1
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Dimitriev O, Kysil D, Zaderko A, Isaieva O, Vasin A, Piryatinski Y, Fahlman M, Nazarov A. Photoluminescence quantum yield of carbon dots: emission due to multiple centers versus excitonic emission. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2185-2197. [PMID: 38633041 PMCID: PMC11019485 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are recognized as promising fluorescent nanomaterials with bright emission and large variations of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). However, there is still no unique approach for explanation of mechanisms and recipes for synthetic procedures/chemical composition of CDs responsible for the enhancement of PLQY. Here, we compare photophysical behavior and PLQY of two types of CDs synthesized by different routes, leading to the different extent of oxidation and composition. The first type of CDs represents a conjugated carbon system oxidized by F, N and O heteroatoms, whereas the second type represents a non-conjugated carbon system oxidized by oxygen. Photophysical data, photoemission spectroscopy and microscopy data yield the suggestion that in the first case, a structure with a distinct carbon core and highly oxidized electron-accepting shell is formed. This leads to the excitonic type non-tunable emission with single-exponent decay and high PLQY with a strong dependence on the solvent polarity, being as high as 93% in dioxane and as low as 30% in aqueous medium, but which is vulnerable to photobleaching. In the second case, the oxidized CDs do not indicate a clear core-shell structure and show poor solvatochromism, negligible photobleaching, low PLQY varying in the range of 0.7-2.3% depending on the solvent used, and tunable emission with multi-exponent decay, which can be described by the model of multiple emission centers acting through a clustering-triggered emission mechanism. The obtained results lead to a strategy that allows one to design carbon nanomaterials with principally different PLQYs that differ by orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine Pr. Nauky 41 Kyiv 03028 Ukraine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Dmytro Kysil
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine Pr. Nauky 41 Kyiv 03028 Ukraine
| | - Alexander Zaderko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University Kyiv 01033 Ukraine
| | - Oksana Isaieva
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine Pr. Nauky 41 Kyiv 03028 Ukraine
- National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" Skovorody, 2 Kyiv 04070 Ukraine
| | - Andrii Vasin
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine Pr. Nauky 41 Kyiv 03028 Ukraine
- National Technical University "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 37, Peremohy Ave. Kyiv 03056 Ukraine
| | - Yuri Piryatinski
- Institute of Physics, NAS of Ukraine Pr. Nauki 46 Kyiv 03028 Ukraine
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Alexei Nazarov
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine Pr. Nauky 41 Kyiv 03028 Ukraine
- National Technical University "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 37, Peremohy Ave. Kyiv 03056 Ukraine
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2
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Demchenko AP. Excitonic Properties of Organic Dye Aggregates: Contribution of Ukrainian Science. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300290. [PMID: 37873897 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected discovery that molecules of organic dyes when they form regular structures can change dramatically their light absorption and fluorescence properties were attracting the minds of researchers for more than eight decades. The progress in investigation of this unique phenomenon described in terms of H- and J-aggregation has led to many practical applications. Here the author expresses his personal view on the dramatic story of switching this research area from empirical knowledge to that standing on strong background of molecular exciton theory. The author was a witness of some of these events and acquainted with several great personalities involved. The major trends of future developments are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Demchenko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, Leontovicha st. 9, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
- Yuriy Fedkovych National University, Chernivtsi, 58012, Ukraine
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4
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Sousa DA, Berberan-Santos MN, Prata JV. Are "Carbon Dots" Always Carbon Dots? Evidence for their Supramolecular Nature from Structural and Dynamic Studies in Solution and in the Pure Solid. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302955. [PMID: 37943001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A model for the morphology (size, shape, and crystallinity) of carbon dots (CDs) in the solid state consistent with the observed photoluminescence in solution is proposed herein. Overwhelming evidence has been collected that links the data coming from solid-state analysis (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS)) to that of solution (pulsed-field gradient (PFG)-NMR spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA), and steady-state/time-resolved fluorescence), allowing the establishment of an overall structural model for CDs. According to this model, the so-called carbon dots, observed under HRTEM imaging, are in fact supramolecular organized structures dynamically assembled from small to medium-sized molecular species when the solvent is removed to give the solid form. In this way, the imaged nanoparticles (TEM/AFM) are not covalently bound entities formed during the synthetic process, but instead supramolecular entities formed by noncovalent interactions. These particles, if at all present in solution, have the form of loose associations of relatively small molecules. This study was conducted on CDs obtained from the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of a biomass waste (olive wet pomace).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário N Berberan-Santos
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José V Prata
- Department of Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
- CQ-VR-Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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5
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Garg R, Prasad D. Carbon dots and their interactions with recognition molecules for enhanced nucleic acid detection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 680:93-107. [PMID: 37738905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon Dots (C-dots) have exceptional fluorescence and incident wavelength alteration capabilities because of their π-π* electron transitions between the surface-trapped charges. They have clear, considerate and cost-effective applications in the domain of bio-sensing, optical imaging, medical diagnostics, fluorescence chemotherapy, forensics, and environmentology. Advances in the production process of C-dots can change their optical and chemical characteristics, allowing them to interact with a variety of chemicals and ions that can be exploited for the DNA detection in point-of-care devices. In the current scenario of pathogenic disease prevention, metagenomics and industrial processes, alternative genetic material identification is critical. This review focuses on the existing carbon dots-based DNA detection technologies and their interactions with other components such as metallic salts, dyes, and biological chemicals based on their surface charge distribution (positive or negative) employed in the DNA diagnostic devices and biosensors with their operating mechanism regarding their target component. These intriguing scientific discoveries and technologies will be extensively examined to translate them into real-world solutions which will have a significant societal and economic impact on overall well-being and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Garg
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Dinesh Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
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6
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Giordano MG, Seganti G, Bartoli M, Tagliaferro A. An Overview on Carbon Quantum Dots Optical and Chemical Features. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062772. [PMID: 36985743 PMCID: PMC10051812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots are the materials of a new era with astonishing properties such as high photoluminescence, chemical tuneability and high biocompatibility. Since their discovery, carbon quantum dots have been described as nanometric high-fluorescent carbon nanoparticles, but this definition has become weaker year after year. Nowadays, the classification and the physical explanation of carbon quantum dots optical properties and their chemical structure remain matter of debate. In this review, we provide a clear discussion on these points, providing a starting point for the rationalization of their classification and a comprehensive view on the optical and chemical features of carbon quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giuseppe Giordano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Seganti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5 T, Canada
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7
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Kasprzyk W, Świergosz T, Romańczyk PP, Feldmann J, Stolarczyk JK. The role of molecular fluorophores in the photoluminescence of carbon dots derived from citric acid: current state-of-the-art and future perspectives. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14368-14384. [PMID: 36156633 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), an emerging class of nanomaterials, have attracted considerable attention due to their intriguing photophysical properties. Despite their indisputable potential of utilization in many fascinating areas of research and life, some fundamental aspects concerning their structure and the origin of their photoluminescence (PL) properties still await clarification. The mechanism of PL emission of CDs is associated with their structure, which is dependent on the carbonization process. At the initial stages of CD synthesis via a bottom-up approach, molecular fluorophores are considered to dominate the optical characteristics of the resulting nanomaterials. In this review, the recent progress in the use of molecular state theory for explanation of the structure-property relationship in CDs is summarized. This review focuses exclusively on the molecular fluorophores existing in nanomaterials prepared from citric acid (CA) as one of the most frequent carbon sources reported for the bottom-up synthesis of CDs. Consequently, the most relevant transformations of CA and the history of molecular fluorophores derived from it are described, followed by an in-depth discussion on their relevance in understanding the specific photophysical properties of blue-, green-, and red-emitting CDs. Finally, the challenging issues and future perspectives of molecular state PL mechanism exploration in CDs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr P Romańczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Jacek K Stolarczyk
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, Munich, 80539, Germany
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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8
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Sousa DA, Ferreira LFV, Fedorov AA, do Rego AMB, Ferraria AM, Cruz AB, Berberan-Santos MN, Prata JV. Luminescent Carbon Dots from Wet Olive Pomace: Structural Insights, Photophysical Properties and Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196768. [PMID: 36235306 PMCID: PMC9573145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials endowed with significant luminescence have been synthesized for the first time from an abundant, highly localized waste, the wet pomace (WP), a semi-solid by-product of industrial olive oil production. Synthetic efforts were undertaken to outshine the photoluminescence (PL) of carbon nanoparticles through a systematic search of the best reaction conditions to convert the waste biomass, mainly consisting in holocellulose, lignin and proteins, into carbon dots (CDs) by hydrothermal carbonization processes. Blue-emitting CDs with high fluorescence quantum yields were obtained. Using a comprehensive set of spectroscopic tools (FTIR, Raman, XPS, and 1H/13C NMR) in combination with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, a rational depiction of WP-CDs structures and their PL properties was reached. WP-CDs show the up-conversion of PL capabilities and negligible cytotoxicity against two mammalian cell lines (L929 and HeLa). Both properties are excellent indicators for their prospective application in biological imaging, biosensing, and dynamic therapies driven by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A. Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal
- CQ-VR-Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís F. V. Ferreira
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexander A. Fedorov
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. B. do Rego
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Ferraria
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adriana B. Cruz
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário N. Berberan-Santos
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José V. Prata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal
- CQ-VR-Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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9
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Villari V, Gaeta M, D’Urso A, Micali N. Porphyrin/carbon nanodot supramolecular complexes and their optical properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Nkeumaleu AT, Benetti D, Haddadou I, Di Mare M, Ouellet-Plamondon CM, Rosei F. Brewery spent grain derived carbon dots for metal sensing. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11621-11627. [PMID: 35481069 PMCID: PMC9009306 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a proof-of-concept to recycle microbrewery waste as a carbon source for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs). A simple method has been developed to synthesize water-soluble CDs based on microwave irradiation of brewery spent grain. The structures and optical properties of the CDs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of reaction time, temperature and pH on the properties of carbon dots were studied. These CDs were found to be spherical with an average diameter of 5.3 nm, N-doped, containing many functional groups (hydroxyl, ethers, esters, carboxyl and amino groups), and to exhibit good photoluminescence with a fluorescent quantum yield of 14%. Finally, the interaction between carbon dots and metal ions was investigated towards developing CDs as a sensing technology for water treatment, food quality and safety detection. This article presents a proof-of-concept to recycle microbrewery waste as a carbon source for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Thibaut Nkeumaleu
- École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, 1100 Notre-Dame West, Montréal, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Daniele Benetti
- INRS, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Imane Haddadou
- École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, 1100 Notre-Dame West, Montréal, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Michael Di Mare
- École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, 1100 Notre-Dame West, Montréal, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | | | - Federico Rosei
- INRS, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
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11
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Kim D, Calabro RL, Masud AA, Kothalawala NL, Gu M, Kwak SY, Son WJ, Hwang KY, Choi H, Richards CI, Kim DY, Kim BS. Exploring the Role of Surface States in Emissive Carbon Nanodots: Analysis at Single-Particle Level. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:4155-4164. [PMID: 34734682 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanodots (CDs) have been highlighted as promising semiconducting materials due to their outstanding chemical and optical properties. However, the intrinsic heterogeneity of CDs has impeded a clear understanding of the mechanisms behind their photophysical properties. In this study, as-prepared CDs are fractionated via chromatography to reduce their structural and chemical heterogeneity and analyzed through ensemble and single-particle spectroscopies. Many single particles reveal fluorescence intensity fluctuations between two or more discrete levels with bi-exponential decays. While the intrinsic τ1 components are uniform among single particles, the τ2 components from molecule-like emissions spans a wider range of lifetimes, reflecting the inhomogeneity of the surface states. Furthermore, it is concluded that the relative population and chemical states of surface functional groups in CDs have a significant impact on emissive states, brightness, blinking, stability, and lifetime distribution of photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Rosemary L Calabro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, United States
| | - Abdullah A Masud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, United States
| | - Nadeesha L Kothalawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, United States
| | - Minsu Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR), Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Kwak
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joon Son
- Data and Information Technology (DIT) Center, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Young Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher I Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, United States
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, United States
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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12
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Jalilov AS. Photoluminescent Carbon Nanodots Integrated Polymeric Materials in One Step from Molecular Precursors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Almaz S. Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia 31261
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13
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Zhang D, Chao D, Yu C, Zhu Q, Zhou S, Tian L, Zhou L. One-Step Green Solvothermal Synthesis of Full-Color Carbon Quantum Dots Based on a Doping Strategy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8939-8946. [PMID: 34499514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proposing a simple strategy for developing full-color carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and exploring how the luminescence can be tuned and improved is attractive and encouraging. Herein, blue, green, yellow-green, and orange-red CQDs doped with heteroatoms were synthesized in one pot and separated by column chromatography, with emission peaks of 435 nm, 495 nm [photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 88.9%], 525 nm, and 595 nm (full width at half-maximum of 31 nm), respectively. The abundant C-O/C-O-C electron donor groups greatly improve the PLQY of green CQDs, and the expended effective conjugated domains (particle size, doped chlorine, and conjugated nitrogen) of CQDs boost the red-shifts of emission spectra. Energy transfer (ET) in a concentrated mixed solution of CQDs was discovered, and possible ET mechanisms are proposed. Furthermore, a high-efficiency white light-emitting diode with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.361, 0.369), a correlated color temperature of 4534 K, and a high color rendering index of 90.8 was fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiyong Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
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14
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Jagannathan M, Dhinasekaran D, Soundharraj P, Rajendran S, Vo DVN, Prakasarao A, Ganesan S. Green synthesis of white light emitting carbon quantum dots: Fabrication of white fluorescent film and optical sensor applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125091. [PMID: 33866289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have reported on the facile synthesis of white light-emitting carbon quantum dots (CQD) from corncob by hydrothermal method. This CQD has a broad emission from 380 nm to 650 nm with high photoluminescence intensity even after three months of shelf-life and stable at variable pH conditions. The presence of Si and N impurities in the biomass gives a greater advantage in producing white light emission with high quantum yield (54%) and enhanced lifetime at ambient conditions. The CQD is highly sensitive towards DNA, paracetamol, Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, and Cr3+ fluorescence sensing and signifies its application as a multi-modal fluorescence sensor. The results of optical sensitivity calculated from the linear range of 1-10 ng/mL, 0.10-0.30 mg/mL, 2.5446 ng/mL, 0.0694 mg/mL, 0.3103-1.5515 μM/mL, 0.4299-4.7293 μM/mL, 1.3010 μM/mL and 0.05-2.5 μM/mL. The limit of detection is 2.5446 ng/mL, 0.0694 mg/mL, 0.8641 μM/mL, 1.2454 μM/mL, 1.3010 μM/m, 0.8550 μM/mL and 2.8562 μM/mL, respectively. And also, the relative standard deviation values of 2.30%, 4.46%, 1.79%, 1.84%, 0.26%, 1.23% and 0.35% are evidences its possibility of development towards potential optical sensor applications. Flexible white light-emitting sheets were fabricated from the CQD, illuminates uniform brightness, and has good color reproducibility and higher stability under various UV light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Jagannathan
- Department of Medical Physics, CEG Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | | | - Prabha Soundharraj
- Department of Medical Physics, CEG Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Aruna Prakasarao
- Department of Medical Physics, CEG Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Singaravelu Ganesan
- Department of Medical Physics, CEG Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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15
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Sulfur-doped carbon dots@polydopamine-functionalized magnetic silver nanocubes for dual-modality detection of norovirus. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113540. [PMID: 34403935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic dual-mode optical platforms are up-and-coming detection tools in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. Here, novel dual-modality fluorescence (FL) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques have been integrated into a single probe for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of norovirus (NoV). The developed FL-SER-based biosensor relies on the dual-signal enhancements of newly synthesized sulfur-doped agar-derived carbon dots (S-agCDs). The antigen-antibody immunoreaction results in forming a core-satellite immunocomplex between anti-NoV antibody-conjugated S-agCDs and polydopamine-functionalized magnetic silver nanocubes [poly (dop)-MNPs-Ag NCs]. By deploying an immunomagnetic enrichment protocol and performing the SERS modality on a single-layer graphene substrate, norovirus-like particles (NoV-LPs) were detected across a wide range of 1 fg mL-1 - 10 ng mL-1 with an excellent limit of detection of 0.1 fg mL-1. The combined advantage of the dual-signaling properties of the biosensor was demonstrated using FL confocal imaging for "hotspots" tracking prior to SERS detection of clinical NoV in fecal specimen down to ⁓10 RNA copies mL-1. The proposed dual-modality biosensor's performance increases the prospect of a rapid and low-cost sensitive NoV detection and surveillance option for public health.
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16
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Chung S, Zhang M. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Carbon Dot - Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Imaging and Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:711534. [PMID: 34295883 PMCID: PMC8290417 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.711534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is commonly used to image specific parts of a biological system, and is applicable for early diagnosis of cancer. Current fluorescent probes, such as organic dyes and quantum dots, suffer from poor solubility and high toxicity, respectively, demonstrating a need for a colloidal stable and non-toxic fluorescent probe. Here we present an iron oxide and carbon dot (CD) based nanoparticle (CNPCP) that displays optical properties similar to those of conventional fluorescent probe and also exhibits good biocompatibility. Fluorescent CDs were synthesized from glucosamine onto chitosan - polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer using microwave irradiation. These NPs were monodispersed in aqueous environments and displayed excitation-dependent fluorescence; they demonstrated good size stability and fluorescence intensity in biological media. In vitro evaluation of CNP as fluorescent probes in cancer cell lines showed that these NPs caused little toxicity, and allowed fast and quantitative imaging. Model therapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated onto the NPs (CNPCP-DOX) to demonstrate the multifunctionality of the NPs, and in vitro studies showed that CNPCP-DOX was able to kill cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. These results indicate the potential of using CNPCPs as fluorescent probes capable of delivering chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Uriarte D, Vidal E, Canals A, Domini CE, Garrido M. Simple-to-use and portable device for free chlorine determination based on microwave-assisted synthesized carbon dots and smartphone images. Talanta 2021; 229:122298. [PMID: 33838783 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new portable and simple 3D printed device was designed for free chlorine determination in water samples. The analytical method was based on the quenching caused by free chlorine on the fluorescence emission of the carbon dots (CD) synthesized from citric acid and urea. The fluorescence was captured through the camera of a smartphone, which was coupled to the 3D printed device, and the images were processed using the RGB system by the ImageJ 1.51q software. The proposed method was selective and precise (RSD% 4.6, for n = 6), and the trueness of the results was evaluated by comparing the results obtained with those recovered by the spectrophotometric method 4500-Cl G (standard method), with good agreement between them. Moreover, the remarkable correlation between the CD signal and the free chlorine concentration resulted in a determination with low detection limits (limit of detection of 6 μg L-1 and limit of quantification of 20 μg L-1). Therefore, the new method and the related portable device could be considered a fast, economical and reliable alternative for the on-site determination of free chlorine in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Uriarte
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - E Vidal
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - A Canals
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - C E Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - M Garrido
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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18
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Li X, Lin H, Li Q, Xue J, Xu Y, Zhuang L. Recyclable Magnetic Fluorescent Fe 3O 4@SiO 2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles Decorated with Carbon Dots for Fluoride Ion Removal. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingyi Xue
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Floor 17, Tower Wing, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Photovoltaics Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Dutta A, Trolles-Cavalcante STY, Cleetus A, Marks V, Schechter A, Webster RD, Borenstein A. Surface modifications of carbon nanodots reveal the chemical source of their bright fluorescence. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:716-724. [PMID: 36133830 PMCID: PMC9417464 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) have drawn increasing attention in recent years. These cost-effective and eco-friendly nanomaterials with bright fluorescence have been investigated as promising materials for electrooptic and bioimaging applications. However, the chemical source stimulating their strong fluorescence has not been completely identified to date. Depending on the chemical composition, two absorption peaks are observed in the visible range. In this study, we applied selected chemical modifications to CNDs in order to elucidate the correlation between the chemical structure and optical behavior of CNDs. Varying the amount of acetic acid in the synthesis process resulted in different effects on the absorbance and fluorescence photo-spectra. Specifically, at a low concentration (10%), the fluorescence is dramatically red shifted from 340 to 405 nm. Comprehensive characterization of the chemical modification by FTIR and XPS allows identification of the role of acetic acid in the reaction mechanism leading to the modified photoactivity. The functional group responsible for the 405 nm peak was identified as HPPT. We describe a chemical mechanism involving acetic acid that leads to an increased concentration of HPPT groups on the surface of the CNDs. Applying two additional independent chemical and consequently optical modifications namely solution pH and annealing on the nanodots further supports our proposed explanation. Understanding the molecular origin of CND fluorescence may promote the design and control of effective CND fluorescence in optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | | | - Annie Cleetus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | - Vered Marks
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | - Alex Schechter
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637371 Singapore
| | - Arie Borenstein
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
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20
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Jalilov AS. Solvent Effect on Structural Elucidation of Photoluminescent Graphitic Carbon Nanodots. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20409-20416. [PMID: 32832794 PMCID: PMC7439391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) of carbon nanodots (CNDs) is proposed to originate from the polycyclic aromatic carbon-core and in situ synthesized molecular fluorophores. This work reports the CNDs prepared by direct pyrolysis of citric acid only at a prolonged time, 40 h, and their fluorescence emission parameters in a variety of solvents by steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopies. The response of fluorescence emission lifetime and emission quenching rate constants to changes in solvent parameters such as polarity and tumbling lifetime were essentially independent, unlike molecular fluorophores that display solvent-dependent emission parameters. Fluorescence emission was quenched in nitromethane additionally indicating to the polycyclic aromatic carbon-core as a predominant structural feature of the CNDs. The quenching of CND emission in the presence of benzophenone that has a strong triplet component in the excited state was observed. Quenching demonstrates the Stern-Volmer behavior and reveals the additional nonradiative decay pathways of CNDs. The main photophysical features of CNDs are discussed in terms of fluorescence emission originating from the excited state of the polycyclic aromatic carbon-core where contribution from the potential molecular fluorophores is considered minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almaz S. Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Anjali Devi JS, Aparna RS, Anjana RR, Madanan Anju S, George S. Erlotinib Conjugated Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanodots for Targeted Fluorescence Imaging of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraj S. Anjali Devi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala India
| | - Ravindran S. Aparna
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala India
| | - Reghunathan R. Anjana
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala India
| | - S. Madanan Anju
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala India
| | - Sony George
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala India
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22
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Dager A, Baliyan A, Kurosu S, Maekawa T, Tachibana M. Ultrafast synthesis of carbon quantum dots from fenugreek seeds using microwave plasma enhanced decomposition: application of C-QDs to grow fluorescent protein crystals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12333. [PMID: 32704038 PMCID: PMC7378176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the rapid synthesis of mono-dispersed carbon quantum dots (C-QDs) via a single-step microwave plasma-enhanced decomposition (MPED) process. Highly-crystalline C-QDs were synthesized in a matter of 5 min using the fenugreek seeds as a sustainable carbon source. It is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, where C-QDs were synthesized using MPED via natural carbon precursor. Synthesis of C-QDs requires no external temperature other than hydrogen (H2) plasma. Plasma containing the high-energy electrons and activated hydrogen ions predominantly provide the required energy directly into the reaction volume, thus maximizing the atom economy. C-QDs shows excellent Photoluminescence (PL) activity along with the dual-mode of excitation-dependent PL emission (blue and redshift). We investigate the reason behind the dual-mode of excitation-dependent PL. To prove the efficacy of the MPED process, C-QDs were also derived from fenugreek seeds using the traditional synthesis process, highlighting their respective size-distribution, crystallinity, quantum yield, and PL. Notably, C-QDs synthesis via MPED was 97.2% faster than the traditional thermal decomposition process. To the best of our knowledge, the present methodology to synthesize C-QDs via natural source employing MPED is three times faster and far more energy-efficient than reported so far. Additionally, the application of C-QDs to produce the florescent lysozyme protein crystals "hybrid bio-nano crystals" is also discussed. Such a guest-host strategy can be exploited to develop diverse and complex "bio-nano systems". The florescent lysozyme protein crystals could provide a platform for the development of novel next-generation polychrome luminescent crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Dager
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Ankur Baliyan
- NISSAN ARC, LTD, 1-Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 236-0061, Japan
| | - Shunji Kurosu
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Masaru Tachibana
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan.
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23
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Anjali Devi JS, Aparna RS, Anjana RR, Vijila NS, Jayakrishna J, George S. Amplified luminescence quenching effect upon binding of nitrogen doped carbon nanodots to transition metal ions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:207-216. [PMID: 31960873 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00420c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant drive to identify a unified emission mechanism hidden behind carbon nanodots (CDs) to attain reliable control over their photoluminescence properties. This issue is addressed here by investigating the fluorescence response of citric acid and urea-based nitrogen doped carbon nanodots (NCDs) towards transition metal ions in solutions of different polarities/viscosities/hydrogen bonding strengths. The photoluminescence from NCDs upon excitation at 400 nm is quenched by metal ions such as chromium(vi), ruthenium(iii) and iron(iii) in two different polar solvents, protic water and aprotic dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). This amplified luminescence quenching in polar solutions showed significant static quenching contributions. The quenching phenomenon highly depends on the excitation wavelength and solvent environment. The fluorescence quenching sequence reveals that pyridinic nitrogen-bases have a dominant influence on J-like emissive aggregates of NCDs. Similarly, oxygen-containing functional groups play a significant role in constructing H-aggregates of NCDs. The most intense emission is contributed by the J-like assembly of H-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Anjali Devi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram-695581, Kerala, India.
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24
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Bagheri S, Kompany-Zareh M, Karimpour T. Multiway data analysis approach toward understanding of photoluminescence and energy transfer in carbon nanodots. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:385-392. [PMID: 31896165 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, dilution analysis and anion exchange chromatography (AEC) were employed to provide insights into the photoluminescence (PL) of carbon nanodots (CNDs). A stepwise dilution process revealed that some of the fluorophores with higher energy emission were quenched in the high concentration solution and appeared in the dilute solutions. AEC fractionation led to seven sorts of CND fractions with similar surface charges. The fractionation for this CND mixture showed that excitation wavelength dependence was lower for separated CND particles. The wavelength dependence of excitation spectra could be due to energy exchange between particles that was reduced in diluted solutions and separated fractions. Multivariate analysis of AEC's data demonstrated that there were five distinct fluorophores, which formed the total CND emission. It is interesting that none of these fluorophores had a clear contribution to the surface charge of the CND particles. Further characterization through FTIR spectroscopy and 1 H NMR revealed that optical properties of CNDs did not follow the surface functional groups in CNDs. This situation means that the optical behaviour of particles and their fluorophores differed depending on the surface functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Kompany-Zareh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Touraj Karimpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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25
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Abstract
Unexpectedly bright photoluminescence emission can be observed in materials incorporating inorganic carbon when their size is reduced from macro–micro to nano. At present, there is no consensus in its understanding, and many suggested explanations are not consistent with the broad range of experimental data. In this Review, I discuss the possible role of collective excitations (excitons) generated by resonance electronic interactions among the chromophore elements within these nanoparticles. The Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism of energy migration within nanoparticles operates when the composing fluorophores are the localized electronic systems interacting at a distance. Meanwhile, the resonance interactions among closely located fluorophores may lead to delocalization of the excited states over many molecules resulting in Frenkel excitons. The H-aggregate-type quantum coherence originating from strong coupling among the transition dipoles of adjacent chromophores in a co-facial stacking arrangement and exciton transport to emissive traps are the basis of the presented model. It can explain most of the hitherto known experimental observations and must stimulate the progress towards their versatile applications.
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26
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Dager A, Uchida T, Maekawa T, Tachibana M. Synthesis and characterization of Mono-disperse Carbon Quantum Dots from Fennel Seeds: Photoluminescence analysis using Machine Learning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14004. [PMID: 31570739 PMCID: PMC6769153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the synthesis of mono-dispersed C-QDs via single-step thermal decomposition process using the fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare). As synthesized C-QDs have excellent colloidal, photo-stability, environmental stability (pH) and do not require any additional surface passivation step to improve the fluorescence. The C-QDs show excellent PL activity and excitation-independent emission. Synthesis of excitation-independent C-QDs, to the best of our knowledge, using natural carbon source via pyrolysis process has never been achieved before. The effect of reaction time and temperature on pyrolysis provides insight into the synthesis of C-QDs. We used Machine-learning techniques (ML) such as PCA, MCR-ALS, and NMF-ARD-SO in order to provide a plausible explanation for the origin of the PL mechanism of as-synthesized C-QDs. ML techniques are capable of handling and analyzing the large PL data-set, and institutively recommend the best excitation wavelength for PL analysis. Mono-disperse C-QDs are highly desirable and have a range of potential applications in bio-sensing, cellular imaging, LED, solar cell, supercapacitor, printing, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Dager
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Takashi Uchida
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan.,Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-10 Hitomi, Matsuida-machi, Annaka-shi, Gunma, 379-0224, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Silicone-Electronics Materials Research Center, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-10 Hitomi, Matsuida-machi, Annaka-shi, Gunma, 379-0224, Japan
| | - Masaru Tachibana
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan.
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27
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Sendão RMS, Crista DMA, Afonso ACP, Martínez de Yuso MDV, Algarra M, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Insight into the hybrid luminescence showed by carbon dots and molecular fluorophores in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20919-20926. [PMID: 31517344 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03730f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots have attracted great attention from the research community given their very attractive luminescent properties. However, the recent discovery that some of these properties may result from fluorescent impurities originating from the synthesis process, and not from the carbon dots themselves, constitute a significant setback to our knowledge of these materials. Herein, we proceeded to the study of carbon dots generated from citric acid and urea via a microwave-assisted synthesis, focusing on their analysis by AFM, HR-TEM, XPS, FT-IR, ESI-MS, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. We have found that this synthesis process does generate molecular fluorophores that can mask the luminescence of the carbon dots. More importantly, our data demonstrates that when present in the same solution, the carbon dots and these fluorophores do not behave as separated species with individual emission. Instead, they interact to produce a hybrid luminescence, which excited state properties and reactivity are different from the properties of the individual species. These results indicate the possibility for the development of hybrid materials composed by carbon dots and related molecular fluorophores with new and improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M S Sendão
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana M A Crista
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina P Afonso
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Del Valle Martínez de Yuso
- X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Lab, Central Service to Support Research Bulding (SCAI), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Algarra
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and LACOMEPHI, GreenUPorto, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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28
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Anjali Devi JS, Aparna RS, Anjana RR, Nebu J, Anju SM, George S. Solvent Effects: A Signature of J- and H-Aggregate of Carbon Nanodots in Polar Solvents. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7420-7429. [PMID: 31373812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The secret behind excitation-dependent/-independent photoluminescence of carbon nanodots (CDs) is not yet revealed completely. To address this issue, a detailed investigation on solvent polarity-dependent optical properties of citric acid-urea co-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (NCDs) was carried out. The interpretation on UV-visible spectral data reveals the presence of H-aggregates formed through hydrogen bonding. In addition, dipole-dipole interaction-mediated J-aggregates are clearly evident. The broad and intense excitation band of NCDs is mostly contributed by highly emissive J-like self-assembly of H-aggregates in polar solvents. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of NCDs show triexponential decay kinetics. The three lifetime components correspond to long-lived H-aggregates, short-lived J-aggregates, and JH-aggregates of intermediate lifetime. Moreover, fluorescence of NCD is influenced by concentration and storage time. Accordingly, mismatch in spectral shapes of excitation and absorption spectra of NCD can be successfully correlated to aggregate species of NCDs that exist even in very dilute solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Anjali Devi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Kerala , Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695581 , Kerala , India
| | - R S Aparna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Kerala , Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695581 , Kerala , India
| | - R R Anjana
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Kerala , Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695581 , Kerala , India
| | - John Nebu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Kerala , Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695581 , Kerala , India
| | - S Madanan Anju
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Kerala , Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695581 , Kerala , India
| | - Sony George
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Kerala , Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695581 , Kerala , India
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29
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Deeney C, McKiernan EP, Belhout SA, Rodriguez BJ, Redmond G, Quinn SJ. Template-Assisted Synthesis of Luminescent Carbon Nanofibers from Beverage-Related Precursors by Microwave Heating. Molecules 2019; 24:E1455. [PMID: 31013798 PMCID: PMC6515550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent carbon nanomaterials are important materials for sensing, imaging, and display technologies. This work describes the use of microwave heating for the template-assisted preparation of luminescent carbon nanofibers (CNFs) from the reaction of a range of beverage-related precursors with the nitrogen-rich polyethyleneimine. Highly luminescent robust carbon fibers that were 10 to 30 m in length and had a diameter of 200 nm were obtained under moderate conditions of temperature (250-260 °C) and a short reaction time (6 min). The high aspect ratio fibers showed wavelength-dependent emission that can be readily imaged using epifluorescence. The development of these multi-emissive one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanomaterials offers potential for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Deeney
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Eoin P McKiernan
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Samir A Belhout
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Gareth Redmond
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland.
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30
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Mishra K, Koley S, Ghosh S. Ground-State Heterogeneity along with Fluorescent Byproducts Causes Excitation-Dependent Fluorescence and Time-Dependent Spectral Migration in Citric Acid-Derived Carbon Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:335-345. [PMID: 30607959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of fluorescent carbon dot (FCD) emission deserves its highest appreciation when sample purification is performed with extreme care. Several controversial phenomena of FCD fluorescence including excitation-dependent emission, spectral migration with time, and thereby violation of the Kasha-Vavilov rule, which sparked intense debate during recent reports, disappeared when we rigorously purified the as-synthesized FCD sample. Purification was performed by first visual silica column chromatography (observing the emissions under UV illumination) and subsequently prolonged membrane dialysis. Most of the surprising phenomena of FCD fluorescence reported earlier apparently arose from ground-state spectral heterogeneity of FCD sample containing a large amount of fluorescent impurities (mostly polymeric or oligomeric in nature). Observation of our ensemble spectroscopic measurements, albeit nicely matched with recent reports based on single-particle experiments, differed largely from that of other ensemble measurements. Our results reconciled a number of long-standing controversies on FCD emission mostly by emphasizing the urgency of sample purification with more scientific rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mishra
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Khurda 752050 , Odisha India
| | - Somnath Koley
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Khurda 752050 , Odisha India
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) , Khurda 752050 , Odisha India
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31
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Gharat PM, Chethodil JM, Srivastava AP, P. K. P, Pal H, Dutta Choudhury S. An insight into the molecular and surface state photoluminescence of carbon dots revealed through solvent-induced modulations in their excitation wavelength dependent emission properties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:110-119. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00373d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solvent environment can uniquely alter excitation wavelength dependent photoluminescence of carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojan Milan Gharat
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
| | - Jiddhu M. Chethodil
- Department of Nanotechnology
- Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education
- Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari District
- India
| | - Amit P. Srivastava
- Mechanical Metallurgy Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - Praseetha P. K.
- Department of Nanotechnology
- Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education
- Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari District
- India
| | - Haridas Pal
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - Sharmistha Dutta Choudhury
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
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32
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Carbon Nanodots: A Review—From the Current Understanding of the Fundamental Photophysics to the Full Control of the Optical Response. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/c4040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging family of nanosystems displaying a range of fascinating properties. Broadly speaking, they can be described as small, surface-functionalized carbonaceous nanoparticles characterized by an intense and tunable fluorescence, a marked sensitivity to the environment and a range of interesting photochemical properties. CDs are currently the subject of very intense research, motivated by their possible applications in many fields, including bioimaging, solar energy harvesting, nanosensing, light-emitting devices and photocatalyis. This review covers the latest advancements in the field of CDs, with a focus on the fundamental understanding of their key photophysical behaviour, which is still very debated. The photoluminescence mechanism, the origin of their peculiar fluorescence tunability, and their photo-chemical interactions with coupled systems are discussed in light of the latest developments in the field, such as the most recent results obtained by femtosecond time-resolved experiments, which have led to important steps forward in the fundamental understanding of CDs. The optical response of CDs appears to stem from a very complex interplay between the electronic states related to the core structure and those introduced by surface functionalization. In addition, the structure of CD energy levels and the electronic dynamics triggered by photo-excitation finely depend on the microscopic structure of any specific sub-type of CD. On the other hand, this remarkable variability makes CDs extremely versatile, a key benefit in view of their very wide range of applications.
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33
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Ghosal K, Ghosh A. Carbon dots: The next generation platform for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:887-903. [PMID: 30606603 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the wide range of carbon family nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) one of the promising candidate which has attracted tremendous attention due to its unique advantages such as facile synthesis procedure, easy surface functionalization, outstanding water solubility, low toxicity and excellent photo-physical properties. Due to these unique advantages, CDs are extensively used in catalysis, electronics, sensing, power as well as in biological sectors. In this review we will discuss recent progress in synthesis, structure and fluorescence properties of CDs with special highlight on its biomedical applications, more precisely we will highlight on CDs, for drug/gene delivery, bioimaging and photothermal and photodynamic therapy applications. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and future perspective of CDs in the field of biomedical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Ghosal
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Ashis Ghosh
- Materials Science Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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34
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Xiao L, Sun H. Novel properties and applications of carbon nanodots. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:565-597. [PMID: 32254112 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the most recent decade, carbon dots have drawn intensive attention and triggered substantial investigation. Carbon dots manifest superior merits, including excellent biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo, resistance to photobleaching, easy surface functionalization and bio-conjugation, outstanding colloidal stability, eco-friendly synthesis, and low cost. All of these endow them with the great potential to replace conventional unsatisfactory fluorescent heavy metal-containing semiconductor quantum dots or organic dyes. Even though the understanding of their photoluminescence mechanism is still controversial, carbon dots have already exhibited many versatile applications. In this article, we summarize and review the recent progress achieved in the field of carbon dots, and provide a comprehensive summary and discussion on their synthesis methods and emission mechanisms. We also present the applications of carbon dots in bioimaging, drug delivery, microfluidics, light emitting diode (LED), sensing, logic gates, and chiral photonics, etc. Some unaddressed issues, challenges, and future prospects of carbon dots are also discussed. We envision that carbon dots will eventually have great commercial utilization and will become a strong competitor to some currently used fluorescent materials. It is our hope that this review will provide insights into both the fundamental research and practical applications of carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xiao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
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35
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Chen S, Ullah N, Zhang R. Exciton Self-Trapping in sp 2 Carbon Nanostructures Induced by Edge Ether Groups. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4857-4864. [PMID: 30085672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have suggested that exciton self-trapping plays an important role in governing the optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and carbon dots (CDs), while the molecular structures related to this phenomenon remain unclear. This theoretical study reports exciton self-trapping induced by edge-bonded ether (C-O-C) groups in graphene nanosheets. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations show that the initially delocalized electron and hole are trapped in the vicinity of the edge ether groups on graphene nanosheets upon excited-state (S1) relaxation, accompanied by structural planarization of the seven-membered cyclic ether rings in the same region. The resulted significant structural deformation leads to large Stokes shift energies, which are comparable to the magnitudes of the notably large emission shift observed in experiments. This study provides a feasible explanation of the origin of exciton self-trapping and offers guidance for experiments to investigate and engineer exciton self-trapping in relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunwei Chen
- Department of Physics , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- Shenzhen Research Institute , City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen , China
| | - Naeem Ullah
- Department of Physics , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Department of Physics , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing 100193 , China
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36
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Sciortino A, Gazzetto M, Buscarino G, Popescu R, Schneider R, Giammona G, Gerthsen D, Rohwer EJ, Mauro N, Feurer T, Cannizzo A, Messina F. Disentangling size effects and spectral inhomogeneity in carbon nanodots by ultrafast dynamical hole-burning. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15317-15323. [PMID: 30069566 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CDs) are a novel family of nanomaterials exhibiting unique optical properties. In particular, their bright and tunable fluorescence redefines the paradigm of carbon as a "black" material and is considered very appealing for many applications. While the field keeps growing, understanding CDs fundamental properties and relating them to their variable structures becomes more and more critical. Two crucial problems concern the effect of size on the electronic structure of CDs, and to what extent their optical properties are influenced by structural disorder. Furthermore, it remains largely unclear whether traditional concepts borrowed from the photo-physics of semiconductor quantum dots can be applied to any type of CDs. We used femtosecond optical hole burning to address the excited-state properties of a family of CDs with the specific structure of β-C3N4. The experiments provide compelling evidence of the dramatic effects of structural heterogeneity on the optical spectra, and reveal the remarkably simple pattern of the electronic transitions of these CDs, normally obscured by disorder. Moreover, the data conclusively clarify the different effects of the nanometric size and of the disordered surface structure on the fluorescence tunability, ruling out for these CDs any quantum confinement effect comparable to semiconductor quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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37
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Kasprzyk W, Swiergosz T, Bednarz S, Walas K, Bashmakova NV, Bogdał D. Luminescence phenomena of carbon dots derived from citric acid and urea - a molecular insight. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13889-13894. [PMID: 29999091 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present the results of our investigations into the elucidation of the chemical structure of moieties responsible for the blue and green luminescence of CDs derived from the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid in the presence of urea. The molecular fluorophore that forms during the synthesis of green fluorescing CDs is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3,6(2H,5H)-trione (HPPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Swiergosz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Bednarz
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Walas
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Natalia V Bashmakova
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariusz Bogdał
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 32-048 Krakow, Poland.
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38
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Shamsipur M, Barati A, Taherpour AA, Jamshidi M. Resolving the Multiple Emission Centers in Carbon Dots: From Fluorophore Molecular States to Aromatic Domain States and Carbon-Core States. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4189-4198. [PMID: 29995417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite many efforts focused on the emission origin of carbon dots (CDs), it is still a topic of debate. This is mainly due to the complex structure of these nanomaterials. Here, we developed an innovative method to evaluate the number and spectral characterizations of various emission centers in CDs. We monitored the photostability of a series of column-separated CDs under UV irradiation to obtain three-dimensional data sets and resolve them using multivariate decomposition methods. The obtained results clearly revealed the presence of three different types of emission centers in CDs, including molecular states, aromatic domain states, and carbon-core states so that their single or coexisting appearance was found to be deeply dependent on the reaction temperature. Furthermore, density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory were used to investigate the electronic and optical properties of some different aza-polycyclic and corannulene molecules as possible polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons responsible for the above-mentioned aromatic domain states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Barati
- Department of Chemistry , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Avat Arman Taherpour
- Department of Chemistry , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
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39
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Malyukin Y, Viagin O, Maksimchuk P, Dekaliuk M, Demchenko A. Insight into the mechanism of the photoluminescence of carbon nanoparticles derived from cryogenic studies. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:9320-9328. [PMID: 29737346 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The unexpected discovery of the photoluminescence of carbon nanoparticles attracted the attention of many researchers and resulted in their use in a variety of applications. However, the origin of their emission is still obscure, and the majority of the discussions on the subject focus on their molecular and/or excitonic emissive states. We performed cryogenic studies down to 10 K and did not observe any signatures of suppressed molecular relaxation - the spectra remained broad, showing large unaltered Stokes shifts and temperature-independent emission intensities and lifetimes below 80 K with a weak dependence above this value. We demonstrated that the most general features of carbon nanoparticles, the very large Stokes shifts and considerable differences between the absorption and excitation spectra, are the result of the formation of a dynamic defect, the self-trapped Frenkel exciton. It looks like the distorted domain of the H-aggregate due to the exciton-lattice interaction and the local overheating caused by the exciton relaxation. In addition, at low temperatures the long-lifetime spectral component was found and was attributed to phosphorescence. The obtained results strongly support the excitonic nature of the fluorescence of nanocarbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Malyukin
- Institute for Scintillation Materials of NAS of Ukraine, SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of NAS of Ukraine, 60 Nauky ave., 61072 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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40
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Papaioannou N, Marinovic A, Yoshizawa N, Goode AE, Fay M, Khlobystov A, Titirici MM, Sapelkin A. Structure and solvents effects on the optical properties of sugar-derived carbon nanodots. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6559. [PMID: 29700398 PMCID: PMC5920085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanodots are a new and intriguing class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials and are considered a promising low cost, nontoxic alternative to traditional inorganic quantum dots in applications such as bioimaging, solar cells, photocatalysis, sensors and others. Despite the abundant available literature, a clear formation mechanism for carbon nanodots prepared hydrothermally from biomass precursors along with the origins of the light emission are still under debate. In this paper, we investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and optical properties of carbon nanodots prepared by the hydrothermal treatment of glucose. Our major finding is that the widely reported excitation-dependent emission originates from solvents used to suspend the as-prepared carbon nanodots, while emission from dry samples shows no excitation-dependence. Another important highlight is that the hydrothermal conversion of biomass-derivatives under subcritical conditions leads to a heterogeneous mixture of amorphous-like nanoparticles, carbon onion-type and crystalline carbons composed of at least three different phases. The potential chemical reaction pathways involved in the formation of these hydrothermal carbon products along with a comprehensive structural and optical characterization of these systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papaioannou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary, University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E14NS, London, UK
| | - Adam Marinovic
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK
| | - Noriko Yoshizawa
- Electron Microscope Facility, TIA, AIST, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Angela E Goode
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael Fay
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrei Khlobystov
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E14NS, London, UK.
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Andrei Sapelkin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary, University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E14NS, London, UK.
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41
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Kim S, Yoo BK, Choi Y, Kim BS, Kwon OH. Time-resolved spectroscopy of the ensembled photoluminescence of nitrogen- and boron/nitrogen-doped carbon dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11673-11681. [PMID: 29675523 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have potential applications in various fields such as energy, catalysis, and bioimaging due to their strong and tuneable photoluminescence (PL), low toxicity, and robust chemical inertness. Although several PL mechanisms have been proposed, the origin of PL in CDs is still in debate because of the ensembled nature of the heterogeneous luminophores present in the CDs. To unravel the origin of PL in CDs, we performed time-resolved spectroscopy on two types of CDs: nitrogen-doped (N-CD) and boron-nitrogen co-doped (BN-CD). The PL decays were fitted by stretched exponential functions to estimate the distribution of the decay kinetics in the CDs, which have different PL lifetime distributions. Both CDs displayed main, blue emission decaying in 15 ns, which originates from the dominant molecular state. The analysis of the non-exponential PL decay using stretched exponential fits revealed that the functional surface luminophores are of less variety but of more environmental heterogeneity and have much lower populations in BN-CD than in N-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
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42
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Kumari S, Solanki A, Mandal S, Subramanyam D, Das P. Creation of Linear Carbon Dot Array with Improved Optical Properties through Controlled Covalent Conjugation with DNA. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1500-1504. [PMID: 29634254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Controlled conjugation of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) with DNA and subsequent fabrication of the CDs into an array through hybridization mediated self-assembly in the solution phase is reported. Covalent conjugation of CD with DNA and the subsequent array formation change the mobility of the CD-DNA array in gel electrophoresis and HPLC significantly. Interspatial distance in the CD-DNA array is tuned by the DNA sequence length and maintained at ∼8 ± 0.3 nm as revealed by electron microscopy studies. An increase in fluorescence lifetime by ∼2 ns was observed for the CD-DNA array compared to a solitary CD, vis-á-vis better imaging prospects of HEK293 cells by the former. Thus, the array displays improved fluorescence and unhindered cell penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kumari
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Patna, Bihta , Patna 801103 , India
| | - Apurv Solanki
- National Centre for Cell Science , Pune 411007 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Saptarshi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Patna, Bihta , Patna 801103 , India
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science , Pune 411007 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Prolay Das
- Department of Chemistry , IIT Patna, Bihta , Patna 801103 , India
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43
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Deeney C, Wang S, Belhout SA, Gowen A, Rodriguez BJ, Redmond G, Quinn SJ. Templated microwave synthesis of luminescent carbon nanofibers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:12907-12917. [PMID: 35541241 PMCID: PMC9079752 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon based nanomaterials offer the potential to provide solutions to key technological challenges. This work describes the preparation of luminescent carbon nanofibers by template-assisted microwave pyrolysis of environmentally friendly precursors, citric acid and polyethyleneimine, in aqueous solution. SEM reveals a dense forest of vertically aligned cylindrical carbon nanofibers with an average diameter of ca. 200 nm, which are shown by TEM to be amorphous. Compositional analysis indicated the incorporation of amino and pyrrolic nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen moieties. These species contribute to UV light absorption with an absorption shoulder and tail towards visible wavelengths. UV excitation gave visible (blue) emission at ca. 450 nm with a quantum yield of ca. 5%; emission decay under pulsed excitation was predominantly mono-exponential with a lifetime of ca. 1 ns. The emission maximum is largely excitation wavelength independent suggesting the involvement of citrazinic acid-type functionalities in the fiber photophysics. Reversible pH-dependent excitation and emission behaviour was observed, with maximum emission at ca. pH 7. Nanofiber emission was also quenched in aqueous solutions of metal cations, in a concentration-dependent manner. Single nanofiber emission intensity was quite stable under continuous excitation permitting single fiber quenching-based metal ion detection whereby a significant (>90%) and prompt (sub-10 s) quenching was observed upon exposure to sub-millimolar Fe(iii) solutions. The introduction of these new 1D luminescent carbon nanofibers offers the potential for exciting developments across a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Deeney
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Suxiao Wang
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Samir A Belhout
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Aoife Gowen
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | | | - Gareth Redmond
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
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44
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Das A, Roy D, De CK, Mandal PK. "Where does the fluorescing moiety reside in a carbon dot?" - Investigations based on fluorescence anisotropy decay and resonance energy transfer dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2251-2259. [PMID: 29303187 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07411e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown recently that aggregated dyes are responsible for very high fluorescence in a carbon dot (CD). However, what is the location of the fluorescing moiety in CD? Is it inside the CD or attached to the CD's surface? In order to answer these intriguing questions regarding the location of the fluorescing moiety in a CD, we performed rotational anisotropy decay dynamics and resonance energy transfer (RET) dynamics. Rotational correlation time of ∼120 picoseconds nullifies the fact that the whole CD is fluorescing. Instead, we can say that the fluorescing moiety is either embedded inside the CD or attached to the surface of the CD or linked to the CD through covalent bonds. From the fluorescence anisotropy decay dynamics in solvents of different viscosities, we could show that the fluorescing moiety is not attached to the surface of the CD or for that matter, the fluorescing moiety is not in a rigid environment inside the CD. RET dynamical analysis has shown that the time for RET (from CD to acceptor Rh123) is about 5.4 ns and the RET dynamics are independent of the acceptor concentration. Using RET dynamics, we could prove that the fluorescing moiety is not outside the CD; rather, it is inside the CD, but not in a rigid environment. The geometric distance between the fluorescing moiety of the CD and the acceptor (Rh123) has been obtained to be 4.55 nm. Using Förster formulation, the distance between the fluorescing moiety inside the CD and the acceptor Rh123 has been calculated to be 4.24 nm. Thus, we could not only reveal the exact location of the fluorescing moiety in a CD, but we could also demonstrate that unlike for many other nanomaterials, Förster formulation could explain the experimental observables regarding RET involving CD reasonably well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West-Bengal 741246, India.
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45
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Kainth S, Mehta A, Mishra A, Basu S. Implementation of a logic gate by chemically induced nitrogen and oxygen rich C-dots for the selective detection of fluoride ions. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The widespread pollution of fluoride ions in the environment badly affects the ecological system due to their high toxicity, mobility and the difficulty of their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Kainth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Akansha Mehta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Amit Mishra
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
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46
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Nema A, Pareek R, Rai T, Panda D. The Role of Glutathione and Ethanol in Dictating the Emission Dynamics of Natural Resources-Derived Highly Luminescent Carbon Nanodots. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akansh Nema
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology; Institute of National Importance; Jais- 229304, Uttar Pradesh INDIA
| | - Rakshit Pareek
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology; Institute of National Importance; Jais- 229304, Uttar Pradesh INDIA
| | - Tripti Rai
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology; Institute of National Importance; Jais- 229304, Uttar Pradesh INDIA
| | - Debashis Panda
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology; Institute of National Importance; Jais- 229304, Uttar Pradesh INDIA
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47
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van Dam B, Nie H, Ju B, Marino E, Paulusse JMJ, Schall P, Li M, Dohnalová K. Excitation-Dependent Photoluminescence from Single-Carbon Dots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1702098. [PMID: 29120084 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based fluorescent nanoparticles that can exhibit excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL) "tunable" throughout the entire visible range, interesting for optoelectronic and imaging applications. The mechanism underlying this tunable emission remains largely debated, most prominently being ascribed to dot-to-dot variations that ultimately lead to excitation-dependent ensemble properties. Here, single-dot spectroscopy is used to elucidate the origin of the excitation-dependent PL of CDs. It is demonstrated that already single CDs exhibit excitation-dependent PL spectra, similar to those of the CD ensemble. The single dots, produced by a facile one-step synthesis from chloroform and diethylamine, exhibit emission spectra with several characteristic peaks differing in emission peak position and spectral width and shape, indicating the presence of distinct emission sites on the CDs. Based on previous work, these emission sites are related to the sp2 subregions in the carbon core, as well as the functional groups on the surface. These results confirm that it is possible to integrate and engineer different types of electronic transitions at the nanoscale on a single CD, making these CDs even more versatile than organic dyes or inorganic quantum dots and opening up new routes toward light-emission engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Dam
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Nie
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Ju
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Emanuele Marino
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M J Paulusse
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schall
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minjie Li
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Katerina Dohnalová
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Liu T, Cui ZW, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zou ZG. Synthesis of Pyridinic-Rich N, S Co-doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Effective Enzyme Mimics. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:375. [PMID: 28549380 PMCID: PMC5445032 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
N and S co-doped carbon quantum dots (N, S-CQDs) with high N- and S-doping level were synthesized by microwave solid-phase pyrolysis within 50 s. Owing to the dominant pyridinic N injection into the conjugated framework, both high enzyme mimics catalytic activity and photoluminescence quantum yield are achieved simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Nanjing, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Nanjing, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Nanjing, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Nanjing, China.
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Chen TH, Tseng WL. Self-Assembly of Monodisperse Carbon Dots into High-Brightness Nanoaggregates for Cellular Uptake Imaging and Iron(III) Sensing. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11348-11356. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Heng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department
of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
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50
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Park J, Kwon B, Jeong W, Chae A, Choi Y, Park SY, In I. Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Fluorescent Polymer Dots from Hyperbranched Polyethylenimine and Glycerol. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongyeap Park
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
| | - Binhee Kwon
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
| | - Woojun Jeong
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
| | - Ari Chae
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
| | - Yujin Choi
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
| | - Insik In
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, South Korea
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