features of apoptosis were obviously reversed when the cells were pre-treated with bpv(pic), followed by treatment with JS-K. JS-K mediated G2/M arrest and down-regulated expressions of cyclin B1. Meanwhile, it up-regulated the expression of p-Cdk1, p-Chk2 and p-CDC25C while down-regulated that of Cdk1 and CDC25C. Furthermore, JS-K also enhanced the expressions of p21 and p27, PTEN and p53 while decreased the expressions of p-PTEN, PI3K and p-AKT. However, bpv(pic) and Carboxy-PTIO could reverse JS-K-induced G2/M cell arrest and PTEN-mediated inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The same results were also testified in the rat model of primary hepatic carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS JS-K caused G2/M arrest through PTEN-mediated inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway involving Chk2/CDC25C/Cdk1 checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jinglei Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ziyu Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengyao Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zile Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yihao Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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McPherson KS, Korzhnev DM. Targeting protein-protein interactions in the DNA damage response pathways for cancer chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1167-1195. [PMID: 34458830 PMCID: PMC8342002 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is an extensive signaling network that orchestrates DNA damage recognition, repair and avoidance, cell cycle progression and cell death. DDR alteration is a hallmark of cancer, with the deficiency in one DDR capability often compensated by a dependency on alternative pathways endowing cancer cells with survival and growth advantage. Targeting these DDR pathways has provided multiple opportunities for the development of cancer therapies. Traditional drug discovery has mainly focused on catalytic inhibitors that block enzyme active sites, which limits the number of potential drug targets within the DDR pathways. This review article describes the emerging approach to the development of cancer therapeutics targeting essential protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in the DDR network. The overall strategy for the structure-based design of small molecule PPI inhibitors is discussed, followed by an overview of the major DNA damage sensing, DNA repair, and DNA damage tolerance pathways with a specific focus on PPI targets for anti-cancer drug design. The existing small molecule inhibitors of DDR PPIs are summarized that selectively kill cancer cells and/or sensitize cancers to front-line genotoxic therapies, and a range of new PPI targets are proposed that may lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Silva McPherson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
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Biguanides drugs: Past success stories and promising future for drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113726. [PMID: 34364161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biguanides have attracted much attention a century ago and showed resurgent interest in recent years after a long period of dormancy. They constitute an important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. Therapeutic indications of biguanides include antidiabetic, antimalarial, antiviral, antiplaque, and bactericidal applications. This review presents an extensive overview of the biological activity of biguanides and different mechanisms of action of currently marketed biguanide-containing drugs, as well as their pharmacological properties when applicable. We highlight the recent developments in research on biguanide compounds, with a primary focus on studies on metformin in the field of oncology. We aim to provide a critical overview of all main bioactive biguanide compounds and discuss future perspectives for the design of new drugs based on the biguanide fragment.
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27
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Mechanisms of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Control in the DNA Damage Response to Oxidative Stress, Epigenetic Regulation, and Persistent Innate Immune Suppression Following Sepsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071146. [PMID: 34356379 PMCID: PMC8301080 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved extensive signaling mechanisms to maintain redox homeostasis. While basal levels of oxidants are critical for normal signaling, a tipping point is reached when the level of oxidant species exceed cellular antioxidant capabilities. Myriad pathological conditions are characterized by elevated oxidative stress, which can cause alterations in cellular operations and damage to cellular components including nucleic acids. Maintenance of nuclear chromatin are critically important for host survival and eukaryotic organisms possess an elaborately orchestrated response to initiate repair of such DNA damage. Recent evidence indicates links between the cellular antioxidant response, the DNA damage response (DDR), and the epigenetic status of the cell under conditions of elevated oxidative stress. In this emerging model, the cellular response to excessive oxidants may include redox sensors that regulate both the DDR and an orchestrated change to the epigenome in a tightly controlled program that both protects and regulates the nuclear genome. Herein we use sepsis as a model of an inflammatory pathophysiological condition that results in elevated oxidative stress, upregulation of the DDR, and epigenetic reprogramming of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to discuss new evidence for interplay between the antioxidant response, the DNA damage response, and epigenetic status.
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28
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Ma Y, Xia R, Ma X, Judson-Torres RL, Zeng H. Mucosal Melanoma: Pathological Evolution, Pathway Dependency and Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:702287. [PMID: 34350118 PMCID: PMC8327265 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.702287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare melanoma subtype that originates from melanocytes within sun-protected mucous membranes. Compared with cutaneous melanoma (CM), MM has worse prognosis and lacks effective treatment options. Moreover, the endogenous or exogenous risk factors that influence mucosal melanocyte transformation, as well as the identity of MM precursor lesions, are ambiguous. Consequently, there remains a lack of molecular markers that can be used for early diagnosis, and therefore better management, of MM. In this review, we first summarize the main functions of mucosal melanocytes. Then, using oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) as a model, we discuss the distinct pathologic stages from benign mucosal melanocytes to metastatic MM, mapping the possible evolutionary trajectories that correspond to MM initiation and progression. We highlight key areas of ambiguity during the genetic evolution of MM from its benign lesions, and the resolution of which could aid in the discovery of new biomarkers for MM detection and diagnosis. We outline the key pathways that are altered in MM, including the MAPK pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, cell cycle regulation, telomere maintenance, and the RNA maturation process, and discuss targeted therapy strategies for MM currently in use or under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- Department of Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghui Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Ma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
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29
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Sharma P, LaRosa C, Antwi J, Govindarajan R, Werbovetz KA. Imidazoles as Potential Anticancer Agents: An Update on Recent Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144213. [PMID: 34299488 PMCID: PMC8307698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings are common structural components of marketed drugs. Among these heterocycles, imidazole/fused imidazole rings are present in a wide range of bioactive compounds. The unique properties of such structures, including high polarity and the ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and coordination chemistry, allow them to interact with a wide range of biomolecules, and imidazole-/fused imidazole-containing compounds are reported to have a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review summarizes recent reports of imidazole/fused imidazole derivatives as anticancer agents appearing in the peer-reviewed literature from 2018 through 2020. Such molecules have been shown to modulate various targets, including microtubules, tyrosine and serine-threonine kinases, histone deacetylases, p53-Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) protein, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), G-quadraplexes, and other targets. Imidazole-containing compounds that display anticancer activity by unknown/undefined mechanisms are also described, as well as key features of structure-activity relationships. This review is intended to provide an overview of recent advances in imidazole-based anticancer drug discovery and development, as well as inspire the design and synthesis of new anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Chris LaRosa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Janet Antwi
- Division of Mathematics, Computer & Natural Sciences Division, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, OH 43219, USA;
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (P.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Sun Y, Liu Y, Ma X, Hu H. The Influence of Cell Cycle Regulation on Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6923. [PMID: 34203270 PMCID: PMC8267727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle regulation is orchestrated by a complex network of interactions between proteins, enzymes, cytokines, and cell cycle signaling pathways, and is vital for cell proliferation, growth, and repair. The occurrence, development, and metastasis of tumors are closely related to the cell cycle. Cell cycle regulation can be synergistic with chemotherapy in two aspects: inhibition or promotion. The sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs can be improved with the cooperation of cell cycle regulation strategies. This review presented the mechanism of the commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs and the effect of the cell cycle on tumorigenesis and development, and the interaction between chemotherapy and cell cycle regulation in cancer treatment was briefly introduced. The current collaborative strategies of chemotherapy and cell cycle regulation are discussed in detail. Finally, we outline the challenges and perspectives about the improvement of combination strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Qingdao Institute of Measurement Technology, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
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31
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Avery JT, Zhang R, Boohaker RJ. GLI1: A Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673154. [PMID: 34113570 PMCID: PMC8186314 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GLI1 is a transcriptional effector at the terminal end of the Hedgehog signaling (Hh) pathway and is tightly regulated during embryonic development and tissue patterning/differentiation. GLI1 has low-level expression in differentiated tissues, however, in certain cancers, aberrant activation of GLI1 has been linked to the promotion of numerous hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolic rewiring, and chemotherapeutic resistance. All of these are driven, in part, by GLI1’s role in regulating cell cycle, DNA replication and DNA damage repair processes. The consequences of GLI1 oncogenic activity, specifically the activity surrounding DNA damage repair proteins, such as NBS1, and cell cycle proteins, such as CDK1, can be linked to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms driving GLI1 dysregulation can provide prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to identify a patient population that would derive therapeutic benefit from either direct inhibition of GLI1 or targeted therapy towards proteins downstream of GLI1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Avery
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca J Boohaker
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
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32
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Staniszewska M, Iking J, Lückerath K, Hadaschik B, Herrmann K, Ferdinandus J, Fendler WP. Drug and molecular radiotherapy combinations for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:101-111. [PMID: 33866131 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a highly lethal disease. Several novel therapies have been assessed in the past years. Targeting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in prostate cancer became a promising treatment strategy and olaparib and rucaparib, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, have been approved for patients carrying mutations in homologous recombination (HR) repair pathways. Other DDR inhibitor targets, such as ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2, and WEE1 are under extensive investigation. Additionally, molecular radiotherapy (MRT) including [177Lu]Lu-PSMA, [225Ac]Ac-PSMA, [223Ra]Ra-dichloride, [153Sm]-EDTMP, [188Re]Re-HDMP and GRPR-targeted MRT treat cancer through internal ionizing radiation causing DNA damage and demonstrate promising efficacy in clinical trials. In the field of immunotherapy, checkpoint inhibition as well as sipuleucel-T and PROSTVAC demonstrated only limited efficacy in mCRPC when used as monotherapy. This review discusses recent therapeutic strategies for mCRPC highlighting the need for rational combination of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Staniszewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Janette Iking
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin Ferdinandus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P Fendler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Poon DJJ, Tay LM, Ho D, Chua MLK, Chow EKH, Yeo ELL. Improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy against radioresistant cancers: Leveraging on novel artificial intelligence-based approaches for drug combination discovery. Cancer Lett 2021; 511:56-67. [PMID: 33933554 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in cancer radiotherapy, tumor radioresistance remain one of the major challenges limiting treatment efficacy of radiotherapy. Conventional strategies to overcome radioresistance involve understanding the underpinning molecular mechanisms, and subsequently using combinatorial treatment strategies involving radiation and targeted drug combinations against these radioresistant tumors. These strategies exploit and target the molecular fingerprint and vulnerability of the radioresistant clones to achieve improved efficacy in tumor eradication. However, conventional drug-screening approaches for the discovery of new drug combinations have been proven to be inefficient, limited and laborious. With the increasing availability of computational resources in recent years, novel approaches such as Quadratic Phenotypic Optimization Platform (QPOP), CURATE.AI and Drug Combination and Prediction and Testing (DCPT) platform have emerged to aid in drug combination discovery and the longitudinally optimized modulation of combination therapy dosing. These platforms could overcome the limitations of conventional screening approaches, thereby facilitating the discovery of more optimal drug combinations to improve the therapeutic ratio of combinatorial treatment. The use of better and more accurate models and methods with rapid turnover can thus facilitate a rapid translation in the clinic, hence, resulting in a better patient outcome. Here, we reviewed the clinical observations, molecular mechanisms and proposed treatment strategies for tumor radioresistance and discussed how novel approaches may be applied to enhance drug combination discovery, with the aim to further improve the therapeutic ratio and treatment efficacy of radiotherapy against radioresistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jun Jie Poon
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore.
| | - Li Min Tay
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Dean Ho
- The N.1 Institute of Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Melvin Lee Kiang Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore; Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore; Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; The N.1 Institute of Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Eugenia Li Ling Yeo
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore.
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Cho DH, Lee HJ, Lee JY, Park JH, Jo I. Far-infrared irradiation inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation independently of DNA damage through increased nuclear Ca 2+/calmodulin binding modulated-activation of checkpoint kinase 2. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 219:112188. [PMID: 33901880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Far-infrared (FIR) irradiation is reported to inhibit cell proliferation in various types of cancer cells; the underlying mechanism, however, remains unclear. We explored the molecular mechanisms using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. FIR irradiation significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation compared to hyperthermal stimulus, with no alteration in cell viability. No increase in DNA fragmentation or phosphorylation of DNA damage kinases including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase, and DNA-dependent protein kinase indicated no DNA damage. FIR irradiation increased the phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) at Thr68 (p-Chk2-Thr68) but not that of checkpoint kinase 1 at Ser345. Increased nuclear p-Chk2-Thr68 and Ca2+/CaM accumulations were found in FIR-irradiated cells, as observed in confocal microscopic analyses and cell fractionation assays. In silico analysis predicted that Chk2 possesses a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) binding motif ahead of its kinase domain. Indeed, Chk2 physically interacted with CaM in the presence of Ca2+, with their binding markedly pronounced in FIR-irradiated cells. Pre-treatment with a Ca2+ chelator significantly reversed FIR irradiation-increased p-Chk2-Thr68 expression. In addition, a CaM antagonist or small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the CaM gene expression significantly attenuated FIR irradiation-increased p-Chk2-Thr68 expression. Finally, pre-treatment with a potent Chk2 inhibitor significantly reversed both FIR irradiation-stimulated p-Chk2-Thr68 expression and irradiation-repressed cell proliferation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FIR irradiation inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, independently of DNA damage, by activating the Ca2+/CaM/Chk2 signaling pathway in the nucleus. These results demonstrate a novel Chk2 activation mechanism that functions irrespective of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Jee Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea.
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro-2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, South Korea.
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Orlando L, Tanasijevic B, Nakanishi M, Reid JC, García-Rodríguez JL, Chauhan KD, Porras DP, Aslostovar L, Lu JD, Shapovalova Z, Mitchell RR, Boyd AL, Bhatia M. Phosphorylation state of the histone variant H2A.X controls human stem and progenitor cell fate decisions. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108818. [PMID: 33691101 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone variants (HVs) are a subfamily of epigenetic regulators implicated in embryonic development, but their role in human stem cell fate remains unclear. Here, we reveal that the phosphorylation state of the HV H2A.X (γH2A.X) regulates self-renewal and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and leukemic progenitors. As demonstrated by CRISPR-Cas deletion, H2A.X is essential in maintaining normal hPSC behavior. However, reduced levels of γH2A.X enhances hPSC differentiation toward the hematopoietic lineage with concomitant inhibition of neural development. In contrast, activation and sustained levels of phosphorylated H2A.X enhance hPSC neural fate while suppressing hematopoiesis. This controlled lineage bias correlates to occupancy of γH2A.X at genomic loci associated with ectoderm versus mesoderm specification. Finally, drug modulation of H2A.X phosphorylation overcomes differentiation block of patient-derived leukemic progenitors. Our study demonstrates HVs may serve to regulate pluripotent cell fate and that this biology could be extended to somatic cancer stem cell control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Orlando
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Borko Tanasijevic
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mio Nakanishi
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Reid
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Juan L García-Rodríguez
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Kapil Dev Chauhan
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Deanna P Porras
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Lili Aslostovar
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Justin D Lu
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Zoya Shapovalova
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ryan R Mitchell
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Allison L Boyd
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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DNA damage response inhibitors: An avenue for TNBC treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188521. [PMID: 33556453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability by sensing DNA damage, regulating cell cycle and initiating DNA repair. Drugs targeting DDR pathways have been increasingly exploited in treating various tumors. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive tumor with constitutive activation of oncogenes, inducing replication stress and DNA damage, which require the DDR for survival. In addition, emerging studies have demonstrated that TNBC harbors aberrant genetic alterations in DDR pathways, such as a high frequency of p53 dysfunction and BRCA1/2 mutations. DDR alterations force TNBC to rely on the existing DDR pathways for survival, and make TNBC particularly sensitive to specific DDR inhibitors, such as high sensitivity of TNBC with BRCA1/2 mutations to PARP inhibitors. This review first and comprehensively covers the current status of the development of DDR inhibitors and discusses the mechanism of targeting the DDR in TNBC. Preclinical and clinical studies on inhibitors of the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathway and PARP inhibitors, the most studied inhibitors, and some other DDR inhibitors as monotherapy or combination therapy in TNBC are summarized. We also highlight the possible predictive biomarkers for these DDR inhibitors and their potential combination strategies with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other targeted agents to optimize the efficacy of DDR inhibitors in TNBC treatment. In conclusion, this review discussed the recent considerations related to the use of DDR inhibitors for TNBC and provides a perspective to address future directions and potential therapeutic strategies for patients with TNBC.
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Cheng C, Seen D, Zheng C, Zeng R, Li E. Role of Small GTPase RhoA in DNA Damage Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:212. [PMID: 33546351 PMCID: PMC7913530 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested a role of the small GTPase Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) in DNA damage response (DDR) in addition to its traditional function of regulating cell morphology. In DDR, 2 key components of DNA repair, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), along with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to regulate RhoA activation. In addition, Rho-specific guanine exchange factors (GEFs), neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (Net1) and epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2), have specific functions in DDR, and they also participate in Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/RhoA interaction, a process which is largely unappreciated yet possibly of significance in DDR. Downstream of RhoA, current evidence has highlighted its role in mediating cell cycle arrest, which is an important step in DNA repair. Unraveling the mechanism by which RhoA modulates DDR may provide more insight into DDR itself and may aid in the future development of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China; (C.C.); (D.S.); (C.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Kucinska M, Plewinski A, Szczolko W, Kaczmarek M, Goslinski T, Murias M. Modeling the photodynamic effect in 2D versus 3D cell culture under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:309-326. [PMID: 33141030 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT), mainly as a combined therapy, can still be considered a promising technology for targeted cancer treatment. Besides the several and essential benefits of PDT, there are some concerns and limitations, such as complex dosimetry, tumor hypoxia, and other mechanisms of resistance. In this study, we present how the cell culture model and cell culture conditions may affect the response to PDT treatment. It was studied by applying two different 3D cell culture, non-scaffold, and hydrogel-based models under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In parallel, a detailed mechanism of the action of zinc phthalocyanine M2TG3 was presented. METHODS Hydrogel-based and tumor spheroids consisting of LNCaP cells, were used as 3D cell culture models in experiments performed under normoxic and hypoxic (1% of oxygen) conditions. Several analyses were performed to compare the activity of M2TG3 under different conditions, such as cytotoxicity, the level of proapoptotic and stress-related proteins, caspase activity, and antioxidant gene expression status. Additionally, we tested bioluminescence and fluorescence assays as a useful approach for a hydrogel-based 3D cell culture. RESULTS We found that M2TG3 might lead to apoptotic cancer cell death and is strongly dependent on the model and oxygen availability. Moreover, the expression of the genes modulated in the antioxidative system in 2D and 3D cell culture models were presented. The tested bioluminescence assay revealed several advantages, such as repetitive measurements on the same sample and simultaneous analysis of different parameters due to the non-lysing nature of this assay. CONCLUSIONS It was shown that M2TG3 can effectively cause cancer cell death via a different mechanism, depending on cell culture conditions such as the model and oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kucinska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30 Street, 60-631, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Adam Plewinski
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytet Poznanski 10 Street, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szczolko
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Gene Therapy Unit, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Murias
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30 Street, 60-631, Poznan, Poland; Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytet Poznanski 10 Street, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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Wu D, Zhang P, Li F, Shen Y, Chen H, Feng Y, He A, Wang F. CD138 - multiple myeloma cells express high level of CHK1 which correlated to overall survival in MM patient. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23067-23081. [PMID: 33197893 PMCID: PMC7746343 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease in which abnormal plasma cells proliferate and secrete monoclonal immunoglobulin in the bone marrow. The main characteristic of plasma cells is the expression of the cell surface antigen syndecan-1 (CD138). However, the expression of CD138 is limited to terminally differentiated plasma cells during B cell development. A small subpopulation (2~5%) of human MM cells that lack CD138 expression has been shown to possess enormous proliferation potential in vitro experiment and in animal models, and they also can differentiate into CD138+ plasma cells. Thus, this small subset of MM cells was regarded as myeloma cancer stem cell (MCSC). However, its characteristics associated with the pathogenesis of MM remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression data of CD138 cell lines downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Limma package in RStudio was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Genes enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed on DAVID and STRING databases. Furthermore, overall survival (OS) analysis in MM patient was utilized to screen out the hub-genes closely associate with the MM pathogenesis process. Hub-genes expression validation and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed in different stages of plasma cell disorder diseases. Finally, we verified these findings in MM patient samples. Through integrated bioinformatics analysis of MM CD138- and CD138+ cell lines, we found that CDC7, CDK1, and CHK1 are highly expressed in CD138- MM cells. These genes are crucial in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle pathway, which is closely related to the malignant proliferation in various tumor cells. Of note, we found that patients with high expression of CDC7, CDK1, and CHK1 had shorter overall survival time. The expression of CHK1 was significantly increased in MM cells compared with normal plasma cell (NPC) and MGUS. More importantly, we further clarified that the expression of CHK1 in release/refraction MM (R/R MM) has obviously increased compared with new diagnosed MM (ND MM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangmei Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuandong Feng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aili He
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangxia Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Alghamdi A, Aldossary W, Albahkali S, Alotaibi B, Alrfaei BM. The loss of microglia activities facilitates glaucoma progression in association with CYP1B1 gene mutation (p.Gly61Glu). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241902. [PMID: 33170892 PMCID: PMC7654781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma represents the second main cause of irreversible loss of eyesight worldwide. Progression of the disease is due to changes around the optic nerve, eye structure and optic nerve environment. Focusing on primary congenital glaucoma, which is not completely understood, we report an evaluation of an untested mutation (c.182G>A, p.Gly61Glu) within the CYP1B1 gene in the context of microglia, astrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We investigated the behaviours of these cells, which are needed to maintain eye homeostasis, in response to the CYP1B1 mutation. Methods and results CRISPR technology was used to edit normal CYP1B1 genes within normal astrocytes, microglia and stem cells in vitro. Increased metabolic activities were found in microglia and astrocytes 24 hours after CYP1B1 manipulation. However, these activities dropped by 40% after 72 hrs. In addition, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)/NADPH reducing equivalent process decreased by 50% on average after 72 hrs of manipulation. The cytokines measured in mutated microglia showed progressive activation leading to apoptosis, which was confirmed with annexin-V. The cytokines evaluated in mutant astrocytes were abnormal in comparison to those in the control. Conclusions The results suggest a progressive inflammation that was induced by mutations (p.Gly61Glu) on CYP1B1. Furthermore, the mutations enhanced the microglia’s loss of activity. We are the first to show the direct impact of the mutation on microglia. This progressive inflammation might be responsible for primary congenital glaucoma complications, which could be avoided via an anti-inflammatory regimen. This finding also reveals that progressive inflammation affects recovery failure after surgeries to relieve glaucoma. Moreover, microglia are important for the survival of ganglion cells, along with the clearing of pathogens and inflammation. The reduction of their activities may jeopardise homeostasis within the optic nerve environment and complicate the protection of optic nerve components (such as retinal ganglion and glial cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha Aldossary
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albahkali
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batoul Alotaibi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Du X, Li J, Luo X, Li R, Li F, Zhang Y, Shi J, He J. Structure-activity relationships of Wee1 inhibitors: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112524. [PMID: 32688199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Wee1 kinase plays an important role in regulating G2/M checkpoint and S phase, and the inhibition of it will lead to mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells with p53 mutation or deletion. Therefore, the mechanism of Wee1 kinase in cancer treatment and the development of its inhibitors have become a research hotspot. However, although a variety of Wee1 inhibitors with different scaffolds and considerable activity have been successfully identified, so far no one has systematically summarized the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of Wee1 inhibitors. Previous reviews mainly focused on its mechanism and clinical application. To facilitate the rational design and development of Wee1 inhibitors in the future, this paper systematically summarizes its structural types, SARs and binding modes according to the Wee1 inhibitors reported in scientific journals, and also summarizes the regulatory effect of Wee1 kinase on cell cycle and the progress of its inhibitors in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaojiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Feng Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Lee KJ, Mann E, Wright G, Piett CG, Nagel ZD, Gassman NR. Exploiting DNA repair defects in triple negative breast cancer to improve cell killing. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920958354. [PMID: 32994807 PMCID: PMC7502856 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920958354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lack of molecular targets for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has limited treatment options and reduced survivorship. Identifying new molecular targets may help improve patient survival and decrease recurrence and metastasis. As DNA repair defects are prevalent in breast cancer, we evaluated the expression and repair capacities of DNA repair proteins in preclinical models. Methods: DNA repair capacity was analyzed in four TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-157 (MDA-157), MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231), MDA-MB-468 (MDA-468), and HCC1806, using fluorescence multiplex host cell reactivation (FM-HCR) assays. Expression of DNA repair genes was analyzed with RNA-seq, and protein expression was evaluated with immunoblot. Responses to the combination of DNA damage response inhibitors and primary chemotherapy drugs doxorubicin or carboplatin were evaluated in the cell lines. Results: Defects in base excision and nucleotide excision repair were observed in preclinical TNBC models. Gene expression analysis showed a limited correlation between these defects. Loss in protein expression was a better indicator of these DNA repair defects. Over-expression of PARP1, XRCC1, RPA, DDB1, and ERCC1 was observed in TNBC preclinical models, and likely contributed to altered sensitivity to chemotherapy and DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors. Improved cell killing was achieved when primary therapy was combined with DDR inhibitors for ATM, ATR, or CHK1. Conclusion: Base excision and nucleotide excision repair pathways may offer new molecular targets for TNBC. The functional status of DNA repair pathways should be considered when evaluating new therapies and may improve the targeting for primary and combination therapies with DDR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Lee
- College of Medicine, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Elise Mann
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Griffin Wright
- College of Medicine, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Cortt G Piett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36607, USA
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Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathway prevents high level endogenous and environmental DNA damage being replicated and passed on to the next generation of cells via an orchestrated and integrated network of cell cycle checkpoint signalling and DNA repair pathways. Depending on the type of damage, and where in the cell cycle it occurs different pathways are involved, with the ATM-CHK2-p53 pathway controlling the G1 checkpoint or ATR-CHK1-Wee1 pathway controlling the S and G2/M checkpoints. Loss of G1 checkpoint control is common in cancer through TP53, ATM mutations, Rb loss or cyclin E overexpression, providing a stronger rationale for targeting the S/G2 checkpoints. This review will focus on the ATM-CHK2-p53-p21 pathway and the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathway and ongoing efforts to target these pathways for patient benefit.
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Safa AR. Resistance to drugs and cell death in cancer stem cells (CSCs). JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:341. [PMID: 35330670 PMCID: PMC8941648 DOI: 10.15761/jts.1000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Human cancers emerge from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are resistant to cancer chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and cell death. Moreover, autophagy provides the cytoprotective effect which contributes to drug resistance in these cells. Furthermore, much evidence shows that CSCs cause tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and cancer recurrence. Various signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), NOTCH1, and Wnt/β-catenin as well as the CSC markers maintain CSC properties. Several mechanisms including overexpression of ABC multidrug resistance transporters, a deficiency in mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, upregulation of c-FLIP, overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and PI3K/AKT signaling contribute to enhancing resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and cell death induction in CSCs in various cancers. Studying such pathways may help provide detailed understanding of CSC mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and apoptosis and may lead to the development of effective therapeutics to eradicate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Correspondence to: Ahmad R. Safa, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 635 Barnhill, Dr. MS A416, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,
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Maoz A, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Coleman RL, Matsuo K. Emerging serine-threonine kinase inhibitors for treating ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 24:239-253. [PMID: 31755325 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2019.1696773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer death, owing to high rates of incurable, recurrent disease after initial treatment. Serine threonine kinases (STKs) have been proposed as potential therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer because of their role in the initiation and progression of cancers. Experience in non-ovarian cancers suggests that STK inhibitors are active against tumors with specific molecular alterations.Areas covered: This review discusses STK inhibitors in active development in phase II/III clinical trials for ovarian cancer. PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched to identify STK inhibitor trials for ovarian cancer; active development was confirmed via Pharmaprojects. Available data regarding the efficacy and safety of these compounds are explored.Expert opinion: STK inhibitors currently in development have modest activity as single agents and are unlikely to achieve approval as monotherapy for unselected ovarian cancer patients. Combination trials of STK inhibitors with chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies have suggested an acceptable efficacy/toxicity ratio for certain combinations but confirmatory studies are needed. Carefully designed trials, especially those including somatic molecular analysis, may help identify the subsets of patients most likely to benefit from these therapeutic strategies and determine the role of STK inhibitors in the evolving landscape of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Maoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia A Ciccone
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shinya Matsuzaki
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ma A, Zhang R. Diosmetin Inhibits Cell Proliferation, Induces Cell Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Liver Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3537-3546. [PMID: 32547191 PMCID: PMC7244522 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s240064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Diosmetin (DIOS) has been confirmed to possess anti-cancer effects in some types of tumors. However, it remains unclear whether DIOS exerts anti-cancer effects on liver cancer. Thus, our purpose was to observe the effect of DIOS on cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human liver cancer cells. Materials and Methods The cell viability of HepG2 and HCC-LM3 cells under different concentrations of DIOS was detected using MTT assay. The cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression levels of apoptosis/cell cycle-related proteins including P53, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved-caspase3, cleaved-caspase8, cleaved-PARP, Bak, cdc2, cyclinB1 and P21 were measured using Western blot. HepG2 cells were transfected by checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1)-small interfering RNA (siRNA) and checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2)-siRNA, respectively. After that, cell cycle was detected. Results DIOS significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis of HepG2 cells and HCC-LM3 cells. Moreover, DIOS promoted cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Western blot results showed that DIOS significantly suppressed the expression levels of Bcl-2, cdc2, cyclinB1, and promoted the expression levels of Bax, cleaved-caspase3, cleaved-caspase8, cleaved-PARP, Bak, P53, and P21. The G2/M phase arrest was observed in HepG2 cells transfected with Chk2-siRNA, while the G2/M phase arrest was not obvious in HepG2 cells transfected with Chk1-siRNA. Conclusion Our findings revealed that DIOS could inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in liver cancer. Furthermore, DIOS could induce G2/M cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cell via targeting Chk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Ma
- Department of Operating Room, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Gralewska P, Gajek A, Marczak A, Rogalska A. Participation of the ATR/CHK1 pathway in replicative stress targeted therapy of high-grade ovarian cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:39. [PMID: 32316968 PMCID: PMC7175546 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies reported throughout the world. The initial, standard-of-care, adjuvant chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer is usually a platinum drug, such as cisplatin or carboplatin, combined with a taxane. However, despite surgical removal of the tumor and initial high response rates to first-line chemotherapy, around 80% of women will develop cancer recurrence. Effective strategies, including chemotherapy and new research models, are necessary to improve the prognosis. The replication stress response (RSR) is characteristic of the development of tumors, including ovarian cancer. Hence, RSR pathway and DNA repair proteins have emerged as a new area for anticancer drug development. Although clinical trials have shown poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) response rates of around 40% in women who carry a mutation in the BRCA1/2 genes, PARPi is responsible for tumor suppression, but not for complete tumor regression. Recent reports suggest that cells with impaired homologous recombination (HR) activities due to mutations in TP53 gene or specific DNA repair proteins are specifically sensitive to ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) inhibitors. Replication stress activates DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATR, CHK1), which prevent further DNA damage. This review describes the use of DNA repair checkpoint inhibitors as single agents and strategies combining these inhibitors with DNA-damaging compounds for ovarian cancer therapy, as well as the new platforms used for optimizing ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Gralewska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
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Zhang R, Ma J, Avery JT, Sambandam V, Nguyen TH, Xu B, Suto MJ, Boohaker RJ. GLI1 Inhibitor SRI-38832 Attenuates Chemotherapeutic Resistance by Downregulating NBS1 Transcription in BRAF V600E Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:241. [PMID: 32185127 PMCID: PMC7058788 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to radiation and chemotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients contribute significantly to refractory disease and disease progression. Herein, we provide mechanistic rationale for acquired or inherent chemotherapeutic resistance to the anti-tumor effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) that is linked to oncogenic GLI1 transcription activity and NBS1 overexpression. Patients with high levels of GLI1 also expressed high levels of NBS1. Non-canonical activation of GLI1 is driven through oncogenic pathways in CRC, like the BRAFV600E mutation. GLI1 was identified as a novel regulator of NBS1 and discovered that by knocking down GLI1 levels in vitro, diminished NBS1 expression, increased DNA damage/apoptosis, and re-sensitization of 5-FU resistant cancer to treatment was observed. Furthermore, a novel GLI1 inhibitor, SRI-38832, which exhibited pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo testing, was identified. GLI1 inhibition in a murine BRAFV600E variant xenograft model of CRC resulted in the same down-regulation of NBS1 observed in vitro as well as significant reduction of tumor growth/burden. GLI1 inhibition could therefore be a therapeutic option for 5-FU resistant and BRAFV600E variant CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Zhang
- Southern Research, Division of Drug Discovery, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jinlu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Justin T. Avery
- Southern Research, Division of Drug Discovery, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vijaya Sambandam
- Southern Research, Division of Drug Discovery, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Theresa H. Nguyen
- Southern Research, Division of Drug Discovery, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mark J. Suto
- Southern Research, Division of Drug Discovery, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Boohaker
- Southern Research, Division of Drug Discovery, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Lu H, Wang H, Feng H, Xu J, Zhang B. Quercetin radiosensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells through the regulation of miR-16-5p/WEE1 axis. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1012-1022. [PMID: 32027086 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quercetin, a widely distributed bioflavonoid, plays a role in combating diverse human cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the role of quercetin in reversing the radioresistance of NSCLC cells and its underlying mechanism are far from being elucidated. METHOD Radiation-resistant NSCLC cell lines were established. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-16-5p and WEE1 G2 checkpoint kinase (WEE1) mRNA in radiation-resistant cells. After being treated with different concentrations of quercetin and different doses of X-ray, cell proliferation and apoptosis were monitored by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Ultimately, the targeting relationship between miR-16-5p and WEE1 was verified via a dual fluorescent reporter gene assay. RESULTS The expression of miR-16-5p was down-regulated in radiation-resistant cells, while the expression of WEE1 was up-regulated. Quercetin enhanced the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, quercetin treatment increased the expression of miR-16-5p and decreased the expression of WEE1. The function of quercetin was reversed by miR-16-5p inhibitors or the transfection of WEE1 overexpressing plasmids. CONCLUSION In conclusion, quercetin enhanced the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells via modulating the expression of miR-16-5p and WEE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yaokun Chen
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Qingdao Center Medical Group, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Lu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Haiji Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Biyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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Kit OI, Gvaldin DY, Trifanov VS, Kolesnikov EN, Timoshkina NN. Molecular-Genetic Features of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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