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Giannetto M, Johnson EP, Watson A, Dimitrov E, Kurth A, Shi W, Fornasiero F, Meshot ER, Plata DL. Modifying the Molecular Structure of Carbon Nanotubes through Gas-Phase Reactants. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:182-191. [PMID: 37096228 PMCID: PMC10119988 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches to carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis are limited in their ability to control the placement of atoms on the surface of nanotubes. Some of this limitation stems from a lack of understanding of the chemical bond-building mechanisms at play in CNT growth. Here, we provide experimental evidence that supports an alkyne polymerization pathway in which short-chained alkynes directly incorporate into the CNT lattice during growth, partially retaining their side groups and influencing CNT morphology. Using acetylene, methyl acetylene, and vinyl acetylene as feedstock gases, unique morphological differences were observed. Interwall spacing, a highly conserved value in natural graphitic materials, varied to accommodate side groups, increasing systematically from acetylene to methyl acetylene to vinyl acetylene. Furthermore, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) illustrated the existence of intact methyl groups in the multiwalled CNTs derived from methyl acetylene. Finally, the nanoscale alignment of the CNTs grown in vertically aligned forests differed systematically. Methyl acetylene induced the most tortuous growth while CNTs from acetylene and vinyl-acetylene were more aligned, presumably due to the presence of polymerizable unsaturated bonds in the structure. These results demonstrate that feedstock hydrocarbons can alter the atomic-scale structure of CNTs, which in turn can affect properties on larger scales. This information could be leveraged to create more chemically and structurally complex CNT structures, enable more sustainable chemical pathways by avoiding the need for solvents and postreaction modifications, and potentially unlock experimental routes to a host of higher-order carbonaceous nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
J. Giannetto
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Eric P. Johnson
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Adam Watson
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Edgar Dimitrov
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Andrew Kurth
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Wenbo Shi
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Francesco Fornasiero
- Physical
and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Eric R. Meshot
- Physical
and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Desiree L. Plata
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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2
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van der Wal LI, Turner SJ, Zečević J. Developments and advances in in situ transmission electron microscopy for catalysis research. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments and advances in in situ TEM have raised the possibility to study every step during the catalysts' lifecycle. This review discusses the current state, opportunities and challenges of in situ TEM in the realm of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars I. van der Wal
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Savannah J. Turner
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Jovana Zečević
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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3
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Carpena-Núñez J, Boscoboinik JA, Saber S, Rao R, Zhong JQ, Maschmann MR, Kidambi PR, Dee NT, Zakharov DN, Hart AJ, Stach EA, Maruyama B. Isolating the Roles of Hydrogen Exposure and Trace Carbon Contamination on the Formation of Active Catalyst Populations for Carbon Nanotube Growth. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8736-8748. [PMID: 31329425 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limited understanding of the factors influencing the yield of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) relative to the number of catalyst particles remains an important barrier to their large-scale production with high quality, and to tailoring CNT properties for applications. This lack of understanding is evident in the frequent use of Edisonian approaches to give high-yield CNT growth, and in the sometimes-confusing influence of trace residues on the reactor walls. In order to create conditions wherein CNT yield is reproducible and to enable large-scale and reliable CNT synthesis, it is imperative to understand-fundamentally-how these common practices impact catalytic activity and thus CNT number density. Herein, we use ambient pressure-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) to reveal the influence of carbon and hydrogen on the coupling between catalyst reduction and CNT nucleation, from an iron catalyst film. We observe a positive correlation between the degree of catalyst reduction and the density of vertically aligned CNTs (forests), verifying that effective catalyst reduction is critical to CNT nucleation and to the resulting CNT growth yield. We demonstrate that the extent of catalyst reduction is the reason for low CNT number density and for lack of self-organization, lift-off, and growth of CNT forests. We also show that hydrocarbon byproducts from consecutive growths can facilitate catalyst reduction and increase CNT number density significantly. These findings suggest that common practices used in the field-such as reactor preconditioning-aid in the reduction of the catalyst population, thus improving CNT number density and enabling the growth of dense forests. Our results also motivate future work using AP-XPS and complementary metrology tools to optimize CNT growth conditions according to the catalyst chemical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carpena-Núñez
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Sammy Saber
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES, Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45432 , United States
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Matthew R Maschmann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Piran R Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Nicholas T Dee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Dmitri N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
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4
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Lee J, Abdulhafez M, Bedewy M. Data Analytics Enables Significant Improvement of Robustness in Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes Based on Vacuum Baking. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Campo T, Pinilla S, Gálvez S, Sanz JM, Márquez F, Morant C. Synthesis Procedure of Highly Densely Packed Carbon Nanotube Forests on TiN. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040571. [PMID: 30965642 PMCID: PMC6523890 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to obtain high-density single-walled carbon nanotube forests (SWNTs) on conductive substrates for different applications, including field emission. For this, dip-coating was chosen as the catalyst deposition method, to subsequently grow SWNTs by Alcohol Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (AC-CVD). Si (100) was chosen as the substrate, which was then coated with a TiN thin film. By sputtering with Ar, it was possible to generate alternating TiN and Si lanes, with a different wettability and, therefore, a different affinity for the catalysts. As a result, the Mo-Co catalyst was mainly deposited on TiN and not on sputtered-Si, which allowed the selective growth of SWNT forests on the TiN conductive surfaces. These as-synthesized SWNTs were used for field emission measurements in a high vacuum chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Campo
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Pinilla
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santos Gálvez
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José María Sanz
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Márquez
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, 189 St. Rd. km 3.3, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA.
| | - Carmen Morant
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Graphene/pyrrolic-structured nitrogen-doped CNT nanocomposite supports for Pd-catalysed Heck coupling and chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-018-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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7
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Rao R, Pint CL, Islam AE, Weatherup RS, Hofmann S, Meshot ER, Wu F, Zhou C, Dee N, Amama PB, Carpena-Nuñez J, Shi W, Plata DL, Penev ES, Yakobson BI, Balbuena PB, Bichara C, Futaba DN, Noda S, Shin H, Kim KS, Simard B, Mirri F, Pasquali M, Fornasiero F, Kauppinen EI, Arnold M, Cola BA, Nikolaev P, Arepalli S, Cheng HM, Zakharov DN, Stach EA, Zhang J, Wei F, Terrones M, Geohegan DB, Maruyama B, Maruyama S, Li Y, Adams WW, Hart AJ. Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and Challenges for Synthesis toward Mainstream Commercial Applications. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11756-11784. [PMID: 30516055 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) remain critical to realizing many important commercial applications. Here we review recent breakthroughs in the synthesis of SWCNTs and highlight key ongoing research areas and challenges. A few key applications that capitalize on the properties of SWCNTs are also reviewed with respect to the recent synthesis breakthroughs and ways in which synthesis science can enable advances in these applications. While the primary focus of this review is on the science framework of SWCNT growth, we draw connections to mechanisms underlying the synthesis of other 1D and 2D materials such as boron nitride nanotubes and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 United States
| | - Ahmad E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
- University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , U.K
| | - Eric R Meshot
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Fanqi Wu
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Nicholas Dee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Placidus B Amama
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Jennifer Carpena-Nuñez
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Wenbo Shi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Perla B Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Christophe Bichara
- Aix-Marseille University and CNRS , CINaM UMR 7325 , 13288 Marseille , France
| | - Don N Futaba
- Nanotube Research Center , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Homin Shin
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Benoit Simard
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Francesca Mirri
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Francesco Fornasiero
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Esko I Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University School of Science , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Michael Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Baratunde A Cola
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Pavel Nikolaev
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Sivaram Arepalli
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Dmitri N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics and Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - W Wade Adams
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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8
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Lei R, Ni H, Chen R, Gu H, Zhang H, Dong S. In situ growth of self-supported and defect-engineered carbon nanotube networks on 316L stainless steel as binder-free supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 532:622-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Physicochemical properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes from metallocenes and ferrocenyl imidazolium compounds. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Shi W, Peng Y, Steiner SA, Li J, Plata DL. Carbon Dioxide Promotes Dehydrogenation in the Equimolar C 2 H 2 -CO 2 Reaction to Synthesize Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703482. [PMID: 29338116 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The equimolar C2 H2 -CO2 reaction has shown promise for carbon nanotube (CNT) production at low temperatures and on diverse functional substrate materials; however, the electron-pushing mechanism of this reaction is not well demonstrated. Here, the role of CO2 is explored experimentally and theoretically. In particular, 13 C labeling of CO2 demonstrates that CO2 is not an important C source in CNT growth by thermal catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Consistent with this experimental finding, the adsorption behaviors of C2 H2 and CO2 on a graphene-like lattice via density functional theory calculations reveal that the binding energies of C2 H2 are markedly higher than that of CO2 , suggesting the former is more likely to incorporate into CNT structure. Further, H-abstraction by CO2 from the active CNT growth edge would be favored, ultimately forming CO and H2 O. These results support that the commonly observed, promoting role of CO2 in CNT growth is due to a CO2 -assisted dehydrogenation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Shi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yue Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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11
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Kaiser AL, Stein IY, Cui K, Wardle BL. Process-morphology scaling relations quantify self-organization in capillary densified nanofiber arrays. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3876-3881. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Model-informed experiments reveal that cellular pattern formation in capillary-densified aligned carbon nanotube arrays is governed not only by their height, but also by substrate adhesion strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Kaiser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Itai Y. Stein
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kehang Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Brian L. Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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