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Streit JK, Park K, Ku Z, Yi YJ, Vaia RA. Tuning Hierarchical Order and Plasmonic Coupling of Large-Area, Polymer-Grafted Gold Nanorod Assemblies via Flow-Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27445-27457. [PMID: 34080841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based printing of anisotropic nanostructures is foundational to many emerging technologies, such as energy storage devices, photonic elements, and sensors. Methods to rapidly (>mm/s) manufacture large area assemblies (≫cm2) with simultaneous control of thickness (<10 nm), nanoparticle spacing (<5 nm), surface roughness (<5 nm), and global and local orientational order are still lacking. Herein, we demonstrate such capability using flow-coating to fabricate robust, self-supporting mono- and bilayer films of polystyrene-grafted gold nanorods (PS-AuNRs) onto solid substrates. The relationship among solvent evaporation, deposition speed, substrate surface energy, concentration, and film thickness for solutions of such hairy hybrid nanoparticles spans the Landau-Levich and evaporative film formation regimes. In the Landau-Levich regime, solvent evaporation rapidly concentrates the PS-AuNRs, leading to the formation of thin films with distinct, randomized side-by-side domains. Alternatively, processing at slower velocities in the evaporative regime results in the global alignment of PS-AuNRs. Processing speed and substrate surface energy afford tuning of the film's optical extinction of a given PS-AuNR via fine control of inter-rod distance and subsequent plasmonic coupling between neighboring nanorods. Because the concept of the polymer-grafted nanorod can be expanded to a variety of different polymer canopies, shapes, and core materials, the processing-structure relationships established in this work will have important implications on the future development of anisotropic nanostructure-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Streit
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Kyoungweon Park
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Zahyun Ku
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Yoon-Jae Yi
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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Burger A, Kunzmann A, Costa RD, Srikantharajah R, Peukert W, Guldi DM, Hirsch A. Synergy of Catechol-Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanorods and Porphyrins in Layer-by-Layer Assemblies. Chemistry 2018; 24:7896-7905. [PMID: 29480559 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-functionalized, positively charged ZnO nanorods (NRs) and anionic porphyrins were integrated into layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies. In general, this study focuses on the impact that different porphyrins, varying in size and number of negative charges, exert on the LbL architecture in terms of morphology and spectroscopy. In particular, through a combination of analytical methods, including UV/Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and profilometry, valuable insights into LbL assembly formation were gathered. A key feature was the surface coverage in the resulting films. Denser films and surface coverages were realized when highly negatively charged and sterically demanding porphyrins were employed. As a complement to basic characterization, the LbL assembled films were used to fabricate proof-of-concept solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Burger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstaße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstaße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rubitha Srikantharajah
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Center of Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstraße 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany)
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Center of Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstraße 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany)
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstaße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Burger A, Srikantharajah R, Peukert W, Hirsch A. Individualization and Stabilization of Zinc Oxide Nanorods by Covalent Functionalization with Positively Charged Catechol Derivatives. Chemistry 2017; 23:17257-17268. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Burger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Institute of Organic Chemistry; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rubitha Srikantharajah
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg(FAU); Institute of Particle Technology; Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg(FAU); Institute of Particle Technology; Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Haberstraße 9 a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Institute of Organic Chemistry; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Haberstraße 9 a 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Hansen M, Truong J, Xie T, Hahm JI. Spatially distinct Raman scattering characteristics of individual ZnO nanorods under controlled polarization: intense end scattering from forbidden modes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8470-8480. [PMID: 28604894 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02672b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we characterize incident/scattered polarization-specific and NR position-resolved Raman scattering behaviors of individual zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs). We quantify Raman signals from the five key ZnO phonon modes of E2L, E2H-2L, A1T, E1T, and E2H, and reveal the NR position-dependent Raman scattering characteristics of the phonon modes per given light-matter interaction geometry. We then present Raman intensity maps and elucidate Raman behaviors consistent and incongruous with Raman selection rules. In particular, we identify an intriguing Raman scattering phenomenon from the forbidden modes, distinctively occurring at the two NR ends. Their unexpectedly strong and localized scattering signals at the NR termini are contrasted by the scattering behaviors from the rest of the NR positions agreeing with the selection predictions. By carrying out control measurements on isotropic ZnO microparticles (MPs), we ascertain that the unique NR position-specific Raman responses observed on ZnO NRs originate from their high shape anisotropy. Owing to the superior optical property coupled with reduced dimensionality and high geometric anisotropy, ZnO NRs have gained much attention recently for use in optoelectronic, photonic, and biosensor technologies. Raman scattering has been increasingly exploited as a noninvasive and sensitive analytical tool to investigate NR properties pertinent to these applications. Hence, our endeavors, explicitly providing the spatially distinct, polarized Raman scattering behaviors from individual ZnO NRs, will be central to the correct interpretation of Raman data of both the individual and ensemble NRs as well as to the accurate correlation of the measurement outcomes to their chemical/physical/optical properties. Our efforts may also promote novel applications for polarized Raman scattering whose optical outputs on the various positions along the ZnO NRs can be selectively modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Srikantharajah R, Schindler T, Landwehr I, Romeis S, Unruh T, Peukert W. From evaporation-induced self-assembly to shear-induced alignment. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19882-19893. [PMID: 27878180 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of compact nanostructured thin films depends critically on the degree of order and hence on the underlying ordering mechanisms during film formation. For dip coating of rigid nanorods the counteracting mechanisms, evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) and shear-induced alignment (SIA) have recently been identified as competing ordering mechanisms. Here, we show how to achieve highly ordered and homogeneous thin films by controlling EISA and SIA in dip coating. Therefore we identify the influences of the process parameters including temperature, initial volume fraction and nanorod aspect ratio on evaporation-induced convective flow and externally applied shear forces and evaluate the resulting films. The impact of evaporation and shear can be distinguished by analysing film thickness, surface order and bulk order by careful in situ SAXS, Raman and SEM-based image analysis. For the first time we derive processing guidelines for the controlled application of EISA and SIA towards highly ordered thin nematic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srikantharajah
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - T Schindler
- Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I Landwehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Romeis
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - T Unruh
- Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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