1
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Badami-Behjat A, Galeotti G, Gutzler R, Pastoetter DL, Heckl WM, Feng X, Lackinger M. Iodine passivation facilitates on-surface synthesis of robust regular conjugated two-dimensional organogold networks on Au(111). Nanoscale Horiz 2024. [PMID: 38639757 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated organogold networks with anthra-tetrathiophene repeat units are synthesized by thermally activated debrominative coupling of 2,5,9,12-tetrabromoanthra[1,2-b:4,3-b':5,6-b'':8,7-b''']tetrathiophene (TBATT) precursor molecules on Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Performing the reaction on iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces promotes formation of highly regular structures, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In contrast, coupling on bare Au(111) surfaces results in less regular networks due to the simultaneous expression of competing intermolecular binding motifs in the absence of error correction. The carbon-Au-carbon bonds confer remarkable robustness to the organogold networks, as evidenced by their high thermal stability. In addition, as suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and underscored by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), the organogold networks exhibit a small electronic band gap in the order of 1.0 eV due to their high π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Badami-Behjat
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik L Pastoetter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Grossmann L, Hocke M, Galeotti G, Contini G, Floreano L, Cossaro A, Ghosh A, Schmittel M, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. Mechanistic insights into on-surface reactions from isothermal temperature-programmed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Nanoscale 2024; 16:7612-7625. [PMID: 38512302 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis often proceeds under kinetic control due to the irreversibility of key reaction steps, rendering kinetic studies pivotal. The accurate quantification of reaction rates also bears potential for unveiling reaction mechanisms. Temperature-Programmed X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (TP-XPS) has emerged as an analytical tool for kinetic studies with splendid chemical and sufficient temporal resolution. Here, we demonstrate that the common linear temperature ramps lead to fitting ambiguities. Moreover, pinpointing the reaction order remains intricate, although this key parameter entails information on atomistic mechanisms. Yet, TP-XPS experiments with a stepped temperature profile comprised of isothermal segments facilitate the direct quantification of rate constants from fitting time courses. Thereby, rate constants are obtained for a series of temperatures, which allows independent extraction of both activation energies and pre-exponentials from Arrhenius plots. By using two analogous doubly versus triply brominated aromatic model compounds, we found that their debromination on Ag(111) is best modeled by second-order kinetics and thus proceeds via the involvement of a second, non-obvious reactant. Accordingly, we propose that debromination is activated by surface supplied Ag adatoms. This hypothesis is supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. We foresee auspicious prospects for this TP-XPS variant for further exploring the kinetics and mechanisms of on-surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Hocke
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | | | - Giorgio Contini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Albano Cossaro
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34100, Trieste, Italy
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
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Lackinger M. Possibilities and Limitations of Kinetic Studies in pls. insert line break here On-Surface Synthesis by pls. insert 2nd linebreak here Real Time X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400156. [PMID: 38528329 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The kinetics of coupling reactions on surfaces can be quantitatively studied in real time by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). From fitting experimental data, kinetic reaction parameters such as the rate constant's pre-exponential and activation energy can be deduced and compared to quantum chemical simulations. To elucidate the possibilities and limitations of this approach, we propose studies in which experimental data are first simulated and subsequently fitted. Knowing the exact kinetic parameters used in the simulation allows one to evaluate the accuracy of the fit result. Here, several experimental influences, such as the data point density and the addition of noise, are explored for a model reaction with first-order kinetics. The proposed procedure sheds light on the accuracy with which kinetic parameters can be derived and may also help in the design of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, München, Germany
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
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4
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Arjariya R, Kaur G, Sen S, Verma S, Lackinger M, Gopakumar TG. Kinetic versus thermodynamic polymorph stabilization of a tri-carboxylic acid derivative at the solid-liquid interface. Nanoscale 2023; 15:13393-13401. [PMID: 37539991 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02031b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The carboxylic acid moiety gives rise to structural variability in surface-supported self-assembly due to the common expression of various H-bonding motifs. Self-assembly of 3-fold symmetric tricarboxylic acid derivatives on surfaces typically results in monolayer structures that feature the common 2-fold cyclic R22(8) H-bond motif for at least one of the carboxylic acid groups. Polymorphs that are exclusively based on 3-fold cyclic R33(12) H-bonds were predicted but remained elusive. Here, we show the emergence of such a superflower (SF) structure purely based on R33(12) H-bonds for L-benzene-1,3,5-tricarbonyl phenylalanine (L-BTA), a molecule derived from the well-studied trimesic acid (TMA). In contrast to TMA, L-BTA is not completely planar and is also equipped with additional functional groups for the formation of secondary intermolecular bonds. At the heptanoic acid-graphite interface we transiently observe a SF structure, which is dynamically converted into a chicken-wire structure that only exhibits R22(8) H-bonds. Interestingly, when using nonanoic acid as a solvent the initially formed SF structure remained stable. This unexpected behaviour is rationalized by accompanying force field simulations and experimental determination of solvent-dependent L-BTA solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arjariya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-208016, India.
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC-20059, USA
| | - Shantanu Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-208016, India.
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-208016, India.
- Center for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-208016, India
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| | - Thiruvancheril G Gopakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-208016, India.
- Center for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP-208016, India
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5
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Grossmann L, Ringel E, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, King BT, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Opris D, Björk J, Lackinger M. Steering Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Iptycenes on Au(111) by Tuning Molecule-Surface Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201044. [PMID: 35287247 PMCID: PMC9325367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of three-dimensional molecules is scarcely studied on surfaces. Their modes of adsorption can exhibit far greater variability compared to (nearly) planar molecules that adsorb mostly flat on surfaces. This additional degree of freedom can have decisive consequences for the expression of intermolecular binding motifs, hence the formation of supramolecular structures. The determining molecule-surface interactions can be widely tuned, thereby providing a new powerful lever for crystal engineering in two dimensions. Here, we study the self-assembly of triptycene derivatives with anthracene blades on Au(111) by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Density Functional Theory. The impact of molecule-surface interactions was experimentally tested by comparing pristine with iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces. Thereby, we observed a fundamental change of the adsorption mode that triggered self-assembly of an entirely different structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Eva Ringel
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Benjamin T King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0216, USA
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, IFM, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dorina Opris
- Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, IFM, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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6
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Grossmann L, Ringel E, Rastgoo‐Lahrood A, King BT, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Opris D, Björk J, Lackinger M. Steuerung der Selbstassemblierung von dreidimensionalen Iptycenen auf Au(111) durch Abstimmung der Molekül‐Oberflächen‐Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Eva Ringel
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Atena Rastgoo‐Lahrood
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada Reno NV 89557-0216 USA
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University IFM, 581 83 Linköping Schweden
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Dorina Opris
- Abteilung Funktionspolymere Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University IFM, 581 83 Linköping Schweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
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7
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8
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Grossmann L, Duncan DA, Jarvis SP, Jones RG, De S, Rosen J, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. Evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and decoupling of covalent organic networks on Ag(111) by normal-incidence X-ray standing wave. Nanoscale Horiz 2021; 7:51-62. [PMID: 34889932 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization in on-surface synthesis is primarily carried out by Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) which provides high lateral resolution. Yet, important fresh perspectives on surface interactions and molecular conformations are gained from adsorption heights that remain largely inaccessible to SPM, but can be precisely measured with both elemental and chemical sensitivity by Normal-Incidence X-ray Standing Wave (NIXSW) analysis. Here, we study the evolution of adsorption heights in the on-surface synthesis and post-synthetic decoupling of porous covalent triazine-phenylene networks obtained from 2,4,6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TBPT) precursors on Ag(111). Room temperature deposition of TBPT and mild annealing to ∼150 °C result in full debromination and formation of organometallic intermediates, where the monomers are linked into reticulated networks by C-Ag-C bonds. Topologically identical covalent networks comprised of triazine vertices that are interconnected by biphenyl units are obtained by a thermally activated chemical transformation of the organometallic intermediates. Exposure to iodine vapor facilitates decoupling by intercalation of an iodine monolayer between the covalent networks and the Ag(111) surface. Accordingly, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and NIXSW experiments are carried out for three successive sample stages: organometallic intermediates, covalent networks directly on Ag(111) and after decoupling. NIXSW analysis facilitates the determination of adsorption heights of chemically distinct carbon species, i.e. in the phenyl and triazine rings, and also for the organometallic carbon atoms. Thereby, molecular conformations are assessed for each sample stage. The interpretation of experimental results is informed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, providing a consistent picture of adsorption heights and molecular deformations in the networks that result from the interplay between steric hindrance and surface interactions. Quantitative adsorption heights, i.e. vertical distances between adsorbates and surface, provide detailed insight into surface interactions, but are underexplored in on-surface synthesis. In particular, the direct comparison with an in situ prepared decoupled state unveils the surface influence on the network structure, and shows that iodine intercalation is a powerful decoupling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Samuel P Jarvis
- Lancaster University, Physics Department, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Robert G Jones
- University of Nottingham, Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Soumen De
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Physics Department, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Technische Universität München Physik Department James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
Extraordinarily robust extended covalent organic nanostructures with unprecedented structures and intriguing chemical and electronic properties are currently synthesized on metal surfaces. Envisaged electronic applications, for instance in field effect transistors or sensors, however, demand insulating supports. To obviate the need for a cumbersome post-synthetic transfer from the metal growth surface to the target substrate, synthesis directly on inert surfaces is highly desirable. Albeit reversible polycondensations are broadly established on inert graphite surfaces, carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling remains mostly elusive. Thermally activated coupling on weakly interacting supports suffers from the "desorption problem", that is the premature desorption of reactants due to increased reaction barriers, which becomes even worse on inert surfaces due to diminished desorption barriers. Consequently, C-C coupling on inert surfaces requires new paradigms. We propose either photochemical coupling or activation of monomers prior to deposition as possible alternatives, discuss the current state-of-the-art and identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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11
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kupplung auf inerten Oberflächen durch die Abscheidung von en route erzeugten Aryl Radikalen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Physik Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
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12
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Galeotti G, Fritton M, Lackinger M. Carbon-Carbon Coupling on Inert Surfaces by Deposition of En Route Generated Aryl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22785-22789. [PMID: 32926497 PMCID: PMC7814669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate C-C coupling in on-surface synthesis on inert surfaces, we devised a radical deposition source (RDS) for the direct deposition of aryl radicals onto arbitrary substrates. Its core piece is a heated reactive drift tube through which halogenated precursors are deposited and en route converted into radicals. For the proof of concept we study 4,4''-diiodo-p-terphenyl (DITP) precursors on iodine-passivated metal surfaces. Deposition with the RDS at room temperature results in highly regular structures comprised of mostly monomeric (terphenyl) or dimeric (sexiphenyl) biradicals. Mild heating activates progressive C-C coupling into more extended molecular wires. These structures are distinctly different from the self-assemblies observed upon conventional deposition of intact DITP. Direct deposition of radicals renders substrate reactivity unnecessary, thereby paving the road for synthesis on application-relevant inert surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches MuseumMuseumsinsel 180538MunichGermany
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität MünchenJames-Franck-Str. 185748GarchingGermany
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13
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Ochs O, Martsinovich N, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Quantifying the Ultraslow Desorption Kinetics of 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid Monolayers at Liquid-Solid Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7320-7326. [PMID: 32787298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic effects in monolayer self-assembly at liquid-solid interfaces are not well explored but can provide unique insights. We use variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to quantify the desorption kinetics of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDA) monolayers at nonanoic acid-graphite interfaces. Quantitative tracking of the decline of molecular coverages by STM between 57.5 and 65.0 °C unveiled single-exponential decays over the course of days. An Arrhenius plot of rate constants derived from fits results in a surprisingly high energy barrier of 208 kJ mol-1 that strongly contrasts with the desorption energy of 16.4 kJ mol-1 with respect to solution as determined from a Born-Haber cycle. This vast discrepancy indicates a high-energy transition state. Expanding these studies to further systems is the key to pinpointing the molecular origin of the remarkably large NDA desorption barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ochs
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
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14
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Fritton M, Duncan DA, Deimel PS, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. The Role of Kinetics versus Thermodynamics in Surface-Assisted Ullmann Coupling on Gold and Silver Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4824-4832. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Fritton
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, Munich 80538, Germany
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15
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Lischka M, Dong R, Wang M, Martsinovich N, Fritton M, Grossmann L, Heckl WM, Feng X, Lackinger M. Competitive Metal Coordination of Hexaaminotriphenylene on Cu(111) by Intrinsic Copper Versus Extrinsic Nickel Adatoms. Chemistry 2019; 25:1975-1983. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lischka
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität München James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich (NIM) Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Massimo Fritton
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität München James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich (NIM) Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Lukas Grossmann
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität München James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich (NIM) Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität München James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich (NIM) Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of PhysicsTechnische Universität München James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) and Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich (NIM) Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
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16
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Fritton M, Otte K, Björk J, Biswas PK, Heckl WM, Schmittel M, Lackinger M. The influence of ortho-methyl substitution in organometallic self-assembly - a comparative study on Cu(111) vs. Ag(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9745-9748. [PMID: 30109325 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal surface-induced dehalogenation of precursors is known to initiate self-assembly of organometallic networks, where tectons are connected via carbon-metal-carbon (C-M-C) bonds. Even though reversibility of the C-M-C bonds facilitates structural equilibration, defects associated with highly bent organometallic linkages are still commonly observed. By introducing a steric hindrance to reduce the C-M-C bond angle flexibility, we find well ordered organometallic networks of an ortho-methyl substituted 1,3,5-tris(p-bromophenyl)benzene analogue on Cu(111) after room-temperature (RT) deposition and on Ag(111) after annealing.
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17
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Lischka M, Michelitsch GS, Martsinovich N, Eichhorn J, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Strunskus T, Breuer R, Reuter K, Schmittel M, Lackinger M. Remote functionalization in surface-assisted dehalogenation by conformational mechanics: organometallic self-assembly of 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromo-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexafluorobiphenyl on Ag(111). Nanoscale 2018; 10:12035-12044. [PMID: 29905751 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01987h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the surface-assisted dehalogenative coupling constitutes the most abundant protocol in on-surface synthesis, its full potential will only become visible if selectivity issues with polybrominated precursors are comprehensively understood, opening new venues for both organometallic self-assembly and on-surface polymerization. Using the 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromo-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexafluorobiphenyl (Br4F6BP) at Ag(111), we demonstrate a remote site-selective functionalization at room temperature and a marked temperature difference in double- vs. quadruple activation, both phenomena caused by conformational mechanical effects of the precursor-surface ensemble. The submolecularly resolved structural characterization was achieved by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, the chemical state was quantitatively assessed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and the analysis of the experimental signatures was supported through first-principles Density-Functional Theory calculations. The non-planarity of the various structures at the surface was specifically probed by additional Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure experiments. Upon progressive heating, Br4F6BP on Ag(111) shows the following unprecedented phenomena: (1) formation of regular organometallic 1D chains via remote site-selective 3,5'-didebromination; (2) a marked temperature difference in double- vs. quadruple activation; (3) an organometallic self-assembly based on reversibility of C-Ag-C linkages with a thus far unknown polymorphism affording both hexagonal and rectangular 2D networks; (4) extraordinary thermal stability of the organometallic networks. Controlled covalent coupling at the previously Br-functionalized sites was not achieved for the Br4F6BP precursor, in contrast to the comparatively studied non-fluorinated analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lischka
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Frank-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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18
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Ochs O, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Immersion-scanning-tunneling-microscope for long-term variable-temperature experiments at liquid-solid interfaces. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:053707. [PMID: 29864836 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of supramolecular self-assembly on surfaces are uniquely gained by variable-temperature high-resolution Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy (STM). Conventionally, these experiments are performed with standard ambient microscopes extended with heatable sample stages for local heating. However, unavoidable solvent evaporation sets a technical limit on the duration of these experiments, hence prohibiting long-term experiments. These, however, would be highly desirable to provide enough time for temperature stabilization and settling of drift but also to study processes with inherently slow kinetics. To overcome this dilemma, we propose a STM that can operate fully immersed in solution. The instrument is mounted onto the lid of a hermetically sealed heatable container that is filled with the respective solution. By closing the container, both the sample and microscope are immersed in solution. Thereby solvent evaporation is eliminated and an environment for long-term experiments with utmost stable and controllable temperatures between room-temperature and 100 °C is provided. Important experimental requirements for the immersion-STM and resulting design criteria are discussed, the strategy for protection against corrosive media is described, the temperature stability and drift behavior are thoroughly characterized, and first long-term high resolution experiments at liquid-solid interfaces are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ochs
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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19
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Spitzer S, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Macknapp K, Ritter V, Sotier S, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Solvent-free on-surface synthesis of boroxine COF monolayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5147-5150. [PMID: 28435950 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol is proposed for the solvent-free on-surface synthesis of covalent organic framework monolayers by condensation of diboronic acids. Monomers are vapor-deposited and water is used for equilibrium regulation. Samples are characterized on progressively smaller length scales by light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spitzer
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538, Munich, Germany
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20
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Amabilino D, Bâldea I, Besenius P, Beton P, Blunt M, Buck M, Champness NR, Chi L, Clarke S, Costantini G, De Feyter S, Diaz Fernandez Y, Dwivedi D, Ernst KH, Flood A, Hirsch B, Jones R, Kühnle A, Lackinger M, Linderoth TR, Martsinovich N, Mount A, Nalbach M, Pradier CM, Rahman T, Raval R, Robinson N, Sacchi M, Schwaminger S, Tait SL, Woodruff P, Zuilhof H. Supramolecular systems at liquid-solid interfaces: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:271-295. [PMID: 29034923 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90074k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Lischka M, Eichhorn J, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Reversible intercalation of iodine monolayers between on-surface synthesised covalent polyphenylene networks and Au(111). Nanoscale 2017; 9:4995-5001. [PMID: 28383079 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on post-synthetic decoupling of covalent polyphenylene networks from Au(111) by intercalation of a chemisorbed iodine monolayer. The covalent networks were synthesised by on-surface Ullmann polymerization of 1,3-bis(p-bromophenyl)-5-(p-iodophenyl)benzene precursors on Au(111) under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The present study relates to previous work, where successful detachment was demonstrated on Ag(111) by a combination of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. On the more reactive Ag(111) surfaces, intercalation was readily accomplished by exposing the samples to iodine vapour at room temperature. On more noble Au(111), however, STM, XPS and NEXAFS consistently indicate that the same protocol merely results in co-adsorption of iodine on uncovered surface areas, whereas the covalent networks remain adsorbed on the metal. Yet, performing the iodine exposure at elevated surface temperatures similarly results in detachment of the organic networks via intercalation of an iodine monolayer also on Au(111) as evidenced by characteristic changes in STM. In addition, owing to the high thermal stability of the covalent networks and the comparatively low iodine desorption temperature, the reversibility of the process is demonstrated: sample annealing at 400 °C results in complete desorption of the iodine monolayer, whereby the covalent networks re-adsorb directly on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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22
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Spitzer S, Helmle O, Ochs O, Horsley J, Martsinovich N, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. What can be inferred from moiré patterns? A case study of trimesic acid monolayers on graphite. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:331-348. [PMID: 28776616 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid – TMA) monolayers at the alkanoic acid–graphite interface is revisited. Even though this archetypal model system for hydrogen bonded porous networks is particularly well studied, the analysis of routinely observed superperiodic contrast modulations known as moiré patterns lags significantly behind. Fundamental questions remain unanswered such as, are moiré periodicity and orientation always the same, i.e. is exclusively only one specific moiré pattern observed? What are the geometric relationships (superstructure matrices) between moiré, TMA, and graphite lattices? What affects the moiré pattern formation? Is there any influence from solvent, concentration, or thermal treatment? These basic questions are addressed via scanning tunneling microscopy experiments at the liquid–solid interface, revealing a variety of different moiré patterns. Interestingly, TMA and graphite lattices were always found to be ∼5° rotated with respect to each other. Consequently, the observed variation in the moiré patterns is attributed to minute deviations (<2°) from this preferred orientation. Quantitative analysis of moiré periods and orientations facilitates the determination of the TMA lattice parameter with picometer precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spitzer
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Oliver Helmle
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Oliver Ochs
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Joshua Horsley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S3 7HF
- UK
| | | | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
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Amabilino D, Bâldea I, Batteas J, Besenius P, Beton P, Buck M, Chi L, Costantini G, Davies P, De Feyter S, Diaz Fernandez Y, Dwivedi D, Ernst KH, Flood A, Hirsch B, Humblot V, Jones R, Kühnle A, Lackinger M, Lin N, Linderoth TR, Pradier CM, Rahman T, Raval R, Robinson N, Sacchi M, Schwaminger S, Tait SL, Woodruff P, Zuilhof H. Supramolecular effects in self-assembled monolayers: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:123-158. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Amabilino D, Bâldea I, Batteas J, Beton P, Bilbao N, Costantini G, Davidson J, De Feyter S, Diaz Fernandez Y, Ernst KH, Hirsch B, Jabbarzadeh A, Jones R, Kühnle A, Lackinger M, Li Z, Lin N, Linderoth TR, Martsinovich N, Nalbach M, Pradier CM, Rahman T, Raval R, Robinson N, Rosei F, Sacchi M, Samperi M, Sanz Matias A, Saywell A, Schwaminger S, Tait SL. Probing properties of molecule-based interface systems: general discussion and Discussion of the Concluding Remarks. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:503-530. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Amabilino D, Bâldea I, Barykina O, Batteas J, Besenius P, Beton P, Bilbao N, Buck M, Chi L, Clarke S, Costantini G, Davidson J, Davies P, De Feyter S, Diaz Fernandez Y, Dwivedi D, Ernst KH, Flood A, Gautrot J, Jabbarzadeh A, Korolkov V, Kühnle A, Lackinger M, Pradier CM, Rahman T, Raval R, Schwaminger S, Seibel J, Tait SL, Teyssandier J, Zuilhof H. Preparing macromolecular systems on surfaces: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:395-418. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90076g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Surface-assisted Ullmann coupling is both drosophila and workhorse of on-surface synthesis. The fabrication of novel covalent low-dimensional organic nanostructures is accompanied by fundamental studies of surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum
- 80538 München
- Germany
- Physics Department
- Technische Universität München
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27
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Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Martsinovich N, Lischka M, Eichhorn J, Szabelski P, Nieckarz D, Strunskus T, Das K, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. From Au-Thiolate Chains to Thioether Sierpiński Triangles: The Versatile Surface Chemistry of 1,3,5-Tris(4-mercaptophenyl)benzene on Au(111). ACS Nano 2016; 10:10901-10911. [PMID: 28024384 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of 1,3,5-tris(4-mercaptophenyl)benzene (TMB), a 3-fold symmetric, thiol-functionalized aromatic molecule, was studied on Au(111) with the aim of realizing extended Au-thiolate-linked molecular architectures. The focus lay on resolving thermally activated structural and chemical changes by a combination of microscopy and spectroscopy. Thus, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) provided submolecularly resolved structural information, while the chemical state of sulfur was assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Directly after room-temperature deposition, only less well ordered structures were observed. Mild annealing promoted the first structural transition into ordered molecular chains, partly organized in homochiral molecular braids. Further annealing led to self-similar Sierpiński triangles, while annealing at even higher temperatures again resulted in mostly disordered structures. Both the irregular aggregates observed at room temperature and the chains were identified as metal-organic assemblies, whereby two out of the three intermolecular binding motifs are energetically equivalent according to density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The emergence of Sierpiński triangles is driven by a chemical transformation, i.e., the conversion of coordinative Au-thiolate to covalent thioether linkages, and can be further understood by Monte Carlo simulations. The great structural variance of TMB on Au(111) can on one hand be explained by the energetic equivalence of two binding motifs. On the other hand, the unexpected chemical transition even enhances the structural variance and results in thiol-derived covalent molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Lischka
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Pawel Szabelski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Damian Nieckarz
- Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre , Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science - Multicomponent Materials, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kalpataru Das
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
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Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Björk J, Lischka M, Eichhorn J, Kloft S, Fritton M, Strunskus T, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Frontispiz: Postsynthetische Entkopplung oberflächensynthetisierter kovalenter Nanostrukturen von Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201682761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; IFM Linköping University; Schweden
| | - Matthias Lischka
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Stephan Kloft
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Technische Fakultät; Lehrstuhl für Materialverbünde; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Deutschland
| | - Debabrata Samanta
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering; Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering; Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
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29
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Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Björk J, Lischka M, Eichhorn J, Kloft S, Fritton M, Strunskus T, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Frontispiece: Post-Synthetic Decoupling of On-Surface-Synthesized Covalent Nanostructures from Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201682761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; IFM Linköping University; 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Matthias Lischka
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Stephan Kloft
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science-Multicomponent Materials; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Kaiserstrasse 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Debabrata Samanta
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering, Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering, Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
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30
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Plas J, Ivasenko O, Martsinovich N, Lackinger M, De Feyter S. Nanopatterning of a covalent organic framework host-guest system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:68-71. [PMID: 26514994 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have used a boroxine-based COF as a template for C60-fullerene self-assembly on graphite. Local removal of the COF by STM based nanomanipulation creates nanocorrals that may host other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plas
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany and Department of Physics Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Björk J, Lischka M, Eichhorn J, Kloft S, Fritton M, Strunskus T, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Postsynthetische Entkopplung oberflächensynthetisierter kovalenter Nanostrukturen von Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; IFM Linköping University; Schweden
| | - Matthias Lischka
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Stephan Kloft
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Technische Fakultät; Lehrstuhl für Materialverbünde; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Deutschland
| | - Debabrata Samanta
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering; Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering; Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Physik-Department; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Straße 1 85748 Garching Deutschland
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Deutschland
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience; Schellingstraße 4 80799 München Deutschland
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32
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Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Björk J, Lischka M, Eichhorn J, Kloft S, Fritton M, Strunskus T, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Post-Synthetic Decoupling of On-Surface-Synthesized Covalent Nanostructures from Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7650-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rastgoo-Lahrood
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; IFM Linköping University; 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Matthias Lischka
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Stephan Kloft
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Massimo Fritton
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science-Multicomponent Materials; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Kaiserstrasse 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Debabrata Samanta
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering, Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- & Nanochemistry & Engineering, Organische Chemie I; Universität Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57068 Siegen Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Strasse 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum; Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for Nanoscience; Schellingstrasse 4 80799 München Germany
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33
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Abstract
Ullmann coupling of 1,3-diiodobenzene is studied on Cu(111) surfaces in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). In situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) at room temperature revealed an unexpected ordered arrangement of highly uniform reaction products adsorbed atop a closed iodine monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rastgoo Lahrood
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum and Physics Department; Technische Universität München; Germany
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35
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Eichhorn J, Strunskus T, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Lackinger M. On-surface Ullmann polymerization via intermediate organometallic networks on Ag(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7680-2. [PMID: 24899567 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of organometallic intermediates during on-surface polymerization via Ullmann coupling was studied on Ag(111). The polymerization progress was monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) was used to characterize organometallic and covalent networks and to identify the temperature regimes for organometallic and covalent bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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36
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Song W, Martsinovich N, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Thermodynamics of 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid monolayer self-assembly at the nonanoic acid-graphite interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:13239-47. [PMID: 24870380 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct calorimetric measurement of the overall enthalpy change associated with self-assembly of organic monolayers at the liquid-solid interface is for most systems of interest practically impossible. In previous work we proposed an adapted Born-Haber cycle for an indirect assessment of the overall enthalpy change by using terephthalic acid monolayers at the nonanoic acid-graphite interface as a model system. To this end, the sublimation enthalpy, dissolution enthalpy, the monolayer binding enthalpy in vacuum, and a dewetting enthalpy are combined to yield the total enthalpy change. In the present study the Born-Haber cycle is applied to 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid monolayers. A detailed comparison of these two aromatic dicarboxylic acids is used to evaluate and quantify the contribution of the organic backbone for stabilization of the monolayer at the nonanoic acid-graphite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Song
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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37
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Murray DJ, Patterson DD, Payamyar P, Bhola R, Song W, Lackinger M, Schlüter AD, King BT. Large Area Synthesis of a Nanoporous Two-Dimensional Polymer at the Air/Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3450-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512018j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Dustin D. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Payam Payamyar
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Radha Bhola
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Wentao Song
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
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38
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Gole B, Song W, Lackinger M, Mukherjee PS. Explosives Sensing by Using Electron‐Rich Supramolecular Polymers: Role of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Significant Enhancement of Sensitivity. Chemistry 2014; 20:13662-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Gole
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore‐560012 (India), Fax: (+91) 80‐2360‐1552
| | - Wentao Song
- TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich (Germany)
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich (Germany)
| | - Markus Lackinger
- TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich (Germany)
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich (Germany)
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore‐560012 (India), Fax: (+91) 80‐2360‐1552
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39
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Eichhorn J, Nieckarz D, Ochs O, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Szabelski PJ, Lackinger M. On-surface Ullmann coupling: the influence of kinetic reaction parameters on the morphology and quality of covalent networks. ACS Nano 2014; 8:7880-7889. [PMID: 25036422 DOI: 10.1021/nn501567p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
On-surface Ullmann coupling is a versatile and appropriate approach for the bottom-up fabrication of covalent organic nanostructures. In two-dimensional networks, however, the kinetically controlled and irreversible coupling leads to high defect densities and a lack of long-range order. To derive general guidelines for optimizing reaction parameters, the structural quality of 2D porous covalent networks was evaluated for different preparation protocols. For this purpose, polymerization of an iodine- and bromine-functionalized precursor was studied on Au(111) by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. By taking advantage of the vastly different temperature thresholds for C-Br and C-I cleavage, two different polymerization routes were compared - hierarchical and direct polymerization. The structural quality of the covalent networks was evaluated for different reaction parameters, such as surface temperatures, heating rates, and deposition rates by statistical analysis of STM data. Experimental results are compared to Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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40
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Song W, Martsinovich N, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Thermodynamics of halogen bonded monolayer self-assembly at the liquid–solid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13465-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06251e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The overall enthalpy change associated with hexabromotriphenylene monolayer self-assembly at the heptanoic acid–graphite interface was assessed by an adapted Born–Haber cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Song
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)
- 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - N. Martsinovich
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - W. M. Heckl
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)
- 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - M. Lackinger
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)
- 80799 Munich, Germany
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41
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Song W, Martsinovich N, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Born-Haber cycle for monolayer self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface: assessing the enthalpic driving force. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14854-62. [PMID: 24003869 DOI: 10.1021/ja407698t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The driving force for self-assembly is the associated gain in free energy with decisive contributions from both enthalpy and entropy differences between final and initial state. For monolayer self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface, solute molecules are initially dissolved in the liquid phase and then become incorporated into an adsorbed monolayer. In this work, we present an adapted Born-Haber cycle for obtaining precise enthalpy values for self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface, a key ingredient for a profound thermodynamic understanding of this process. By choosing terephthalic acid as a model system, it is demonstrated that all required enthalpy differences between well-defined reference states can be independently and consistently assessed by both experimental and theoretical methods, giving in the end a reliable value of the overall enthalpy gain for self-assembly of interfacial monolayers. A quantitative comparison of enthalpy gain and entropy cost reveals essential contributions from solvation and dewetting, which lower the entropic cost and render monolayer self-assembly a thermodynamically favored process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Song
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
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42
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Abstract
The polymerization of 1,4-diethynylbenzene was studied on a Cu(111) surface using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Thermal activation yielded disordered covalent networks, where distinct basic structural motifs indicate different coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Department of Physics & TUM School of Education, Tech. Univ. Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich, Germany
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43
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Sirtl T, Song W, Eder G, Neogi S, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Solvent-dependent stabilization of metastable monolayer polymorphs at the liquid-solid interface. ACS Nano 2013; 7:6711-6718. [PMID: 23875955 DOI: 10.1021/nn4014577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of 1,3,5-tris(4'-biphenyl-4"-carbonitrile)benzene monolayers was studied at the liquid-solid interface by scanning tunneling microscopy. Application of different fatty acid homologues as solvents revealed a solvent-induced polymorphism. Yet, tempering triggered irreversible phase transitions of the initially self-assembled monolayers, thereby indicating their metastability. Interestingly, in either case, the same thermodynamically more stable and more densely packed monolayer polymorph was obtained after thermal treatment, irrespective of the initial structure. Again, the same densely packed structure was obtained in complementary solvent-free experiments conducted under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Thus, self-assembly of metastable polymorphs at room temperature is explained by adsorption of partially solvated species under kinetic control. The irreversible phase transitions are induced by thermal desolvation, that is, desorption of coadsorbed solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sirtl
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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44
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Eder G, Smith EF, Cebula I, Heckl WM, Beton PH, Lackinger M. Solution preparation of two-dimensional covalently linked networks by polymerization of 1,3,5-Tri(4-iodophenyl)benzene on Au(111). ACS Nano 2013; 7:3014-3021. [PMID: 23472582 DOI: 10.1021/nn400337v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization of 1,3,5-tri(4-iodophenyl)benzene (TIPB) on Au(111) through covalent aryl-aryl coupling is accomplished using a solution-based approach and investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Drop-casting of the TIPB monomer onto Au(111) at room temperature results in poorly ordered noncovalent arrangements of molecules and partial dehalogenation. However, drop-casting on a preheated Au(111) substrate yields various topologically distinct covalent aggregates and networks. Interestingly, some of these covalent nanostructures do not adsorb directly on the Au(111) surface, but are loosely bound to a disordered layer of a mixture of chemisorbed iodine and molecules, a conclusion that is drawn from STM data and supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We argue that the gold surface becomes covered by a strongly chemisorbed iodine monolayer which eventually inhibits further polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Eder
- TUM School of Education and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Tech Univ Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich, Germany
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45
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Sirtl T, Schlögl S, Rastgoo-Lahrood A, Jelic J, Neogi S, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Reuter K, Lackinger M. Control of intermolecular bonds by deposition rates at room temperature: hydrogen bonds versus metal coordination in trinitrile monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:691-5. [PMID: 23249218 DOI: 10.1021/ja306834a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of 1,3,5-tris(4'-biphenyl-4"-carbonitrile)benzene, a large functional trinitrile molecule, on the (111) surfaces of copper and silver under ultrahigh vacuum conditions were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. A densely packed hydrogen-bonded polymorph was equally observed on both surfaces. Additionally, deposition onto Cu(111) yielded a well-ordered metal-coordinated porous polymorph that coexisted with the hydrogen-bonded structure. The required coordination centers were supplied by the adatom gas of the Cu(111) surface. On Ag(111), however, the well-ordered metal-coordinated network was not observed. Differences between the adatom reactivities on copper and silver and the resulting bond strengths of the respective coordination bonds are held responsible for this substrate dependence. By utilizing ultralow deposition rates, we demonstrate that on Cu(111) the adatom kinetics plays a decisive role in the expression of intermolecular bonds and hence structure selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sirtl
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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46
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Sirtl T, Jelic J, Meyer J, Das K, Heckl WM, Moritz W, Rundgren J, Schmittel M, Reuter K, Lackinger M. Adsorption structure determination of a large polyaromatic trithiolate on Cu(111): combination of LEED-I(V) and DFT-vdW. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:11054-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50752a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Lackinger M, Janson MS, Ho W. Localized interaction of single porphyrin molecules with oxygen vacancies on TiO2(110). J Chem Phys 2012; 137:234707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4771904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Dienstmaier JF, Medina DD, Dogru M, Knochel P, Bein T, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Isoreticular two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks synthesized by on-surface condensation of diboronic acids. ACS Nano 2012; 6:7234-7242. [PMID: 22775491 DOI: 10.1021/nn302363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
On-surface self-condensation of 1,4-benzenediboronic acid was previously shown to yield extended surface-supported, long-range-ordered two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs). The most important prerequisite for obtaining high structural quality is that the polycondensation (dehydration) reaction is carried out under slightly reversible reaction conditions, i.e., in the presence of water. Only then can the subtle balance between kinetic and thermodynamic control of the polycondensation be favorably influenced, and defects that are unavoidable during growth can be corrected. In the present study we extend the previously developed straightforward preparation protocol to a variety of para-diboronic acid building blocks with the aim to tune lattice parameters and pore sizes of 2D COFs. Scanning tunneling microscopy is employed for structural characterization of the covalent networks and of noncovalently self-assembled structures that form on the surface prior to the thermally activated polycondensation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen F Dienstmaier
- Deutsches Museum , Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and TUM School of Education, Technical University of Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich, Germany
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Dienstmaier JF, Gigler AM, Goetz AJ, Knochel P, Bein T, Lyapin A, Reichlmaier S, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Synthesis of well-ordered COF monolayers: surface growth of nanocrystalline precursors versus direct on-surface polycondensation. ACS Nano 2011; 5:9737-9745. [PMID: 22040355 DOI: 10.1021/nn2032616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two different straightforward synthetic approaches are presented to fabricate long-range-ordered monolayers of a covalent organic framework (COF) on an inert, catalytically inactive graphite surface. Boronic acid condensation (dehydration) is employed as the polymerization reaction. In the first approach, the monomer is prepolymerized by a mere thermal treatment into nanocrystalline precursor COFs. The precursors are then deposited by drop-casting onto a graphite substrate and characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). While in the precursors monomers are already covalently interlinked into the final COF structure, the resulting domain size is still rather small. We show that a thermal treatment under reversible reaction conditions facilitates on-surface ripening associated with a striking increase of the domain size. Although this first approach allows studying different stages of the polymerization, the direct polymerization, that is, without the necessity of preceding reaction steps, is desirable. We demonstrate that even for a comparatively small diboronic acid monomer a direct thermally activated polymerization into extended COF monolayers is achievable.
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Eder G, Kloft S, Martsinovich N, Mahata K, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Incorporation dynamics of molecular guests into two-dimensional supramolecular host networks at the liquid-solid interface. Langmuir 2011; 27:13563-13571. [PMID: 21951230 DOI: 10.1021/la203054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to study both the dynamics and mechanisms of guest incorporation into the pores of 2D supramolecular host networks at the liquid-solid interface. This was accomplished by adding molecular guests to prefabricated self-assembled porous monolayers and the simultaneous acquisition of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) topographs. The incorporation of the same guest molecule (coronene) into two different host networks was compared, where the pores of the networks either featured a perfect geometric match with the guest (for trimesic acid host networks) or were substantially larger than the guest species (for benzenetribenzoic acid host networks). Even the moderate temporal resolution of standard STM experiments in combination with a novel injection system was sufficient to reveal clear differences in the incorporation dynamics in the two different host networks. Further experiments were aimed at identifying a possible solvent influence. The interpretation of the results is aided by molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Eder
- TUM School of Education and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Tech. Univ. Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80799 Munich, Germany
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