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Schunke C, Schweer P, Engelage E, Austin D, Switzer ED, Rahman TS, Morgenstern K. Increased Selectivity in Photolytic Activation of Nanoassemblies Compared to Thermal Activation in On-Surface Ullmann Coupling. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11665-11674. [PMID: 38661485 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method that has emerged recently to fabricate a large variety of atomically precise nanomaterials on surfaces based on polymerization. It is very successful for thermally activated reactions within the framework of heterogeneous catalysis. As a result, it often lacks selectivity. We propose to use selective activation of specific bonds as a crucial ingredient to synthesize desired molecules with high selectivity. In this approach, thermally nonaccessible products are expected to arise in photolytically activated on-surface reactions with high selectivity. We demonstrate for assembled 2,2'-dibromo biphenyl clusters on Cu(111) that the thermal and photolytic activations yield distinctly different products, combining submolecular resolution of individual product molecules in real-space imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy with chemical identification in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and supported by ab initio calculations. The photolytically activated Ullmann coupling of 2,2'-dibromo biphenyl is highly selective, with only one identified product. It starkly contrasts the thermal reaction, which yields various products because alternate pathways are activated at the reaction temperature. Our study extends on-surface synthesis to a directed formation of thermally inaccessible products by direct bond activation. It promises tailored reactions of nanomaterials within the framework of on-surface synthesis based on the photolytic activation of specific bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schunke
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Paul Schweer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Dave Austin
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Eric D Switzer
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Talat S Rahman
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
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2
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Barcelon JE, Smerieri M, Carraro G, Wojciechowski P, Vattuone L, Rocca M, Nappini S, Píš I, Magnano E, Bondino F, Vaghi L, Papagni A, Savio L. Morphological characterization and electronic properties of pristine and oxygen-exposed graphene nanoribbons on Ag(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7926-7937. [PMID: 33403374 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are at the frontier of research on graphene materials since the 1D quantum confinement of electrons allows for the opening of an energy gap. GNRs of uniform and well-defined size and shape can be grown using the bottom-up approach, i.e. by surface assisted polymerization of aromatic hydrocarbons. Since the electronic properties of the nanostructures depend on their width and on their edge states, by careful choice of the precursor molecule it is possible to design GNRs with tailored properties. A key issue for their application in nanoelectronics is their stability under operative conditions. Here, we characterize pristine and oxygen-exposed 1.0 nm wide GNRs with a well-defined mixed edge-site sequence (two zig-zag and one armchair) synthesized on Ag(110) from 1,6-dibromo-pyrene precursors. The energy gap and the presence of quantum confined states are investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The effect of oxygen exposure under ultra-high vacuum conditions is inferred from scanning tunneling microscopy images and photoemission spectra. Our results demonstrate that oxygen exposure deeply affects the overall system by interacting both with the nanoribbons and with the substrate; this factor must be considered for supported GNRs under operative conditions.
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3
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Sun Q, Gröning O, Overbeck J, Braun O, Perrin ML, Borin Barin G, El Abbassi M, Eimre K, Ditler E, Daniels C, Meunier V, Pignedoli CA, Calame M, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Massive Dirac Fermion Behavior in a Low Bandgap Graphene Nanoribbon Near a Topological Phase Boundary. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906054. [PMID: 32048409 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have attracted much interest due to their largely modifiable electronic properties. Manifestation of these properties requires atomically precise GNRs which can be achieved through a bottom-up synthesis approach. This has recently been applied to the synthesis of width-modulated GNRs hosting topological electronic quantum phases, with valence electronic properties that are well captured by the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model describing a 1D chain of interacting dimers. Here, ultralow bandgap GNRs with charge carriers behaving as massive Dirac fermions can be realized when their valence electrons represent an SSH chain close to the topological phase boundary, i.e., when the intra- and interdimer coupling become approximately equal. Such a system has been achieved via on-surface synthesis based on readily available pyrene-based precursors and the resulting GNRs are characterized by scanning probe methods. The pyrene-based GNRs (pGNRs) can be processed under ambient conditions and incorporated as the active material in a field effect transistor. A quasi-metallic transport behavior is observed at room temperature, whereas at low temperature, the pGNRs behave as quantum dots showing single-electron tunneling and Coulomb blockade. This study may enable the realization of devices based on carbon nanomaterials with exotic quantum properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan Overbeck
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Braun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mickael L Perrin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria El Abbassi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Edward Ditler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Colin Daniels
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michel Calame
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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4
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Zhou X, Yu G. Modified Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons Prepared via On-Surface Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905957. [PMID: 31830353 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1D graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have a bright future in the fabrication of next-generation nanodevices because of their nontrivial electronic properties and tunable bandgaps. To promote the application of GNRs, preparation strategies of miscellaneous GNRs have to be developed. The GNRs prepared by top-down approaches are accompanied by uncontrolled edges and structures. In order to overcome the difficulties, bottom-up methods are widely used in the growth of various GNRs due to controllability of GNRs' features. Among those bottom-up methods, the on-surface synthesis is a promising approach to prepare GNRs with distinct widths, edge/backbone structures, and so forth. Therefore, modified engineering of the GNRs prepared via on-surface synthesis is of great significance in controllable preparation of GNRs and their potential applications. In the past decade, there have been a lot of reports on controllable preparation of GNRs using on-surface synthesis approach. Herein, the advances of GNRs grown via on-surface growth strategy are described. Several growth parameters, the latest advances in the modification of the GNR structure and width, the GNR doping/co-doping with heteroatoms, a variety of GNR heterojunctions, and the device application of GNRs are reviewed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiahong Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Ammon M, Haller M, Sorayya S, Maier S. On-Surface Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanoribbons on Silver: Reaction Kinetics and the Influence of the Surface Structure. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2333-2339. [PMID: 31400291 PMCID: PMC6771863 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the influence of the surface structure and the reaction kinetics in the bottom-up fabrication of porous nanoribbons on silver surfaces using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The porous carbon nanoribbons are fabricated by the polymerization of 1,3,5-tris(3-bromophenyl)benzene directly on the Ag surface using an Ullmann-type reaction in combination with dehydrogenative coupling reactions. We demonstrate the successful on-surface synthesis of porous nanoribbons on Ag(111) and Ag(100) even though the self-assemblies of the intermediate organometallic structures and covalently-linked polymer chains are different on both surfaces. Furthermore, we present the formation of isolated porous nanoribbons by kinetic control. Our results give valuable insights into the role of substrate-induced templating effects and the reaction kinetics in the on-surface synthesis of conformationally flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ammon
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Haller
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shadi Sorayya
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Mairena A, Baljozovic M, Kawecki M, Grenader K, Wienke M, Martin K, Bernard L, Avarvari N, Terfort A, Ernst KH, Wäckerlin C. The fate of bromine after temperature-induced dehydrogenation of on-surface synthesized bisheptahelicene. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2998-3004. [PMID: 30996879 PMCID: PMC6430192 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dehydrogenation of bisheptahelicene leads to specific products and induces desorption of the side-product bromine as hydrogen bromide.
The on-surface synthesis of bisheptahelicene by Ullmann coupling of 9-bromoheptahelicene on Au(111) and its temperature-induced dehydrogenation is studied using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Specific dehydrogenation products of bisheptahelicene after loss of 6, 8 and 10 hydrogen atoms are identified, corresponding to molecules having undergone Diels–Alder transformations and intramolecular C–C coupling reactions. By combining with atomic hydrogen produced by dehydrogenation, the Ullmann coupling side-product bromine desorbs as HBr. H2 desorption emerges only after all Br has desorbed. Such characteristic behavior is explained by a kinetic model which explicitly considers the coverage of transient atomic H on the surface. Heating experiments performed with saturated layers of different Br-containing molecules reveal that the onset of HBr desorption depends strictly on the dehydrogenation step and therefore on the structure of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Mairena
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Milos Baljozovic
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Maciej Kawecki
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Konstantin Grenader
- Department of Chemistry , Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Goethe-University , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Martin Wienke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hamburg , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Kévin Martin
- Laboratoire Moltech-Anjou , CNRS-Université d'Angers , 49045 Angers , France
| | - Laetitia Bernard
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Laboratoire Moltech-Anjou , CNRS-Université d'Angers , 49045 Angers , France
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Department of Chemistry , Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Goethe-University , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ; .,Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , 8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
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7
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Kudaş Z, Gür E, Ekinci D. Synthesis of Graphene-like Films by Electrochemical Reduction of Polyhalogenated Aromatic Compounds and their Electrochemical Capacitor Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7958-7970. [PMID: 29890834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a promising two-dimensional nanomaterial for many applications due to its exciting properties. In the past decade, a variety of techniques-each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages-have been developed to prepare graphene, and there are ongoing efforts to improve these techniques and to reveal new approaches. Here, we describe a simple and low-cost process for the bottom-up synthesis of graphene-like films. This new methodology involves a two-step procedure: (i) formation of polyaromatic ring structures by the repeated covalent coupling of aryl radicals generated from electrochemical reduction of polyhalogenated aromatic compounds in aprotic solvent, and (ii) production of carbon networks by heating of polyaromatic surface films. Accordingly, polymeric films were prepared on the electrodes by electrochemical reduction of polyhalogenated compounds such as hexafluorobenzene (HFB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexabromobenzene (HBB), and then polymer films were annealed at 400 °C for 30 min. The structure and surface characteristics of electrodeposited carbon films under self- and thermal-annealing conditions were studied by spectroscopic and morphological techniques. Also, the capacitance performance of the films was evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results indicate that graphene-like carbon films can be achieved by use of the electrochemical approach under mild conditions without expensive equipment, and also that these carbon materials are very promising for low-cost energy-storage devices.
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8
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Lischka M, Michelitsch GS, Martsinovich N, Eichhorn J, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Strunskus T, Breuer R, Reuter K, Schmittel M, Lackinger M. Remote functionalization in surface-assisted dehalogenation by conformational mechanics: organometallic self-assembly of 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromo-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexafluorobiphenyl on Ag(111). NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12035-12044. [PMID: 29905751 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01987h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the surface-assisted dehalogenative coupling constitutes the most abundant protocol in on-surface synthesis, its full potential will only become visible if selectivity issues with polybrominated precursors are comprehensively understood, opening new venues for both organometallic self-assembly and on-surface polymerization. Using the 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromo-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexafluorobiphenyl (Br4F6BP) at Ag(111), we demonstrate a remote site-selective functionalization at room temperature and a marked temperature difference in double- vs. quadruple activation, both phenomena caused by conformational mechanical effects of the precursor-surface ensemble. The submolecularly resolved structural characterization was achieved by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, the chemical state was quantitatively assessed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and the analysis of the experimental signatures was supported through first-principles Density-Functional Theory calculations. The non-planarity of the various structures at the surface was specifically probed by additional Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure experiments. Upon progressive heating, Br4F6BP on Ag(111) shows the following unprecedented phenomena: (1) formation of regular organometallic 1D chains via remote site-selective 3,5'-didebromination; (2) a marked temperature difference in double- vs. quadruple activation; (3) an organometallic self-assembly based on reversibility of C-Ag-C linkages with a thus far unknown polymorphism affording both hexagonal and rectangular 2D networks; (4) extraordinary thermal stability of the organometallic networks. Controlled covalent coupling at the previously Br-functionalized sites was not achieved for the Br4F6BP precursor, in contrast to the comparatively studied non-fluorinated analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lischka
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Frank-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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9
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Smerieri M, Píš I, Ferrighi L, Nappini S, Lusuan A, Vattuone L, Vaghi L, Papagni A, Magnano E, Di Valentin C, Bondino F, Savio L. Synthesis of corrugated C-based nanostructures by Br-corannulene oligomerization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26161-26172. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure and electronic properties of carbon-based nanostructures obtained by metal surface assisted synthesis is highly dependent on the nature of the precursor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Píš
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A
- 34149 Basovizza (TS)
- Italy
- IOM-CNR
- Laboratorio TASC
| | - Lara Ferrighi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali
- Università di Milano-Bicocca
- 20125 Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Vattuone
- IMEM-CNR
- UOS Genova
- 16146 Genova
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica
| | - Luca Vaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali
- Università di Milano-Bicocca
- 20125 Milano
- Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali
- Università di Milano-Bicocca
- 20125 Milano
- Italy
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM-CNR
- Laboratorio TASC
- 34149 Basovizza (TS)
- Italy
- Department of Physics
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Wang T, Fan Q, Feng L, Tao Z, Huang J, Ju H, Xu Q, Hu S, Zhu J. Chiral Kagome Lattices from On-Surface Synthesized Molecules. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3329-3333. [PMID: 28910515 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kagome lattices have attracted much attention owing to their potential applications in spin-frustrated magnetism and host-guest chemistry. Examples toward the fabrication of 2D Kagome lattices reported previously have in common that the precursor molecules were typically deposited on the surface structurally intact with no chemical reactions accompanied. Herein, by using a combination of synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we demonstrated the fabrication of two types of chiral Kagome lattices from on-surface synthesized organometallic compounds, which are known as intermediates of Glaser coupling on silver single crystal surfaces. These Kagome lattices are stabilized by the interplay of various intermolecular interactions, including Br⋅⋅⋅Br bonds, C-Br⋅⋅⋅π bonds and π-π stacking. The chiral transference and host-guest supramolecular structure in the novel Kagome lattices were also studied. Our studies may pave a new way to engineer complex supramolecular networks through on-surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Qitang Fan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Zhijie Tao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Shanwei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative, Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
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