1
|
Kim SY, Lee TG, Hwangbo SA, Jeong JR. Effect of the TiO 2 Colloidal Size Distribution on the Degradation of Methylene Blue. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:302. [PMID: 36678052 PMCID: PMC9863734 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 is the most commonly used photocatalyst in water treatment. The particle size of TiO2 is an important factor that significantly influences its activity during photocatalytic degradation. In the presence of liquid, the properties of nanopowders composed of exactly the same product clearly differ according to their aggregation size. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles with a controlled size were fabricated by focused ultrasound dispersion. The high energy generated by this system was used to control the size of TiO2 particles in the suspension. The constant high energy released by cavitation enabled the dispersion of the particles without a surfactant. The activities of the prepared TiO2 photocatalysts for methylene blue (MB) degradation were then compared. The dye degradation effect of the photocatalyst was as high as 61.7% after 10 min when the size of the powder was controlled in the solution, but it was only as high as 41.0% when the aggregation size was not controlled. Furthermore, when the TiO2 concentration exceeded a certain level, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 decreased. Controlling the size of the aggregated photocatalyst particles is, therefore, essential in water-treatment technologies utilizing TiO2 photocatalytic properties, and adjusting the TiO2 concentration is an important economic factor in this photocatalytic technology. This study contributes to the development of processes for degrading dyes, such as MB, released from wastewater into aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Yul Kim
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geol Lee
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ae Hwangbo
- Nanosafety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ryul Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Noori F, Megoura M, Labelle MA, Mateescu MA, Azzouz A. Synthesis of Metal-Loaded Carboxylated Biopolymers with Antibacterial Activity through Metal Subnanoparticle Incorporation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040439. [PMID: 35453191 PMCID: PMC9031093 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) loaded by highly dispersed metal subnanoparticles (MSNPs) showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis strains. Copper and silver were found to act in both cationic and zero-valence forms. The antibacterial activity depends on the metal species content but only up to a certain level. Silver cation (Ag+) showed higher antibacterial activity as compared to Ag0, which was, however, more effective than Cu0, due to weaker retention. The number of carboxyl groups of the biopolymers was found to govern the material dispersion in aqueous media, the metal retention strength and dispersion in the host-matrices. Cation and metal retention in both biopolymers was found to involve interactions with the oxygen atoms of both hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. There exists a ternary interdependence between the Zeta potential (ZP), pH induced by the biocidal agent and its particle size (PS). This interdependence is a key factor in the exchange processes with the surrounding species, including bacteria. Clay mineral incorporation was found to mitigate material dispersion, due to detrimental competitive clay:polymer interaction. This knowledge advancement opens promising prospects for manufacturing metal-loaded materials for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Noori
- Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (F.N.); (M.M.); (M.-A.L.)
| | - Meriem Megoura
- Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (F.N.); (M.M.); (M.-A.L.)
| | - Marc-André Labelle
- Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (F.N.); (M.M.); (M.-A.L.)
| | - Mircea Alexandru Mateescu
- Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (F.N.); (M.M.); (M.-A.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.A.); Tel.: +1-514-987-4319 (M.A.M.); +1-514-987-3000 (ext. 4119) (A.A.); Fax: +1-514-987-4054 (M.A.M. & A.A.)
| | - Abdelkrim Azzouz
- Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; (F.N.); (M.M.); (M.-A.L.)
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.A.); Tel.: +1-514-987-4319 (M.A.M.); +1-514-987-3000 (ext. 4119) (A.A.); Fax: +1-514-987-4054 (M.A.M. & A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diaz C, Valenzuela ML, Laguna-Bercero MÁ. Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031093. [PMID: 35163017 PMCID: PMC8835339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have attracted much attention over the last decades due to their very different properties compared to those of bulk equivalents, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, the size-dependent optical, physical, and magnetic properties. A number of solution fabrication methods have been developed for the synthesis of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, but few solid-state methods have been reported. The application of nanostructured materials to electronic solid-state devices or to high-temperature technology requires, however, adequate solid-state methods for obtaining nanostructured materials. In this review, we discuss some of the main current methods of obtaining nanomaterials in solid state, and also we summarize the obtaining of nanomaterials using a new general method in solid state. This new solid-state method to prepare metals and metallic oxides nanostructures start with the preparation of the macromolecular complexes chitosan·Xn and PS-co-4-PVP·MXn as precursors (X = anion accompanying the cationic metal, n = is the subscript, which indicates the number of anions in the formula of the metal salt and PS-co-4-PVP = poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine)). Then, the solid-state pyrolysis under air and at 800 °C affords nanoparticles of M°, MxOy depending on the nature of the metal. Metallic nanoparticles are obtained for noble metals such as Au, while the respective metal oxide is obtained for transition, representative, and lanthanide metals. Size and morphology depend on the nature of the polymer as well as on the spacing of the metals within the polymeric chain. Noticeably in the case of TiO2, anatase or rutile phases can be tuned by the nature of the Ti salts coordinated in the macromolecular polymer. A mechanism for the formation of nanoparticles is outlined on the basis of TG/DSC data. Some applications such as photocatalytic degradation of methylene by different metal oxides obtained by the presented solid-state method are also described. A brief review of the main solid-state methods to prepare nanoparticles is also outlined in the introduction. Some challenges to further development of these materials and methods are finally discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Casilla 653, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Luisa Valenzuela
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Procesos Sustentables, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago 8900000, Chile;
| | - Miguel Á. Laguna-Bercero
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Allende P, Orera A, Laguna-Bercero MÁ, Valenzuela ML, Díaz C, Barrientos L. Insights of the formation mechanism of nanostructured titanium oxide polymorphs from different macromolecular metal-complex precursors. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07684. [PMID: 34386635 PMCID: PMC8346649 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The insight into the mechanism of the unprecedented formation of pure anatase TiO2 from the macromolecular (Chitosan)•(TiOSO4)n precursor has been investigated using micro Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). The formation of a graphitic film was observed upon annealing of the macromolecular precursor, reaching a maximum at about 500 °C due to decomposition of the polymeric chain of the Chitosan and (PS-co-4-PVP) polymers. The proposed mechanism is the nucleation and growth of TiO2 nanoparticles over this graphitic substrate. SEM and Raman measurements confirm the formation of TiO2 anatase around 400 °C. The observation of an exothermic peak around 260 °C in the TGA/DTA measurements confirms the decomposition of carbon chains to form graphite. Another exothermic peak around 560 °C corresponds to the loss of additional carbonaceous residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Allende
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda Angamos, 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alodia Orera
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Laguna-Bercero
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Luisa Valenzuela
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Inorganic Chemistry and Molecular Materials Group, Facultad de Ingeneria, Porvenir 580, Edificio L, Primer Piso, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Chile, La Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Casilla, 653, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Lorena Barrientos
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Macul, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Millennium Nuclei on Catalytic Processes Towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diaz C, Valenzuela ML, Laguna-Bercero MA, Carrillo D, Segovia M, Mendoza K, Cartes P. Solventless Preparation of Thoria and Its Inclusion into SiO 2 and TiO 2: A Luminescence and Photocatalysis Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9391-9400. [PMID: 33869919 PMCID: PMC8047679 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thoria was prepared using a solid-state method from the macromolecular precursor Chitosan·Th(NO3)4 (chitosan) and PS-co-4-PVP·Th(NO3)4 (PVP). The morphology and the average size of ThO2 depend of the chitosan and PS-co-4-PVP polymer forming the precursor. Their photoluminescent properties were investigated, finding a dependence of their intensity emission maxima, with the nature of the precursor polymer. The photocatalytic activity of ThO2 toward the degradation of methylene blue was measured for the first time, finding a degradation of about 66% in 300 min. The inclusion of ThO2 into SiO2 and TiO2 was achieved by the solid-state pyrolysis of the macromolecular composites Chitosan·Th(NO3)4//MO2 and PS-co-4-PVP·Th(NO3)4//MO2, MO2 = SiO2 or TiO2. The ThO2 exhibits a homogeneous dispersion inside the silica, showing sizes of about 40 and 50 nm for the chitosan and PVP polymer precursors, respectively. The luminescent properties of the ThO2/SiO2 and ThO2/TiO2 composites were also studied, finding a decrease in intensity when introducing the SiO2 or TiO2 matrices. The photocatalytic behavior to methylene blue degradation of ThO2 and their composites ThO2/SiO2 and ThO2/TiO2 was investigated for the first time, with them in the following order: ThO2 > ThO2/TiO2 > ThO2/SiO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Chile, La Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Casilla 653, Santiago de Chile 7800003, Chile
| | - M. L. Valenzuela
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Grupo de Investigación
en Energía y Procesos Sustentables, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago de Chile 8910060, Chile
| | - Miguel A. Laguna-Bercero
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Chile, La Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Casilla 653, Santiago de Chile 7800003, Chile
| | - Marjorie Segovia
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Chile, La Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Casilla 653, Santiago de Chile 7800003, Chile
| | - Karina. Mendoza
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Chile, La Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Casilla 653, Santiago de Chile 7800003, Chile
| | - Patricio Cartes
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Chile, La Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Casilla 653, Santiago de Chile 7800003, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Incorporation of NiO into SiO 2, TiO 2, Al 2O 3, and Na 4.2Ca 2.8(Si 6O 18) Matrices: Medium Effect on the Optical Properties and Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122470. [PMID: 33321759 PMCID: PMC7763803 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The medium effect of the optical and catalytic degradation of methylene blue was studied in the NiO/SiO2, NiO/TiO2, NiO/Al2O3, and NiO/Na4.2Ca2.8(Si6O18) composites, which were prepared by a solid-state method. The new composites were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction of powder), SEM/EDS, TEM, and HR-TEM. The size of the NiO nanoparticles obtained from the PSP-4-PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) precursors inside the different matrices follow the order of SiO2 > TiO2 > Al2O3. However, NiO nanoparticles obtained from the chitosan precursor does not present an effect on the particle size. It was found that the medium effect of the matrices (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and Na4.2Ca2.8(Si6O18)) on the photocatalytic methylene blue degradation, can be described as a specific interaction of the NiO material acting as a semiconductor with the MxOy materials through a possible p-n junction. The highest catalytic activity was found for the TiO2 and glass composites where a favorable p-n junction was formed. The isolating character of Al2O3 and SiO2 and their non-semiconductor behavior preclude this interaction to form a p-n junction, and thus a lower catalytic activity. NiO/SiO2 and NiO/Na4.2Ca2.8(Si6O18) showed a similar photocatalytic behavior. On the other hand, the effect of the matrix on the optical properties for the NiO/SiO2, NiO/TiO2, NiO/Al2O3, and NiO/Na4.2Ca2.8(Si6O18) composites can be described by the different dielectric constants of the SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Na4.2Ca2.8(Si6O18) matrices. The maxima absorption of the composites (λmax) exhibit a direct relationship with the dielectric constants, while their semiconductor bandgap (Eg) present an inverse relationship with the dielectric constants. A direct relationship between λmax and Eg was found from these correlations. The effect of the polymer precursor on the particle size can explain some deviations from this relationship, as the correlation between the particle size and absorption is well known. Finally, the NiO/Na4.2Ca2.8(Si6O18) composite was reported in this work for the first time.
Collapse
|
7
|
Diaz C, Valenzuela ML, Cifuentes-Vaca O, Segovia M. Polymer Precursors Effect in the Macromolecular Metal-Polymer on the Rh/RhO2/Rh2O3 Phase Using Solvent-Less Synthesis and Its Photocatalytic Activity. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Effect of reaction protocol on the nature and size of iron oxide nano particles obtained through solventless synthesis using iron(II)acetate: structural, magnetic and morphological studies. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
9
|
Allende P, Barrientos L, Orera A, Laguna-Bercero MA, Salazar N, Valenzuela ML, Diaz C. TiO2/SiO2 Composite for Efficient Protection of UVA and UVB Rays Through of a Solvent-Less Synthesis. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Effect of particle size on the photocatalytic activity of modified rutile sand (TiO2) for the discoloration of methylene blue in water. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Diaz C, Carrillo D, de la Campa R, Presa Soto A, Valenzuela M. Solid-state synthesis of LnOCl/Ln2O3 (Ln = Eu, Nd) by using chitosan and PS-co-P4VP as polymeric supports. J RARE EARTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Suresh R, Udayabhaskar R, Sandoval C, Ramírez E, Mangalaraja RV, Mansilla HD, Contreras D, Yáñez J. Effect of reduced graphene oxide on the structural, optical, adsorption and photocatalytic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effect of reduced graphene oxide on the structural and photocatalytic properties of Fe2O3 nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Suresh
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción
- Chile
| | - R. Udayabhaskar
- Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion
- Concepción
- Chile
| | - Claudio Sandoval
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción
- Chile
| | - Eimmy Ramírez
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción
- Chile
| | - R. V. Mangalaraja
- Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion
- Concepción
- Chile
| | - Héctor D. Mansilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción
- Concepción
- Chile
| | - David Contreras
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción
- Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Concepcion
- Concepción
- Chile
| | - Jorge Yáñez
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Concepción
- Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bimetallic Au//Ag Alloys Inside SiO2 Using a Solid-State Method. J CLUST SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-017-1261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Hu MX, Guo Q, Li JN, Huang CM, Ren GR. Reduction of methylene blue with Ag nanoparticle-modified microporous polypropylene membranes in a flow-through reactor. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue was reduced by the flow-through catalytic membrane reactor in real time with the flow rate larger than 210 L m−2 h−1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. X. Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Q. Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - J. N. Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - C. M. Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - G. R. Ren
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| |
Collapse
|