1
|
Tiwari AK, Mishra A, Pandey G, Gupta MK, Pandey PC. Nanotechnology: A Potential Weapon to Fight against COVID-19. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2022; 39:2100159. [PMID: 35440846 PMCID: PMC9011707 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.202100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 infections have posed an unprecedented global health emergency, with nearly three million deaths to date, and have caused substantial economic loss globally. Hence, an urgent exploration of effective and safe diagnostic/therapeutic approaches for minimizing the threat of this highly pathogenic coronavirus infection is needed. As an alternative to conventional diagnosis and antiviral agents, nanomaterials have a great potential to cope with the current or even future health emergency situation with a wide range of applications. Fundamentally, nanomaterials are physically and chemically tunable and can be employed for the next generation nanomaterial-based detection of viral antigens and host antibodies in body fluids as antiviral agents, nanovaccine, suppressant of cytokine storm, nanocarrier for efficient delivery of antiviral drugs at infection site or inside the host cells, and can also be a significant tool for better understanding of the gut microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 interaction. The applicability of nanomaterial-based therapeutic options to cope with the current and possible future pandemic is discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Tiwari
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (BHU)VaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
| | - Anupa Mishra
- Department of MicrobiologyDr. R.M.L. Awadh UniversityAyodhyaUttar Pradesh224001India
- Department of MicrobiologySri Raghukul Mahila Vidya PeethCivil Line GondaUttar Pradesh271001India
| | - Govind Pandey
- Department of PaediatricsKing George Medical UniversityLucknowUttar Pradesh226003India
| | - Munesh K. Gupta
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Medical SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
| | - Prem C. Pandey
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (BHU)VaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Usha SP, Manoharan H, Deshmukh R, Álvarez-Diduk R, Calucho E, Sai VVR, Merkoçi A. Attomolar analyte sensing techniques (AttoSens): a review on a decade of progress on chemical and biosensing nanoplatforms. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13012-13089. [PMID: 34673860 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the ultra-low abundance of analytes in real-life samples, such as biological fluids, water, soil, and food, requires the design and development of high-performance biosensing modalities. The breakthrough efforts from the scientific community have led to the realization of sensing technologies that measure the analyte's ultra-trace level, with relevant sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and sampling efficiency, referred to as Attomolar Analyte Sensing Techniques (AttoSens) in this review. In an AttoSens platform, 1 aM detection corresponds to the quantification of 60 target analyte molecules in 100 μL of sample volume. Herein, we review the approaches listed for various sensor probe design, and their sensing strategies that paved the way for the detection of attomolar (aM: 10-18 M) concentration of analytes. A summary of the technological advances made by the diverse AttoSens trends from the past decade is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Prasood Usha
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Hariharan Manoharan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Rehan Deshmukh
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enric Calucho
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V V R Sai
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recercai Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fruncillo S, Su X, Liu H, Wong LS. Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2002-2024. [PMID: 33829765 PMCID: PMC8240091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 2000s, extensive research has been performed to address numerous challenges in biochip and biosensor fabrication in order to use them for various biomedical applications. These biochips and biosensor devices either integrate biological elements (e.g., DNA, proteins or cells) in the fabrication processes or experience post fabrication of biofunctionalization for different downstream applications, including sensing, diagnostics, drug screening, and therapy. Scalable lithographic techniques that are well established in the semiconductor industry are now being harnessed for large-scale production of such devices, with additional development to meet the demand of precise deposition of various biological elements on device substrates with retained biological activities and precisely specified topography. In this review, the lithographic methods that are capable of large-scale and mass fabrication of biochips and biosensors will be discussed. In particular, those allowing patterning of large areas from 10 cm2 to m2, maintaining cost effectiveness, high throughput (>100 cm2 h-1), high resolution (from micrometer down to nanometer scale), accuracy, and reproducibility. This review will compare various fabrication technologies and comment on their resolution limit and throughput, and how they can be related to the device performance, including sensitivity, detection limit, reproducibility, and robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fruncillo
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 3, 3 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Lu Shin Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee EK, Baruah RK, Bhamra H, Kim YJ, Yoo H. Recent advances in electrode development for biomedical applications. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 11:107-115. [PMID: 34150347 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaborate electrodes that enable adhesion to the skin surface and effectively collect vital signs are necessitated. In recent years, various electrode materials and novel structures have been developed, and they have garnered scientific attention due to their higher sensing performances compared with those of conventional electrode-based sensors. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in biomedical sensors, focusing on the development of novel electrodes. We comprehensively review the different types of electrode materials in the context of efficient biosignal detection, with respect to material composition for flexible and wearable electrodes and novel electrode structures. Finally, we discuss recent packaging technologies in biomedical applications using flexible and wearable electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.,MLCC Development, 1 team, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, 150, Maeyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Ratul Kumar Baruah
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, 784028 India
| | - Hansraj Bhamra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for implantable devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tran VV, Nguyen DD, Hofmann M, Hsieh YP, Kan HC, Hsu CC. Edge-Rich Interconnected Graphene Mesh Electrode with High Electrochemical Reactivity Applicable for Glucose Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020511. [PMID: 33671450 PMCID: PMC7922656 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of graphene structures with controlled edges is greatly desired for understanding heterogeneous electrochemical (EC) transfer and boosting EC applications of graphene-based electrodes. We herein report a facile, scalable, and robust method to produce graphene mesh (GM) electrodes with tailorable edge lengths. Specifically, the GMs were fabricated at 850 °C under a vacuum level of 0.6 Pa using catalytic nickel templates obtained based on a crack lithography. As the edge lengths of the GM electrodes increased from 5.48 to 24.04 m, their electron transfer rates linearly increased from 0.08 to 0.16 cm∙s−1, which are considerably greater than that (0.056 ± 0.007 cm∙s−1) of basal graphene structures (defined as zero edge length electrodes). To illustrate the EC sensing potentiality of the GM, a high-sensitivity glucose detection was conducted on the graphene/Ni hybrid mesh with the longest edge length. At a detection potential of 0.6 V, the edge-rich graphene/Ni hybrid mesh sensor exhibited a wide linear response range from 10.0 μM to 2.5 mM with a limit of detection of 1.8 μM and a high sensitivity of 1118.9 μA∙mM−1∙cm−2. Our findings suggest that edge-rich GMs can be valuable platforms in various graphene applications such as graphene-based EC sensors with controlled and improved performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Viet Tran
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Duc Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
- Center for High Technology Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Mario Hofmann
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chih Kan
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; (V.V.T.); (D.D.N.); (H.-C.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-272-0411 (ext. 66305)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ménard-Moyon C, Bianco A, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Two-Dimensional Material-Based Biosensors for Virus Detection. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3739-3769. [PMID: 33226779 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the major causes of mortality and economic losses worldwide. Consequently, efficient virus detection methods are crucial to determine the infection prevalence. However, most detection methods face challenges related to false-negative or false-positive results, long response times, high costs, and/or the need for specialized equipment and staff. Such issues can be overcome by access to low-cost and fast response point-of-care detection systems, and two-dimensional materials (2DMs) can play a critical role in this regard. Indeed, the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of 2DMs provide many advantages for developing biosensors for viral infections with high sensitivity and selectivity. Fast, accurate, and reliable detection, even at early infection stages by the virus, can be potentially enabled by highly accessible surface interactions between the 2DMs and the analytes. High selectivity can be obtained by functionalization of the 2DMs with antibodies, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, or aptamers, allowing for specific binding to a particular virus, viral fingerprints, or proteins released by the host organism. Multiplexed detection and discrimination between different virus strains are also feasible. In this Review, we present a comprehensive overview of the major advances of 2DM-based biosensors for the detection of viruses. We describe the main factors governing the efficient interactions between viruses and 2DMs, making them ideal candidates for the detection of viral infections. We also critically detail their advantages and drawbacks, providing insights for the development of future biosensors for virus detection. Lastly, we provide suggestions to stimulate research in the fast expanding field of 2DMs that could help in designing advanced systems for preventing virus-related pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vermisoglou E, Panáček D, Jayaramulu K, Pykal M, Frébort I, Kolář M, Hajdúch M, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Human virus detection with graphene-based materials. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112436. [PMID: 32750677 PMCID: PMC7375321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our recent experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of easy-to-use, quick, cheap, sensitive and selective detection of virus pathogens for the efficient monitoring and treatment of virus diseases. Early detection of viruses provides essential information about possible efficient and targeted treatments, prolongs the therapeutic window and hence reduces morbidity. Graphene is a lightweight, chemically stable and conductive material that can be successfully utilized for the detection of various virus strains. The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene can be enhanced by its functionalization or combination with other materials. Introducing suitable functional groups and/or counterparts in the hybrid structure enables tuning of the optical and electrical properties, which is particularly attractive for rapid and easy-to-use virus detection. In this review, we cover all the different types of graphene-based sensors available for virus detection, including, e.g., photoluminescence and colorimetric sensors, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Various strategies of electrochemical detection of viruses based on, e.g., DNA hybridization or antigen-antibody interactions, are also discussed. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of graphene-based systems for sensing a variety of viruses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, influenza, dengue fever, hepatitis C virus, HIV, rotavirus and Zika virus. General principles, mechanisms of action, advantages and drawbacks are presented to provide useful information for the further development and construction of advanced virus biosensors. We highlight that the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials make them ideal candidates for engineering and miniaturization of biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vermisoglou
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Panáček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kolleboyina Jayaramulu
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Martin Pykal
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Centre of the Region Haná (CRH), Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (UMTM), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials (RCPTM), Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bourquard F, Bleu Y, Loir AS, Caja-Munoz B, Avila J, Asensio MC, Raimondi G, Shokouhi M, Rassas I, Farre C, Chaix C, Barnier V, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Garrelie F, Donnet C. Electroanalytical Performance of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Films Processed in One Step by Pulsed Laser Deposition Directly Coupled with Thermal Annealing. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040666. [PMID: 30813395 PMCID: PMC6416724 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials are widely studied to enable significant improvements in electroanalytical devices requiring new generations of robust, sensitive and low-cost electrodes. In this paper, we present a direct one-step route to synthetize a functional nitrogen-doped graphene film onto a Ni-covered silicon electrode substrate heated at high temperature, by pulsed laser deposition of carbon in the presence of a surrounding nitrogen atmosphere, with no post-deposition transfer of the film. With the ferrocene methanol system, the functionalized electrode exhibits excellent reversibility, close to the theoretical value of 59 mV, and very high sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide oxidation. Our electroanalytical results were correlated with the composition and nanoarchitecture of the N-doped graphene film containing 1.75 at % of nitrogen and identified as a few-layer defected and textured graphene film containing a balanced mixture of graphitic-N and pyrrolic-N chemical functions. The absence of nitrogen dopant in the graphene film considerably degraded some electroanalytical performances. Heat treatment extended beyond the high temperature graphene synthesis did not significantly improve any of the performances. This work contributes to a better understanding of the electrochemical mechanisms of doped graphene-based electrodes obtained by a direct and controlled synthesis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bourquard
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-42000 Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Yannick Bleu
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-42000 Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Loir
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-42000 Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Borja Caja-Munoz
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - José Avila
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Maria-Carmen Asensio
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 328049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gaëtan Raimondi
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Maryam Shokouhi
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Ilhem Rassas
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Carole Farre
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Carole Chaix
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Vincent Barnier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, UMR 5307 CNRS, Centre SMS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Florence Garrelie
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-42000 Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Christophe Donnet
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-42000 Saint-Étienne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Warkad SD, Nimse SB, Song KS, Kim T. HCV Detection, Discrimination, and Genotyping Technologies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3423. [PMID: 30322029 PMCID: PMC6210034 DOI: 10.3390/s18103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 71 million people were living with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide in 2015. Each year, about 399,000 HCV-infected people succumb to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Therefore, screening of HCV infection with simple, rapid, but highly sensitive and specific methods can help to curb the global burden on HCV healthcare. Apart from the determination of viral load/viral clearance, the identification of specific HCV genotype is also critical for successful treatment of hepatitis C. This critical review focuses on the technologies used for the detection, discrimination, and genotyping of HCV in clinical samples. This article also focuses on advantages and disadvantages of the reported methods used for HCV detection, quantification, and genotyping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Dashrath Warkad
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Keum-Soo Song
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Taisun Kim
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yuan W, Li M, Wen Z, Sun Y, Ruan D, Zhang Z, Chen G, Gao Y. The Fabrication of Large-Area, Uniform Graphene Nanomeshes for High-Speed, Room-Temperature Direct Terahertz Detection. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:190. [PMID: 29971642 PMCID: PMC6029985 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, graphene nanomesh (GNM), a material with high flexibility and tunable electronic properties, has attracted considerable attention from researchers due to its wide applications in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Herein, we have processed large-area, uniform arrays of rectangular graphene nanomesh (r-GNM) and circular graphene nanomesh (c-GNM) with different neck widths by electron beam lithography (EBL). The electronic properties of those high-quality GNM samples have been characterized systematically. Electrical measurements illustrated that top-gated field effect transistors with different neck widths of the GNM possessed different Ion/Ioff ratios. In particular, the devices based on r-GNM with a neck width of 30 nm were found to possess the largest Ion/Ioff ratio of ~ 100, and the band gap of the r-GNM was estimated to be 0.23 eV, which, to the best of authors' knowledge, is the highest value for graphene ribbons or a GNM with a neck width under 30 nm. Furthermore, the terahertz response of large-area r-GNM devices based on the photoconductive effect was estimated to be 10 mA/W at room temperature. We also explored the practical application of terahertz imaging, showing that the devices can be used in a feasible setting with a response time < 20 ms; this enables accurate and fast imaging of macroscopic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Yuan
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongquan Wen
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Sun
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, 408100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Desheng Ruan
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Zhang
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Curcumin as a green fluorescent label to revive the fluorescence property of functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
12
|
Nucleic acid-based electrochemical nanobiosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 102:479-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
13
|
Schmidt ME, Iwasaki T, Muruganathan M, Haque M, Van Ngoc H, Ogawa S, Mizuta H. Structurally Controlled Large-Area 10 nm Pitch Graphene Nanomesh by Focused Helium Ion Beam Milling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10362-10368. [PMID: 29485851 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanomesh (GNM) is formed by patterning graphene with nanometer-scale pores separated by narrow necks. GNMs are of interest due to their potential semiconducting characteristics when quantum confinement in the necks leads to an energy gap opening. GNMs also have potential for use in phonon control and water filtration. Furthermore, physical phenomena, such as spin qubit, are predicted at pitches below 10 nm fabricated with precise structural control. Current GNM patterning techniques suffer from either large dimensions or a lack of structural control. This work establishes reliable GNM patterning with a sub-10 nm pitch and an < 4 nm pore diameter by the direct helium ion beam milling of suspended monolayer graphene. Due to the simplicity of the method, no postpatterning processing is required. Electrical transport measurements reveal an effective energy gap opening of up to ∼450 meV. The reported technique combines the highest resolution with structural control and opens a path toward GNM-based, room-temperature semiconducting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Edward Schmidt
- School of Materials Science , Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 1-1 Asahidai , Nomi , Ishikawa 923-1292 , Japan
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- School of Materials Science , Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 1-1 Asahidai , Nomi , Ishikawa 923-1292 , Japan
| | - Manoharan Muruganathan
- School of Materials Science , Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 1-1 Asahidai , Nomi , Ishikawa 923-1292 , Japan
| | - Mayeesha Haque
- School of Materials Science , Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 1-1 Asahidai , Nomi , Ishikawa 923-1292 , Japan
| | - Huynh Van Ngoc
- School of Materials Science , Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 1-1 Asahidai , Nomi , Ishikawa 923-1292 , Japan
| | - Shinichi Ogawa
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 16-1 Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8569 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuta
- School of Materials Science , Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 1-1 Asahidai , Nomi , Ishikawa 923-1292 , Japan
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory , Hitachi Europe Ltd. , J. J. Thomson Avenue , CB3 0HE Cambridge , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun H, Fu C, Shen X, Yang W, Guo P, Lu Y, Luo Y, Yu B, Wang X, Wang C, Xu J, Liu J, Song F, Wang G, Wan J. Directed growth of graphene nanomesh in purified argon via chemical vapor deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:245604. [PMID: 28540865 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanomeshes (GNMs), new graphene nanostructures with tunable bandgaps, are potential building blocks for future electronic or photonic devices, and energy storage and conversion materials. In previous works, GNMs have been successfully prepared on Cu foils by the H2 etching effect. In this paper, we investigated the effect of Ar on the preparation of GNMs, and how the mean density and shape of them vary with growth time. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the typical hexagonal structure of GNM. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that large copper oxide nanoparticles produced by oxidization in purified Ar can play an essential catalytic role in preparing GNMs. Then, we exhibited the key reaction details for each growth process and proposed a growth mechanism of GNMs in purified Ar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China. Energy-Saving Building Materials Innovative Collaboration Center, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su XL, Cheng MY, Fu L, Zheng GP, Zheng XC, Yang JH, Guan XX. Facile synthesis of 3D nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel nanomeshes with hierarchical porous structures for applications in high-performance supercapacitors. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3D N-GANMs with hierarchical pores are firstly synthesized using iron nitrate as the etching agent, which display excellent supercapacitive performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Su
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Ming-Yu Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Lin Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Guang-Ping Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
| | - Xiu-Cheng Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
| | - Jing-He Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Xin-Xin Guan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
| |
Collapse
|