1
|
Unksov IN, Korosec CS, Surendiran P, Verardo D, Lyttleton R, Forde NR, Linke H. Through the Eyes of Creators: Observing Artificial Molecular Motors. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:140-159. [PMID: 35726277 PMCID: PMC9204826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Inspired by molecular
motors in biology, there has been significant
progress in building artificial molecular motors, using a number of
quite distinct approaches. As the constructs become more sophisticated,
there is also an increasing need to directly observe the motion of
artificial motors at the nanoscale and to characterize their performance.
Here, we review the most used methods that tackle those tasks. We
aim to help experimentalists with an overview of the available tools
used for different types of synthetic motors and to choose the method
most suited for the size of a motor and the desired measurements,
such as the generated force or distances in the moving system. Furthermore,
for many envisioned applications of synthetic motors, it will be a
requirement to guide and control directed motions. We therefore also
provide a perspective on how motors can be observed on structures
that allow for directional guidance, such as nanowires and microchannels.
Thus, this Review facilitates the future research on synthetic molecular
motors, where observations at a single-motor level and a detailed
characterization of motion will promote applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Unksov
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, V5A 1S6 Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Damiano Verardo
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- AlignedBio AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roman Lyttleton
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nancy R. Forde
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, V5A 1S6 Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heiner Linke
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin Y, Yang W, Chu H, Li Y, Cai S, Yu H, Liu L. Atomic Force Microscopy for Tumor Research at Cell and Molecule Levels. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-18. [PMID: 35257653 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumors have posed a serious threat to human life and health. Researchers can determine whether or not cells are cancerous, whether the cancer cells are invasive or metastatic, and what the effects of drugs are on cancer cells by the physical properties such as hardness, adhesion, and Young's modulus. The atomic force microscope (AFM) has emerged as a key important tool for biomechanics research on tumor cells due to its ability to image and collect force spectroscopy information of biological samples with nano-level spatial resolution and under near-physiological conditions. This article reviews the existing results of the study of cancer cells with AFM. The main foci are the operating principle of AFM and research advances in mechanical property measurement, ultra-microtopography, and molecular recognition of tumor cells, which allows us to outline what we do know it in a systematic way and to summarize and to discuss future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Qin
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Honghui Chu
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai264005, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sofińska K, Lupa D, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Czaja M, Kobierski J, Seweryn S, Skirlińska-Nosek K, Szymonski M, Wilkosz N, Wnętrzak A, Lipiec E. Revealing local molecular distribution, orientation, phase separation, and formation of domains in artificial lipid layers: Towards comprehensive characterization of biological membranes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 301:102614. [PMID: 35190313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, together with molecules such as DNA and proteins, are one of the most relevant systems responsible for the existence of life. Selected lipids are able to assembly into various organized structures, such as lipid membranes. The unique properties of lipid membranes determine their complex functions, not only to separate biological environments, but also to participate in regulatory functions, absorption of nutrients, cell-cell communication, endocytosis, cell signaling, and many others. Despite numerous scientific efforts, still little is known about the reason underlying the variability within lipid membranes, and its biochemical significance. In this review, we discuss the structural complexity of lipid membranes, as well as the importance to simplify studied systems in order to understand phenomena occurring in natural, complex membranes. Such systems require a model interface to be analyzed. Therefore, here we focused on analytical studies of artificial systems at various interfaces. The molecular structure of lipid membranes, specifically the nanometric thickens of molecular bilayer, limits in a major extent the choice of highly sensitive methods suitable to study such structures. Therefore, we focused on methods that combine high sensitivity, and/or chemical selectivity, and/or nanometric spatial resolution, such as atomic force microscopy, nanospectroscopy (tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, infrared nanospectroscopy), phase modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. We summarized experimental and theoretical approaches providing information about molecular structure and composition, lipid spatial distribution (phase separation), organization (domain shape, molecular orientation) of lipid membranes, and real-time visualization of the influence of various molecules (proteins, drugs) on their integrity. An integral part of this review discusses the latest achievements in the field of lipid layer-based biosensors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Silbernagl D, Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani M, Cano Murillo N, Elert AM, Sturm H. Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:58-71. [PMID: 33564603 PMCID: PMC7849247 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A key application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the measurement of physical properties at sub-micrometer resolution. Methods such as force-distance curves (FDCs) or dynamic variants (such as intermodulation AFM (ImAFM)) are able to measure mechanical properties (such as the local stiffness, k r) of nanoscopic heterogeneous materials. For a complete structure-property correlation, these mechanical measurements are considered to lack the ability to identify the chemical structure of the materials. In this study, the measured attractive force, F attr, acting between the AFM tip and the sample is shown to be an independent measurement for the local chemical composition and hence a complete structure-property correlation can be obtained. A proof of concept is provided by two model samples comprised of (1) epoxy/polycarbonate and (2) epoxy/boehmite. The preparation of the model samples allowed for the assignment of material phases based on AFM topography. Additional chemical characterization on the nanoscale is performed by an AFM/infrared-spectroscopy hybrid method. Mechanical properties (k r) and attractive forces (F attr) are calculated and a structure-property correlation is obtained by a manual principle component analysis (mPCA) from a k r/F attr diagram. A third sample comprised of (3) epoxy/polycarbonate/boehmite is measured by ImAFM. The measurement of a 2 × 2 µm cross section yields 128 × 128 force curves which are successfully evaluated by a k r/F attr diagram and the nanoscopic heterogeneity of the sample is determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Silbernagl
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Cano Murillo
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Elert
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Sturm
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- TU Berlin, IWF, Pascalstr. 8–9, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Siddiquee AM, Hasan IY, Wei S, Langley D, Balaur E, Liu C, Lin J, Abbey B, Mechler A, Kou S. Visualization and measurement of the local absorption coefficients of single bilayer phospholipid membranes using scanning near-field optical microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6569-6579. [PMID: 31853417 PMCID: PMC6913387 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the results of shear-mode thicknesses and absorption coefficient measurements made on neat membranes using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). Biomimic neat membranes composed of two different types of phoshpholipid molecules: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2- dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) were found to exhibit different absorption coefficients under the SNOM. The localization of the lipids could be identified and correlated to the morphology of the membrane domains indicating that SNOM can be an effective and accurate approach for the label-free characterization of the structure-function relationships in cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif M Siddiquee
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Australia
| | - Imad Younus Hasan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Shibiao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Daniel Langley
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Australia
| | - Eugeniu Balaur
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Australia
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jiao Lin
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Brian Abbey
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Australia
| | - Adam Mechler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Shanshan Kou
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salis B, Pugliese G, Pellegrino T, Diaspro A, Dante S. Polymer Coating and Lipid Phases Regulate Semiconductor Nanorods' Interaction with Neuronal Membranes: A Modeling Approach. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:618-627. [PMID: 30339349 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between nanoparticles (NPs) and cell membranes is extremely important with regard to using NPs in biology applications. With the aim of unraveling the dominating factors on the molecular scale, we have studied the interaction between polymer-coated semiconductor nanorods (NRs) made of cadmium selenium/cadmium sulfur and model lipid membranes. The zeta potential (ζ) of the NRs was tuned from having a negative value (-24 mV) to having a positive one (+11 mV) by changing the amine content in the polymer coating. Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and lipid monolayers (LMs) were used as model membranes. Lipid mixtures containing anionic or cationic lipids were employed in order to change the membrane ζ from -77 to +49 mV; lipids with saturated hydrophobic chains were used to create phase-separated gel domains. NR adsorption to the SLBs was monitored by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring; interactions with LMs with the same lipid composition were measured by surface pressure-area isotherms. The results showed that the NRs only interact with the model membrane if the mutual Δζ is higher than 70 mV; at the air-water interface, positively charged NRs remove lipids from the anionic lipid mixtures, and the negative ones penetrate the space between the polar heads in the cationic mixtures. However, the presence of gel domains in the membrane inhibits this interaction. The results of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek model frame indicate that the interaction occurs not only due to electrostatic and van der Waals forces, but also due to steric and/or hydration forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Salis
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi, Università di Genova, Genova 16145, Italy
- Nanoscopy&NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Giammarino Pugliese
- Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - Teresa Pellegrino
- Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy&NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16163, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Silvia Dante
- Nanoscopy&NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16163, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nautiyal P, Alam F, Balani K, Agarwal A. The Role of Nanomechanics in Healthcare. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193838 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomechanics has played a vital role in pushing our capability to detect, probe, and manipulate the biological species, such as proteins, cells, and tissues, paving way to a deeper knowledge and superior strategies for healthcare. Nanomechanical characterization techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, nanoindentation, nanotribology, optical tweezers, and other hybrid techniques have been utilized to understand the mechanics and kinetics of biospecies. Investigation of the mechanics of cells and tissues has provided critical information about mechanical characteristics of host body environments. This information has been utilized for developing biomimetic materials and structures for tissue engineering and artificial implants. This review summarizes nanomechanical characterization techniques and their potential applications in healthcare research. The principles and examples of label-free detection of cancers and myocardial infarction by nanomechanical cantilevers are discussed. The vital importance of nanomechanics in regenerative medicine is highlighted from the perspective of material selection and design for developing biocompatible scaffolds. This review interconnects the advancements made in fundamental materials science research and biomedical technology, and therefore provides scientific insight that is of common interest to the researchers working in different disciplines of healthcare science and technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Nautiyal
- Nanomechanics and Nanotribology Laboratory Florida International University 10555 West Flagler Street Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Fahad Alam
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Kantesh Balani
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Nanomechanics and Nanotribology Laboratory Florida International University 10555 West Flagler Street Miami FL 33174 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li M, Dang D, Xi N, Wang Y, Liu L. Nanoscale imaging and force probing of biomolecular systems using atomic force microscopy: from single molecules to living cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17643-17666. [PMID: 29135007 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of adequate tools for observation, native molecular behaviors at the nanoscale have been poorly understood. The advent of atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides an exciting instrument for investigating physiological processes on individual living cells with molecular resolution, which attracts the attention of worldwide researchers. In the past few decades, AFM has been widely utilized to investigate molecular activities on diverse biological interfaces, and the performances and functions of AFM have also been continuously improved, greatly improving our understanding of the behaviors of single molecules in action and demonstrating the important role of AFM in addressing biological issues with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. In this article, we review the related techniques and recent progress about applying AFM to characterize biomolecular systems in situ from single molecules to living cells. The challenges and future directions are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|