Exploring the synthesis, structure, spectroscopy and biological activities of novel 4-benzylidene-1-(2-(2,4-dichloro phenyl)acetyl) thiosemicarbazide derivatives: An integrated experimental and theoretical investigation

BACKGROUND

Novel α-amylase inhibitors play a crucial role in managing diabetes and obesity, contributing to improved public health by addressing these challenging and prevalent conditions. Moreover, the synthesis of anti-oxidant agents is essential due to their potential in combating oxidative stress-related diseases and promoting overall health.

OBJECTIVE

Synthesis of thoisemicarbazone derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenyl acetic acid and to screened them for their biological activities.

METHOD

Thiosemicarbazone derivatives (4-13) were synthesized by refluxing 2,4-dichlorophenyl acetic acid with sulfuric acid in ethanol to get the ester (2), which was further refluxed with thiosemicarbazide to get compound (3). Finally, different aromatic aldehydes were refluxed with compound (3) in ethanol in catalytic amount of acetic acid to obtained the final products (4-13). Using modern spectroscopic techniques including HR-ESI-MS, 13C-, and 1H NMR, the structures of the created derivatives were confirmed.

RESULTS

The synthesized derivatives showed excellent to good inhibitory activity in the range of IC50 values of 4.95 ± 0.44 to 69.71 ± 0.05 µM against α-amylase enzyme when compared to standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 21.55 ± 1.31 µM). In case of iron chelating activity, these products showed potent activity better than standard EDTA (IC50 = 66.43 ± 1.07 µM) in the range of IC50 values of 22.43 ± 2.09 to 61.21 ± 2.83 µM. However, the obtained products also show excellent to good activity in the range of IC50 values of 28.30 ± 1.17 to 64.66 ± 2.43 µM against hydroxyl radical scavenging activity when compared with standard vitamin C (IC50 = 60.51 ± 1.02 µM). DFT used to calculate different reactivity factors including ionization potential, electronegativity, electron affinity, chemical softness, and chemical hardness were calculated using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) computations. The molecular docking studies for the synthesized derivatives with α-amylase were carried out using the AutoDock Vina to understand the binding affinities with active sites of the protein.

Theoretical modelling of structure, vibrational and UV-vis absorbance spectra of rubrofusarin molecule

The structure of the rubrofusarin molecule (CAS: 3567-00-8, IUPAC name 5,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methyl-4H-benzo[g]chromen-4-one, molecular formula C₁₅H₁₂O₅) and its possible rotational conformers and tautomer were investigated within DFT approach. It was noted that for a stable molecules the group symmetry is close to Cs. The smallest potential barrier for rotational conformers is associated with the methoxy group rotation. The rotation of hydroxyl groups leads to a stable states that are substantially higher in energy than the ground state. Modeling and interpretation of vibrational spectra for the case of the ground state molecule in the gas phase and methanol solution was carried out, the influence of the solvent is discussed. The modelling of electronic singlet transition within the TD-DFT approach and the interpretation of obtained UV-vis absorbance spectra were carried out. A relatively small shift in the two most active absorption bands wavelength takes place for methoxy group rotation conformer. At the same time the redshift of the HOMO-LUMO transition takes place for this conformer. Much larger long wavelength shift of the absorption bands was noted for the tautomer.

Antimicrobial activities of self-assembled copper(ii), nickel(ii), and cobalt(iii) complexes combined with crystallographic, spectroscopic, DFT calculations and Hirshfeld surfaces analyses

Three 2-D and 3-D Cu(ii), Ni(ii), and Co(iii) complexes were obtained by reaction of HL1 with different metal salts. The complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods, as well as Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT studies.

Ultrasound assisted fabrication of a novel optode base on a triazine based Schiff base immobilized on TEOS for copper detection

This work introduces novel selective and sensitive optical sensor based on a nano sized triazine based Schiff base (H₂L) immbolized on a transparent glass substrate through the sol-gel process to detection of copper (II) ions in aqueous solutions. This sensor can determine the copper (II) in the range of 8.54 × 10^-8-1.0 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 with a low detection limit of 1.53 × 10^-8 mol L^-1. The optimized geometry of H₂L and its copper complex was obtained based on DFT/B3LYP levels of theory with B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) and LANL2DZ/6-311 + G(d,p) basis sets respectively. The calculated electronic properties of them including the molecular orbital, Mulliken population analysis, contour of electrostatic potential, and molecular electrostatic potential map confirmed the behavior of the sensor. Some advantage of the fabricated sensor such as high selectivity, sensitivity, short response time, easy production, fast regeneration, low cost, being portable and user friendly can make it a good choice to detection of Cu(II) ion in various application. The suggested sensor was revealed excellent sensitivity in the natural samples that confirmed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass (ICP) spectrometry method.

Ultrasound-electrospinning-assisted fabrication and sensing evaluation of a novel membrane as ultrasensitive sensor for copper (II) ions detection in aqueous environment

The present study has reported an optimized fabrication and application of a novel PVA/TEOS/Schiff base nanofibers membrane as a highly sensitive copper (II) ions in aqueous environment. Here in, for first time, an ultrasound-assisted synthesized symmetric Schiff base has been immobilized on a hybrid polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and TEOS using electrospinning technique for detection and filtration of copper ions. For this purpose, various working parameters were evaluated and finally the optimized nano fibers membrane was synthesized with 72 nm thickness and PVA/TEOS/Schiff base ratio of (wt%) 8:6:1. The optimized sample named PTLNFM has been employed successfully as an ultra sensitive chemosensor for Cu (II) detection in real samples. The immobilized Schiff base used as a chelating agent could detect copper (II) in the range from 9.34 × 10^-8 to 1.15 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 with the following correlation equation: Absorbance = 0.066 [Cu²⁺] × 10^-6 + 0.095 and R² = 0.992 and LOD of 1.27 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 which was lower than most of the reported detection limits in the previous literatures. Validity of this method has been carried out by analysis of Cu²⁺ in real samples with satisfying recoveries of over 96.11-99.24%.The developed membrane could be offered for diverse use such as medical or industrial applications.

Synthesis of novel amperometric urea-sensor using hybrid synthesized NiO-NPs/GO modified GCE in aqueous solution of cetrimonium bromide

In this study NiO nanostructures were synthesized via combinational synthetic method (ultrasound-assisted biosynthesis) and immobilized on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a highly sensitive and selective enzyme-less sensor for urea detection. NiO-NPs were fully characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, TGA, FT-IR, UV-vis and Raman methods which revealed the formation of NiO nanostructures in the form of cotton like porous material and crystalline in nature with the average size of 3.8 nm. GCE was modified with NiO-NPs in aqueous solution of cetrimonium bromide(CTAB). Highly adhesive NiO/CTAB/GO nanocomposite membrane has been formed on GCE by immersing NiO/CTAB modified GCE in GO suspension. CTAB has a major role in the production and immobilization of the nanocomposites on the GCE surface and the binding NiO nanoparticles on GO plates. In addition, CTAB/GO composition made a highly adhesive surface on the GCE. The resulting NiO/CTAB/GO/GCE contains potently sensitive to urea in aqueous environments. The response of as developed amperometric sensor was linear in the range of 100-1200 µM urea with R² value of 0.991 and limit of detection (LOD), 8 µM. The sensor responded negligibly to various interfering species like glucose, uric acid and ascorbic acid. This sensor was applied successfully for determining urea in real water samples such as mineral water, tap water and river water with acceptable recovery.

Ultrasound-assisted biosynthesis of CuO-NPs using brown alga Cystoseira trinodis: Characterization, photocatalytic AOP, DPPH scavenging and antibacterial investigations

This contribution reports the biosynthesis of CuO NPs via ultrasound method using the Cystoseira trinodis extracts as an eco friendly and time saving process. The characterization of cupric oxide NPs was performed using XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, AFM, photoluminescence, UV-Vis, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy investigations. SEM images show the spherical structure with the average crystallite size 6nm to 7.8nm of CuO. XRD analysis approved the formation of pure monoclinic crystallite structures of CuO NPs. These observations were confirmed by TEM analysis. The photocatalytic studies reveal the activity of the prepared CuO NPs as an efficient catalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of UV and Sunlight. CuO NPs under varying experimental parameters such as dye concentration, catalytic load, pH. The results of the in vitro biological screening effect of CuO NPs (zone of growth inhibition and minimal inhibitory concentrations) in comparison with cephalexin (as a standard compound) using the disc diffusion method was demonstrated the significant bactericidal activity against some bacteria strain including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), and Streptococcus faecalis (S. faecalis). Furthermore, the Nps found to inhibit the activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals effectively. This study introduces a facile, green and low coast method for the synthesis of monoclinic CuO NPs with catalytic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

A novel high performance nano chemosensor for copper (II) ion based on an ultrasound-assisted synthesized diphenylamine-based Schiff base: Design, fabrication and density functional theory calculations

A novel high selective colorimetric chemosensor was introduced based on a nano diphenyl-based Schiff base (H₂L), 2,2'-((1E,1'E)-(((hexylazanediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(4-methylphenol) that synthesized using sonochemical method. H₂L was characterized by FT-IR, MS, TGA, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, SEM and elemental analysis techniques, then fabricated as the portable strips for sensing copper (II) ions in aqueous media. The binding interaction between H₂L and various metal ions was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopic that showed favorable coordination toward Cu²⁺ ion. H₂L exhibited binding-induced color changes from yellow to pink and practically no interference in the presence of other metal ions, i.e., Cr²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. The chemsensor showd the color change from yellow to pink in presence of copper (II) ion in aqueous media due to binging of H₂L and Cu (II). This sensor can determine the copper (II) at in the rang of 7.5 × 10^-8-1.8 × 10^-5 mol L^-1 with a correlation equation: Absorbance = 0.0450[Cu²⁺] × 10^-6 + 0.71 and R² = 0.975 and low detection limit of 1.89 × 10^-8 mol L^-1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out at the B3LYP levels of theory with B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and LANL2DZ/6-311+G(d,p) basis sets for chemosensor and its copper complex respectively. The optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR chemical, Molecular orbital (M.O.), Mulliken population analysis (MPA), contour of Electrostatic Potential (ESP) and Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) map of H₂L were calculated which show good agreement with behavior of sensor for detection of Cu²⁺ ion.

Sonochemical synthesis, in vitro evaluation and DFT study of novel phenothiazine base Schiff bases and their nano copper complexes as the precursors for new shaped CuO-NPs

The current work reports the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of two nano binuclear copper complexes derived from novel tetradentate (N₂O₂) phenothiazine based Schiff bases. The synthesized compounds were characterized using the physicochemical methods, including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FE-SEM, Mass, FT-IR, UV-Vis, elemental analysis, magnetic moment and molar conductance measurements. It is found that the geometrical structure of Cu^II₂LⁿCl₄ is distorted tetrahedral around the copper atoms using the results of ¹H NMR, UV-Vis and magnetic moment studies. In addition, CuO nano particles were produced in the nano range (14.3-12.1nm) by the thermal decomposition of the copper complexes CuO NPs were characterized using FT-IR, FE-SEM, XRD, UV-Vis and photoluminescence methods and indicated a close accordance with the standard pattern. Also, the antioxidant studies revealed that the copper complexes exhibit comparable scavenging effects (against O₂ and OH) with the standard antioxidants, such as vitamin C, while, they show more antioxidant activity than ligands. Similarly, the complexes show more antibacterial activity against four gram positive and gram negative bacteria in comparison to their Schiff base ligands. furthermore, The optimized structure, Molecular orbital (M.O.), Mulliken population analysis (MPA), contour of Electrostatic Potential (ESP) and Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) map of the titled compounds were calculated base on DFT calculations that were carried out at the B3LYP levels of theory with a double basis set LANL2DZ for copper, and 6-311+G(d,p) basis set for the other atoms.

Two New Oxovanadium(IV) Compounds Containing Amino Acid Schiff Base and 1,10-Bathophenanthroline Ligands: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and In Vitro Evaluation of the Anticancer Activities

Two new oxovanadium(iv) compounds containing 1,10-bathophenanthroline (Bphen) and amino Schiff base derivatives [VO(hnd-napha)(Bphen)] (1) and [VO(o-van-met)(Bphen)] (2) were synthesised (where hnd-napha and o-van-met are N-Schiff bases derived from the reaction of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with 3-(1-naphthyl)-l-alanine and o-vanillin with l-methionine, respectively). These compounds were characterised by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Both compounds showed low molar conductance values, indicating that they are non-electrolytes. The XRD results showed that the VIV atoms in both compounds existed in the VO3N3 coordination geometry with Schiff base and Bphen ligands. The in vitro anticancer activities of compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated against A549 human lung carcinoma and HepG2 human hepatoma cell lines using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the results revealed that both compounds were cytotoxic with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the range of 8.22 ± 1.0 to 94.89 ± 3.2 μmol L−1. Notably, compound 2 exhibited much better anticancer activity in vitro against A549 cells (8.22 ± 1 μmol L−1) than [VO(acac)2] (24 ± 6 μmol L−1) or any of our previously reported oxovanadium(iv) compounds, making it comparable in activity to cisplatin (3.1 ± 0.5 μmol L−1). These results therefore suggest that compound 2 could be used as a promising lead for the development of anticancer agents for the treatment of lung cancer.

New binuclear Ni(ii) metallates containing ONS chelators: synthesis, characterisation, DNA binding, DNA cleavage, protein binding, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial and in vitro cytotoxicity

Four new binuclear nickel(ii) metallates showed promising antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines and were much less toxic against HaCaT.

Metallomicelle templated transition metal nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, DFT study and catalytic activity

A simple and versatile protocol to achieve surface-modified catalytically efficient nanoparticles employing metallosurfactants as excellent scaffolds has been reported.