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Romeo R, Legnani L, Chiacchio MA, Giofrè SV, Iannazzo D. Antiviral Compounds to Address Influenza Pandemics: An Update from 2016-2022. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2507-2549. [PMID: 37691217 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230907093501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the world has gained experience of the dangerous effects of pandemic events caused by emerging respiratory viruses. In particular, annual epidemics of influenza are responsible for severe illness and deaths. Even if conventional influenza vaccines represent the most effective tool for preventing virus infections, they are not completely effective in patients with severe chronic disease and immunocompromised and new small molecules have emerged to prevent and control the influenza viruses. Thus, the attention of chemists is continuously focused on the synthesis of new antiviral drugs able to interact with the different molecular targets involved in the virus replication cycle. To date, different classes of influenza viruses inhibitors able to target neuraminidase enzyme, hemagglutinin protein, Matrix-2 (M2) protein ion channel, nucleoprotein or RNAdependent RNA polymerase have been synthesized using several synthetic strategies comprising the chemical modification of currently used drugs. The best results, in terms of inhibitory activity, are in the nanomolar range and have been obtained from the chemical modification of clinically used drugs such as Peramivir, Zanamivir, Oseltamir, Rimantadine, as well as sialylated molecules, and hydroxypyridinone derivatives. The aim of this review is to report, covering the period 2016-2022, the most recent routes related to the synthesis of effective influenza virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Laura Legnani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Salvatore V Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio, Messina, 98166, Italy
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2
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Gupta A, Laha JK. Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300207. [PMID: 37565381 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost-effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross-coupling, coupling with metal-complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom- and step-economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
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3
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Yadav Y, Tyagi R, Kumar R, Sagar R. Conformationally locked sugar derivatives and analogues as potential neuraminidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115410. [PMID: 37120995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus remains a major health concern for mankind because it tends to mutate frequently and cause high morbidity. Influenza prevention and treatment are greatly aided by the use of antivirals. One such class of antivirals is neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), effective against influenza viruses. A neuraminidase on the virus's surface serves a vital function in viral propogation by assisting in the release of viruses from infected host cells. Neuraminidase inhibitors are the backbone in stoping such virus propagation thus helps in the treatment of influenza viruses infections. Two NAI medicines are licensed globally: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu™) and Zanamivir (Relanza™). There are two molecules that have acquired Japanese approval recently: Peramivir and Laninamivir, whereas Laninamivir octanoate is in Phase III clinical trials. The need for novel NAIs is due to frequent mutations in viruses and the rise in resistance against existing medication. The NA inhibitors (NAIs) are designed to have (oxa)cyclohexene scaffolds (a sugar scaffold) to mimic the oxonium transition state in the enzymatic cleavage of sialic acid. This review discusses in details and comprises all such conformationally locked (oxa)cyclohexene scaffolds and their analogues which have been recently designed and synthesized as potential neuraminidase inhibitors, thus as antiviral molecules. The structure-activity relationship of such diverese molecules has also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Sansinenea E, Ortiz A. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Syntheses of Bioactive Compounds. Curr Org Synth 2022; 19:148-165. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210728145206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The total syntheses of complex natural products have evolved to include new methodologies to save time, simplifying the form to achieve these natural compounds.
Objective:
In this review, we have described the asymmetric synthesis of different natural products and biologically active compounds of the last ten years until the current day.
Results:
An asymmetric organocatalytic reaction is a key to generate stereoselectively the main structure with the required stereochemistry.
Conclusion:
Even more remarkable, the organocatalytic cascade reactions, which are carried out with high stereoselectivity, as well as a possible approximation of the organocatalysts activation with sub-strates are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Vakili M, Romano E, Darugar V, Brandán SA. Behaviours of antiviral Oseltamivir in different media: DFT and SQMFF calculations. J Mol Model 2021; 27:357. [PMID: 34812947 PMCID: PMC8608578 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic cyclohexenecarboxylate ester antiviral Oseltamivir (O) have been theoretically studied by B3LYP/6–311 + + G** calculations to estimate its reactivity and behaviour in gas and aqueous media. The most stable structure obtained in above media is consistent with that reported experimental for Oseltamivir phosphate. The solvation energy value of (O) in aqueous media is between the predicted for antiviral Idoxuridine and Ribavirin. Besides, (O) containing a NH2 group and NH group reveals lower solvation energy compared with other antiviral agents with an NH2 group, such as Ribavirin, Cidofovir, and Brincidofovir. Atomic charges on N and O atoms in acceptors and donor groups reveal different behaviours in both media, while the natural bond orbital (NBO) studies show a raised stability of (O) in aqueous solution. This latter resulted is in concordance with the lower reactivity evidenced in water. Frontier orbital studies have revealed that (O) in gas phase has a very similar gap value to antiviral Cidofovir used against the ebola disease, while Chloroquine in the two media are more reactive than (O). This study will allow to identify (O) by using vibrational spectroscopy because the 144 vibration modes expected have been assigned using the harmonic force fields calculated from the scaled mechanical force field methodology (SQMFF). Scaled force constants for (O) in the mentioned media are also reported for first time. Due to hydration of the C = O and NH2 groups by solvent molecules, the calculations in solution produce variations not only in the IR wavenumbers bands, but also in their intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vakili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elida Romano
- Cátedra de Química General, Instituto de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica. Química Y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, (4000) San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Vahidreza Darugar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Silvia Antonia Brandán
- Cátedra de Química General, Instituto de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica. Química Y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, (4000) San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucumán, Argentina.
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6
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Limbani B, Bera S, Mondal D. Synthetic Advancement of Neuraminidase Inhibitor “Tamiflu”. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagirath Limbani
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030 India
| | - Smritilekha Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030 India
| | - Dhananjoy Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030 India
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Nagy S, Fehér Z, Dargó G, Barabás J, Garádi Z, Mátravölgyi B, Kisszékelyi P, Dargó G, Huszthy P, Höltzl T, Balogh GT, Kupai J. Comparison of Cinchona Catalysts Containing Ethyl or Vinyl or Ethynyl Group at Their Quinuclidine Ring. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3034. [PMID: 31540532 PMCID: PMC6766286 DOI: 10.3390/ma12183034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cinchona organocatalysts with different substituents at their quinuclidine unit have been described and tested, but the effect of those saturation has not been examined before. This work presents the synthesis of four widely used cinchona-based organocatalyst classes (hydroxy, amino, squaramide, and thiourea) with different saturation on the quinuclidine unit (ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl) started from quinine, the most easily available cinchona derivative. Big differences were found in basicity of the quinuclidine unit by measuring the pKa values of twelve catalysts in six solvents. The effect of differences was examined by testing the catalysts in Michael addition reaction of pentane-2,4-dione to trans-β-nitrostyrene. The 1.6-1.7 pKa deviation in basicity of the quinuclidine unit did not result in significant differences in yields and enantiomeric excesses. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed that the ethyl, ethynyl, and vinyl substituents affect the acid-base properties of the cinchona-thiourea catalysts only slightly, and the most active neutral thione forms are the most stable tautomers in all cases. Due to the fact that cinchonas with differently saturated quinuclidine substituents have similar catalytic activity in asymmetric Michael addition application of quinine-based catalysts is recommended. Its vinyl group allows further modifications, for instance, recycling the catalyst by immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Fehér
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Dargó
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Chemical Department, Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc., P.O. Box 27, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Júlia Barabás
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Garádi
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Mátravölgyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Kisszékelyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Dargó
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Huszthy
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Höltzl
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- Furukawa Electric Institute of Technology, Késmárk utca 28/A, H-1158 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - György Tibor Balogh
- Chemical Department, Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc., P.O. Box 27, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - József Kupai
- Department of Organic Chemistry & Technology, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of NH2-Sulfonyl Oseltamivir Analogues as Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112176. [PMID: 31185617 PMCID: PMC6600469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of NH2-sulfonyl oseltamivir analogues were designed, synthesized, and their inhibitory activities against neuraminidase from H5N1 subtype evaluated. The results indicated that the IC50 value of compound 4a, an oseltamivir analogue via methyl sulfonylation of C5-NH2, was 3.50 μM. Molecular docking simulations suggested that 4a retained most of the interactions formed by oseltamivir carboxylate moieties and formed an additional hydrogen bond with the methylsulfonyl group. Meanwhile, 4a showed high stability towards human liver microsomes. More importantly, 4a without basic moieties is not a zwitterion as reported on the general structure of neuraminidase inhibitors. This research will provide valuable reference for the research of new types of neuraminidase inhibitors.
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Hľasová Z, Košík I, Ondrejovič M, Miertuš S, Katrlík J. Methods and Current Trends in Determination of Neuraminidase Activity and Evaluation of Neuraminidase Inhibitors. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:350-367. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1531692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hľasová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences of University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Košík
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences of University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Miertuš
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences of University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
- International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Katrlík
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Li H, Shen SJ, Zhu CL, Xu H. Enantioselective Synthesis of Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) via the Iron-Catalyzed Stereoselective Olefin Diazidation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10619-10626. [PMID: 30040881 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a gram-scale, enantioselective synthesis of Tamiflu, in which the key trans-diamino moiety has been efficiently installed via an iron-catalyzed stereoselective olefin diazidation. This significantly improved, iron-catalyzed method is uniquely effective for highly functionalized yet electronically deactivated substrates that have been previously problematic. Preliminary catalyst structure-reactivity-stereoselectivity relationship studies revealed that both the iron catalyst and the complex substrate cooperatively modulate the stereoselectivity for diazidation. Safety assessment using both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the drop weight test (DWT) has also demonstrated the feasibility of carrying out this iron-catalyzed olefin diazidation for large-scale Tamiflu synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Li
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States
| | - Shou-Jie Shen
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States
| | - Cheng-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , 100 Piedmont Avenue SE , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States
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Poláčková V, Šándrik R, Šebesta R. Synthesis of sulfone analog of oseltamivir precursor. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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